R. Hahn, A. Kamp, A. Ginolas, M. Schmidt, J. Wolf, V. Glaw, M. Topper, O. Ehrmann, H. Reichl
{"title":"High power multichip modules employing the planar embedding technique and microchannel water heat sinks","authors":"R. Hahn, A. Kamp, A. Ginolas, M. Schmidt, J. Wolf, V. Glaw, M. Topper, O. Ehrmann, H. Reichl","doi":"10.1109/STHERM.1997.566782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/STHERM.1997.566782","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a novel packaging technology for high power multi chip modules (MCMs). The work covers three areas: The fabrication of a multichip module which provides access to the die backside for heat removal, the development of high performance microchannel heat sinks with a CTE matched to the MCM-substrate as well as a low thermal resistivity assembling technology of the two components. The MCM is fabricated by means of the planar embedding technology. By planarizing the module backside a low thermal resistance between heat sink and dice can be accomplished simultaneously for all embedded components. While offering the same high interconnection density and the high speed performance benefit of flip chip and providing high reliability and very small size of the overall package, this alternative technology promises to eliminate crucial problems associated with backside cooling of flip chip devices.","PeriodicalId":126120,"journal":{"name":"Thirteenth Annual IEEE. Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116251146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thermal modeling of grease-type interface material in PPGA application","authors":"C. Chiu, G. Solbrekken, Yoke, Chung","doi":"10.1109/STHERM.1997.566783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/STHERM.1997.566783","url":null,"abstract":"Heat sinks are widely used for cooling electronic packages. Typically, a highly conductive thermal interface material is used to enhance heat transfer from the package to the sink. One such material is thermal grease, which has the advantage of conforming to the heat sink and package surfaces. This paper focuses on the application of thermal grease to Plastic Pin Grid Array (PPGA) packages and thermal modeling of the resulting interface between the PPGA package and the heat sink. An experiment was performed to obtain the \"bulk\" and \"apparent\" thermal conductivity of a thermal grease. It was observed that the apparent thermal conductivity is lower than the bulk thermal conductivity, particularly for a thin grease thickness. The thermal interface resistance can be modeled by using bulk thermal conductivity in series with the contact resistance. Alternatively, an apparent thermal conductivity which incorporates contact resistance can be used. A second experiment was performed to understand the impact of grease voiding on thermal performance. A corresponding finite element model was created using the apparent thermal conductivity calculated from the first experiment. Both model and experiment showed that thermal performance is more sensitive to voiding at the package center than voiding at the package periphery.","PeriodicalId":126120,"journal":{"name":"Thirteenth Annual IEEE. Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129887800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advanced cooling techniques comparison for airborne electronic circuits","authors":"Y. Assouad, M. Caplot, T. Gautier","doi":"10.1109/STHERM.1997.566790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/STHERM.1997.566790","url":null,"abstract":"A comparison of the performances of four different cooling techniques of modular avionics modules (233/spl times/150 mm) has been conducted. The cooling methods which have been investigated are conduction through a metallic (aluminum) core embedded in the module and Air Flow Through (AFT) module on one part, using theoretical evaluations, Liquid Flow Through (LFT) module and heat pipe using test results on the other part. The comparison yields the following conclusions. Conduction and AFT modules are limited to a maximum power dissipation in the range of 50 W. Heat pipes allow power dissipations in the range of 150 to 200 W but depending on the technology, their performances can be greatly decreased by gravity, vibrations and acceleration effects; moreover, the market for flat heat pipes of the kind necessary for modular avionics modules is not strong enough yet to support a substantial industrial production. LFT is the best cooling technique since it can allow power dissipations of more than 600 W, which covers more than foreseen needs for modular avionics modules.","PeriodicalId":126120,"journal":{"name":"Thirteenth Annual IEEE. Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123963620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thermal sub-modeling of the wirebonded plastic ball grid array package","authors":"Z. Johnson, K. Ramakrishna, B. Joiner, M. Eyman","doi":"10.1109/STHERM.1997.566777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/STHERM.1997.566777","url":null,"abstract":"Numerical simulation of the steady-state thermal behavior of the plastic ball grid array (PBGA) package can be greatly eased through the use of appropriate thermal sub-models. Detailed heat conduction models are used to characterize the thermal constriction effects of the solder sphere array connecting the PBGA to the printed wiring board (PWB) and the thermal vias in the PBGA substrate. The results of the sub-models allow the use of more accurate, yet geometrically-simpler entities in a finite-element (FE) or control-volume simulation, thereby shortening the overall cycle time required for a given analysis. Thermal performance of a PBGA mounted on a standard thermal test board is simulated through FE and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods and compared to experimental data from 225- and 357-lead PBGAs.","PeriodicalId":126120,"journal":{"name":"Thirteenth Annual IEEE. Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127540720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Organic PGA packaging-a performance comparison with ceramic PGA","authors":"R. Viswanath, Chia-Pin Chin","doi":"10.1109/STHERM.1997.566789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/STHERM.1997.566789","url":null,"abstract":"The current trend in the microprocessor industry is towards high performance devices, which poses challenges to package designers to deliver excellent package performance at reasonable costs. The development of a multi-layer plastic pin-grid array (PPGA) package as a reliable, cost effective replacement to ceramic PGA is presented. Package design aspects as well as choice of materials for enhanced performance are discussed. The primary focus is on the numerical modeling and characterization of thermal performance differences between ceramic and plastic PGA packaging. Differences in mechanical and electrical performance between plastic PGA and ceramic PGA packages are also highlighted in this paper.","PeriodicalId":126120,"journal":{"name":"Thirteenth Annual IEEE. Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126403484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pressure loss modeling for surface mounted cuboid-shaped packages in channel flow","authors":"P. Teertstra, M. Yovanovich, J. Culham","doi":"10.1109/STHERM.1997.566802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/STHERM.1997.566802","url":null,"abstract":"An analytical model is presented that predicts pressure loss for fully developed flow in a parallel plate channel with an array of uniformly-sized and spaced cuboid blocks on one wall. The model is intended for use in optimizing enclosure designs for air cooled electronics equipment containing arrays of printed circuit boards. Using a composite solution, based on the laminar and turbulent smooth wall channel limiting cases, the friction factor for periodic fully developed flow can be calculated as a function of the array geometry and fluid velocity. The resulting model is applicable for a full range of Reynolds numbers, 1/spl les/Re(D/sub k/)/spl les/100000. Average differences between the model and the results available in the literature are 5% and 15% for numerical laminar flow data and measured values, respectively.","PeriodicalId":126120,"journal":{"name":"Thirteenth Annual IEEE. Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134441048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent achievements in the thermal characterization of electronic devices by means of boundary condition independent compact models","authors":"H. Vinke, C. Lasance","doi":"10.1109/STHERM.1997.566780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/STHERM.1997.566780","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper recent achievements in the thermal characterization of electronic devices by means of so-called 'compact models' are described. A 'compact model' is a simplification of a detailed model of a device. It is a simple network comprising a limited number of thermal resistances (typically 7), connecting the critical part of the device (usually the junction) to the outer parts of the device, is independent of the applied boundary conditions, and is capable of accurately representing the full model. This method of thermal characterization is suited for embedding in the design environments that are employed by the electronics industries, and the compact models can be incorporated into the component libraries linked to PCB thermal analysis software packages. A new methodology for deriving more or less 'standardized' compact models is presented. The possibility of creating parametric compact models, and the influence of differences in ambient temperatures, is discussed. It is demonstrated that the thermal behaviour of electronic devices by means of compact models can be approached within typically 6% of the detailed model values.","PeriodicalId":126120,"journal":{"name":"Thirteenth Annual IEEE. Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129552957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transient thermal study of laser diodes","authors":"C.C. Lee, J. Lee, D. H. Chien, R. Shih","doi":"10.1109/STHERM.1997.566799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/STHERM.1997.566799","url":null,"abstract":"The transient thermal response of laser diodes is measured using the optical power as the temperature sensitive parameter. Commercial laser diodes in TO packages are chosen for this study. The monitoring photodiode in the package is used to measure the optical power. When the laser is driven by a long pulse signal, the optical power decreases within the pulse duration as a result of temperature increase. From the amount of optical power decrease, the temperature rise is determined. For comparison, a finite element technique is employed to model the laser device for both steady and transient analyses. The complete model includes the laser chip, the sub-mount, and the heatsink. The calculated transient response shows clearly how the temperature changes with time as step power is applied. The measured thermal resistance is significantly lower than the calculated one because the circuit is not fast enough to capture the true initial optical power when the laser is turned on. As a result, the initial optical power value is underestimated. This also underestimates the percentage decrease in optical power within the pulse duration and consequently the temperature rise. To correct this problem, a faster circuit is required.","PeriodicalId":126120,"journal":{"name":"Thirteenth Annual IEEE. Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium","volume":"334 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116651071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Surface mount technology heat sinks for D/sup 2/PAK and D/sup 3/PAK power semiconductors","authors":"E.G. Flynn, C. Johnston, S. Lee","doi":"10.1109/STHERM.1997.566791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/STHERM.1997.566791","url":null,"abstract":"A new surface mount heat sink has been developed for the D/sup 2/PAK and D/sup 3/PAK components. Experimental and analytical studies have been carried out, characterizing the thermal performance of the components on a printed circuit card with and without the heat sink. The addition of a surface mount heat sink reduces the total thermal resistance of the components as much as a factor of two in forced convection applications, and approximately 20 to 30% in the case of natural convection. This highlights the importance of the thermal path through the card and the component itself. In situations where the conjugate effect of heat transfer is particularly strong as in the present case, the total thermal resistance is not a linear function of heat input as the ratio of heat partition into different paths depends on the amount of total heat dissipation. This non-linear behavior is observed in the measurements and analytical results. It was also revealed through comparisons between the measurements and computed results, that the heat dissipation through the insulating foam under the back surface of the card cannot be ignored.","PeriodicalId":126120,"journal":{"name":"Thirteenth Annual IEEE. Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126626613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Compact air-cooled heat sinks for power packages","authors":"A. Aranyosi, L. Bolle, H. Buyse","doi":"10.1109/STHERM.1997.566794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/STHERM.1997.566794","url":null,"abstract":"The main findings of theoretical and experimental work carried out in the development of compact air-cooled heat sinks tailored for spot-cooling of power packages are presented. After formulating the particular cooling task, the thermal issues and practical constraints of a compact heat exchanger design are matched to yield three structures, i.e., microchannel, woven wire screen and porous metal fibre, to be viable candidates. A simplified analytical model is developed to allow performance analyses and optimizations of microchannel and woven wire screen heat sinks operated in impingement mode. Based on the simulation results, five novel heat sinks are fabricated and tested. An experimental setup is built to investigate the effects of heat sink structure, mass-flow rate of air, power dissipation and mounting conditions on heat sink performance. In the measurements the source-gate voltage of the selected MOSFET is used as temperature sensitive electrical parameter (TSEP) to obtain the peak junction temperature. Dissipated base plate and volumetric heat fluxes of 15 W/cm/sup 2/ and 5 W/cm/sup 3/ are achieved, along with reasonable pressure and pumping power requirements as well as accompanying acoustic noise. Obtained results yield a fivefold enhancement in heat removal capability compared to traditional forced air-cooling schemes.","PeriodicalId":126120,"journal":{"name":"Thirteenth Annual IEEE. Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium","volume":"16 44","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113963138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}