Fungal Biology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Fungal spore attachment to substrata","authors":"Joseph G. Vasselli,&nbsp;Brian D. Shaw","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2022.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2022.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>A critical factor in the success of fungal growth is </span>spore adhesion to host surfaces. Generating spores capable of rapid and firm bonding to their hosts is not only important for keeping spores from prematurely detaching from the host surface but can also serve as a trigger for </span>spore germination and the development of infection structures. In this paper </span>fungal spore adhesion mechanisms are reviewed as well as factors influencing spore adhesion, germination, and differentiation. This review ends with a brief discussion on the future of fungal adhesion research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"41 ","pages":"Pages 2-9"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44409118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Action and inertia in the study of hyphal growth","authors":"Nicholas P. Money","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2021.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2021.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hyphae are microscopic filaments that elongate and branch to create networks of interconnected tubes. Understanding how they work remains a formidable challenge in experimental mycology. Important advances in hyphal research in the 20^th century came from electron microscopy, which revealed clusters of cytoplasmic vesicles in the cell apex, and biochemical studies that identified the cell wall materials that are assembled at the tip. Early genetic experiments on hyphae based on mutant analysis were disappointing and provided little information on the relationship between genotype and phenotype. Progress has come more recently, in the first decades of this century, by combining the techniques of molecular genetics with modern imaging methods. Live-cell imaging has allowed us to study the dynamics of cell components in strains of fungi engineered with plasmids encoding proteins fused to fluorescent probes. This technology has provided significant insights on the growth process and yet the fundamentals of hyphal growth remain elusive.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"41 ","pages":"Pages 24-30"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1749461321000415/pdfft?md5=9fc7f424e6fad9b1d71d67af5b5c171a&pid=1-s2.0-S1749461321000415-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44876839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Citrus Sour Rot pathogen: biochemical aspects, virulence factors, and strategies for disease management - a review","authors":"Guerline Amorim François,&nbsp;João Guilherme de Moraes Pontes,&nbsp;Alana Kelyene Pereira,&nbsp;Taícia Pacheco Fill","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2022.03.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2022.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Citriculture is an important economic activity worldwide and for decades, this sector has been responsible for creating job opportunities. Currently, Brazil is the largest orange producer in the world, which contributes to the country's economy. However, citrus production has been facing several issues that compromise the quality of the fruits. For instance, several </span>postharvest<span><span> diseases occur during storage and transportation, directly harming product marketing. Green mold, </span>blue mold, and sour rot are considered the most common postharvest citrus diseases. Citrus sour rot is less common; however, the disease can lead to a significant loss in high rainfall seasons. The fungus </span></span><span><em>Geotrichum candidum</em></span><span> is the causal agent of sour rot and its chemical and biochemical infection strategies are still little explored in citrus fruits. Several conventional control methods, including the application of fungicides, aim to contain the disease proliferation, but most of the commercially available fungicides are not efficient against sour rot. For this reason, other strategies have been studied for disease control, such as chemicals (e. g. essential oils or other natural products), biological agents used as biocontrol, and physical strategies. Despite its importance, few reviews have focused on sour rot disease. Here, we summarize the biochemical aspects of </span><em>G. candidum,</em><span> as well as the metabolites produced by this phytopathogen<span>, the known virulence factors, and advances for disease management.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"41 ","pages":"Pages 70-83"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72054794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoparticle and nanomineral production by fungi","authors":"Qianwei Li ,&nbsp;Feixue Liu ,&nbsp;Min Li ,&nbsp;Chunmao Chen ,&nbsp;Geoffrey Michael Gadd","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2021.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2021.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fungi show a variety of abilities in affecting metal speciation, toxicity, and mobility and mineral formation, dissolution or deterioration through several interacting biomechanical and biochemical mechanisms. A consequence of many metal-mineral interactions is the production of nanoparticles which may be in elemental, mineral or compound forms. Organisms may benefit from such nanomaterial formation through removal of metal toxicity, protection from environmental stress, and their redox properties since certain mycogenic nanoparticles can act as nanozymes mimicking enzymes such as peroxidase. With the development of nanotechnology, there is growing interest in the application of biological systems for nanomaterial production which may provide economic benefits and a lower damaging environmental effect than conventional chemical synthesis. Fungi offer some advantages since most are easily cultured under controlled conditions and well known for the secretion of metabolites and enzymes related to nanoparticle or nanomineral formation. Nanoparticles can be formed intracellularly or extracellularly, the latter being favourable for easy harvest, while the cell wall also provides abundant nucleation sites for their formation. In this article, we focus on the synthesis of nanoparticles and nanominerals by fungi, emphasizing the mechanisms involved, and highlight some possible applications of fungal nanomaterials in environmental biotechnology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"41 ","pages":"Pages 31-44"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1749461321000385/pdfft?md5=9712bb75a9080896467340d7e7f413fc&pid=1-s2.0-S1749461321000385-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47795723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new era for Fungal Biology Reviews?","authors":"Jan Dijksterhuis","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2022.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2022.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"41 ","pages":"Page 1"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48554941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concentration, cellular exposure and specificity of organelle selective fluorescent dyes in fungal cell biology","authors":"Alexander Lichius","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2021.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2021.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This technical focus article discusses the importance of concentration, cellular exposure and specificity for the application of organelle selective fluorescent dyes in fungi using DNA, membrane and cell wall stains as examples. Nonetheless, the presented considerations are generally applicable to all fluorescent dyes applied to living cells.</p><p>The association of a fluorescent dye with its target molecule generally impairs molecule and consequently organelle function. Effective dye concentration, cellular exposure time and specificity to the target molecule are key factors that influence the biocompatibility of any fluorescent dye. Prominent molecules frequently used as fluorescent staining targets in fungal cell biology are: (i) DNA for nuclear labelling, (ii) α-/β-glucans and chitin for cell wall labelling, and (iii) phospholipids for plasma membrane and endomembrane labelling. In combination with live-cell imaging settings that reduce light stress, i.e. excitation intensities and exposure times set to the minimum that still achieves good signal-to-noise ratios, is the low dosage application of fluorescent markers as so called “vital dyes” essential for visualising cellular processes in an artefact-free fashion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"41 ","pages":"Pages 45-51"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.fbr.2021.07.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49583702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Go with the flow: mechanisms driving water transport during vegetative growth and fruiting","authors":"K.C. Herman,&nbsp;R. Bleichrodt","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2021.10.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2021.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fungi need water for all stages of life. Notably, mushrooms consist of ∼90% water. Fungi degrade organic matter by secreting enzymes. These enzymes need water to be able to break down the substrate. For instance, when the substrate is too dry, fungi transport water from moist areas to arid areas by hydraulic redistribution. Once nutrients are freed from the substrate, they are taken up by transporters lining the cell membrane. Thereby an intracellular osmotic potential is created which is greater than that of the substrate, and water follows by osmosis. Aquaporins may facilitate water uptake depending on the conditions. Since fungi possess a cell wall, the cell volume will not increase much by water uptake, but the cell membrane will exert higher pressure on the cell wall, thereby building up turgor. Fungi have tightly coordinated osmotic regulatory controls via the HOG pathway. When water is getting scarce, this pathway makes sure that enough osmolytes are synthesized to allow sufficient water uptake for maintaining turgor homeostasis. The fungal network is interconnected and allows water flow when small pressure differences exist. These pressure differences can be the result of growth, differential osmolyte uptake/synthesis or external osmotic conditions. Overall, the water potential of the substrate and of fungal tissues determine whether water will flow, since water flows from an area of high- to a low water potential area, when unobstructed. In this review we aim to give a comprehensive view on how fungi obtain and translocate water needed for their development. We have taken <em>Agaricus bisporus</em> growing on compost and casing soil as a case study, to discuss water relations during fruiting in detail. Using the current state-of-the-art we found that there is a discrepancy between the models describing water transport to mushrooms and the story that water potentials tell us.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"41 ","pages":"Pages 10-23"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1749461321000464/pdfft?md5=36f2a7261cb0e4c84fef4666ed573c2b&pid=1-s2.0-S1749461321000464-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72054795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leishmanicidal activity of fungal bioproducts: A systematic review","authors":"Márcio Thomaz dos Santos Varjão ,&nbsp;Alysson Wagner Fernandes Duarte ,&nbsp;Luiz Henrique Rosa ,&nbsp;Magna Suzana Alexandre-Moreira ,&nbsp;Aline Cavalcanti de Queiroz","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2022.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2022.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>The genome mining<span> of biosynthetic genes from fungi demonstrates the enormous pharmacological potential that is still little explored. These results have encouraged the scientific community to invest in fungi as a source of innovative alternatives for the treatment of neglected diseases, such as leishmaniasis. Therefore, this work aimed to identify, through a systematic search in the databases of PubMed, Lilacs and Scielo, the existing evidence in the literature regarding the efficacy of the leishmanicidal activity of fungal </span></span>bioproducts that represent new starting points for the advancement of pharmacotherapy of leishmaniasis. During the search process, 59 articles met all the eligibility criteria and, therefore, were included in this review. The studies demonstrate that different prospecting, cultivation, biotechnological and synthetic modification strategies contribute to the discovery and development of new therapeutic fungal compounds. 39 (66.1%) of the studies presented at least one isolated compound with leishmanicidal activity, while 20 (33.9%) evaluated only crude extracts or semipurified fractions. Terpenes, steroids and quinones were the most prevalent chemical classes among the isolated compounds. There are many studies about active compounds that have been isolated from </span><span><em>Penicillium</em></span> and <span><em>Aspergillus</em></span> genera. A large majority (89.8%) of the selected studies been conducted <em>in vitro</em>. Only six studies performed <em>in vivo</em> assay. The species of <span><em>Leishmania amazonensis</em></span> and <span><em>Leishmania donovani</em></span> were the most evaluated. The results support the hypothesis of the pharmacological potential of fungal bioproducts in the treatment of leishmaniasis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 91-113"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43677402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Ulcerative Dermal Necrosis (UDN) in Atlantic salmon be attributed to ultraviolet radiation and secondary Saprolegnia parasitica infections?","authors":"Cyril Henard ,&nbsp;Marcia R. Saraiva ,&nbsp;Magdalena E. Ściślak ,&nbsp;Tahmina Ruba ,&nbsp;Debbie McLaggan ,&nbsp;Patricia Noguera ,&nbsp;Pieter van West","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2022.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2022.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN), a chronic skin condition, affects primarily mature wild salmonids returning from the sea to freshwater for their spawning. The involvement of water moulds such as <em>Saprolegnia parasitica</em> as a secondary pathogen in this disease is clear but the identification of a primary cause or of primary pathogen(s) remains elusive. In this opinion article, we re-visit UDN regarding epidemiology, pathology and aetiology and speculate the potential involvement of UV radiation in the initiation of UDN in salmonid fish returning from the sea.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 70-75"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1749461322000094/pdfft?md5=f279db2898378d932701a38674be797c&pid=1-s2.0-S1749461322000094-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42891205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of mutant and engineered microbial agents for biological control of plant diseases caused by Pythium: Achievements versus challenges","authors":"Siqiao Chen ,&nbsp;Paul Daly ,&nbsp;Dongmei Zhou ,&nbsp;Jingjing Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Wang ,&nbsp;Sheng Deng ,&nbsp;Hui Feng ,&nbsp;Chunting Wang ,&nbsp;Taha Majid Mahmood Sheikh ,&nbsp;Yifan Chen ,&nbsp;Taiqiang Xue ,&nbsp;Feng Cai ,&nbsp;Christian P. Kubicek ,&nbsp;Lihui Wei ,&nbsp;Irina S. Druzhinina","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2022.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2022.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><em>Pythium</em></span> species are devasting pathogens causing major crop losses, <em>e.g.,</em><span> damping-off in sugar beet caused by </span><span><em>Pythium ultimum</em></span> and root-rot of tomato caused by <span><em>Pythium aphanidermatum</em></span>. The use of natural antagonistic microorganisms is a promising environment-friendly approach to control <em>Pythium</em>-caused plant diseases. There are several examples of biocontrol of diseases caused by <em>Pythium</em><span> species but the application of bioeffectors (biological control agents) is limited for various reasons, including the restricted amount of gene-modification based biotechnological progress. The regulations in many countries prevent genetically modified bioeffectors from being routinely deployed in field conditions. Our two connected aims in this review are (1) to compile and assess achievements in genetic modification of bioeffectors which have been tested for parasitism or antagonism towards a </span><em>Pythium</em><span> plant pathogen or biocontrol of a plant disease caused by a </span><em>Pythium</em> species, and (2) discuss how a better performing bioeffector could be engineered to improve biocontrol of <em>Pythium</em><span><span><span><span>-caused plant diseases. We focus on the role of seven key mechanisms: cellulases<span>, carbon catabolite de-repression, glycosylation, reactive oxygen species, </span></span>chitin re-modelling, proteases, and toxic </span>secondary metabolites<span>. Genetic modifications of bioeffectors include gene deletion and overexpression, as well as the replacement of promoter elements to tune the gene expression to the presence of the pathogen. Gene-modifications are limited to fungal and bacterial bioeffectors due to the difficulty of gene modification in </span></span>oomycete bioeffectors such as </span><em>Pythium oligandrum</em>. We assess how previous gene modifications could be combined and what other gene modification techniques could be introduced to make improved bioeffectors for <em>Pythium</em>-caused plant diseases. The broad host-range of <em>Pythium</em> spp. suggests engineering improved antagonistic traits of a bioeffector could be more effective than engineering plant-mediated traits <em>i.e.</em>, engineer a bioeffector to antagonise a plant pathogen in common with multiple plant hosts rather than prime each unique plant host.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 76-90"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45319052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}