General Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Mental health multimorbidity and physical conditions in children aged 6-17 years in the United States.","authors":"Hua He, Feng Li, Guodong Ding, Fei Li","doi":"10.1002/gps3.70048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gps3.70048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The rising prevalence and early onset of mental health problems among children and adolescents pose a critical public health challenge.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study aimed to identify distinct profiles of mental health multimorbidity, examine their associations with physical conditions and evaluate the dose-response relationships between the number of mental health multimorbidities and physical condition risk.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using cross-sectional data from 30 556 children aged 6-17 years in the 2023 United States National Survey of Children's Health, we applied latent class analysis to derive multimorbidity profiles from nine mental health problems. Multivariable logistic regression assessed associations with 15 physical conditions. Dose-response relationships were evaluated based on the number of co-occurring mental health conditions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four distinct profiles were identified: developmental delay/intellectual disability with mixed problems (DD/ID with MP, 8.0%), emotional problems (8.2%), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with behavioural problems (ADHD-BP, 8.0%) and low mental health concerns (75.8%). The three clinical profiles exhibited a significant physical disease burden. DD/ID with MP showed the strongest associations with neurological and hearing conditions. Although emotional problems and ADHD-BP shared a similar risk profile, emotional problems showed stronger associations with headaches and respiratory issues. A dose-response relationship was observed, with physical disease risk increasing for each additional mental health problem, particularly among children with > 3 disorders.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Mental health multimorbidity is significantly associated with increased physical condition risk in a profile-specific and dose-dependent manner. This underscores the need for integrated clinical strategies that account for transdiagnostic patterns and comorbidity burden to enhance risk stratification and tailor interventions in paediatric populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12549,"journal":{"name":"General Psychiatry","volume":"39 4","pages":"e70048"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481711/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148791261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of unmanned aerial vehicles in modern battlefields and their impact on post-traumatic stress disorder in military personnel: A review.","authors":"Yu Xue, Yufang Sun, Yongxian Zhang, Yongliang Zhang, Chenglin Sang, Dawei Zhang","doi":"10.1002/gps3.70050","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gps3.70050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The widespread adoption of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in military operations has profoundly transformed modern warfare, introducing new combat paradigms that significantly affect the psychological well-being of service members. This review systematically examines the primary applications of UAVs on the battlefield and explores the complex relationship between UAV warfare and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among military personnel. It analyses the unique psychological stressors associated with UAV operations, such as the moral dilemmas of remote killing, the persistent tension from continuous surveillance and trauma exposure patterns that differ from those in traditional combat. By integrating recent advances in molecular biology, neuroimaging and clinical psychology, this review highlights the epidemiological characteristics, neurobiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations and treatment challenges of PTSD in both UAV operators and ground troops affected by UAV activities. By providing a comprehensive perspective on the mental health issues stemming from this novel mode of warfare, this article aims to inform the development of targeted prevention and intervention strategies to better support the psychological resilience of military personnel in the era of unmanned combat.</p>","PeriodicalId":12549,"journal":{"name":"General Psychiatry","volume":"39 4","pages":"e70050"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13519530/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148839996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Duration-dependent attenuation of nucleus accumbens synchronisation via noninvasive temporal interference.","authors":"Zhenxiang Zang, Yongxi Zhang, Chunlin Li, Zhi Yang","doi":"10.1002/gps3.70049","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gps3.70049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>LEARNING POINTS</b> The neuromodulatory effect of temporal interference (TI) is influenced by stimulation duration.TI alters nucleus accumbens synchronisation without significantly affecting local activity in healthy individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":12549,"journal":{"name":"General Psychiatry","volume":"39 4","pages":"e70049"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13507649/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148827316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining electroacupuncture and transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation for psychiatric disorders in women victims of domestic violence: An assessor-blinded, randomised controlled trial.","authors":"Sichang Yang, Wai Chun Mok, Denise Shuk Ting Cheung, Agnes Tiwari, Calvin Pak Wing Cheng, Haiyong Chen, Zongshi Qin, Mei Yan Chan, Xiaoru Hu, Kam Chi Yu, Pui Yan Chan, Wenqi Li, Sheng-Nan Liu, Min-Qing Gu, Xinjing Yang, Doris Lee, Sai Ho Sin, Zhang-Jin Zhang","doi":"10.1002/gps3.70035","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gps3.70035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Women victims of domestic violence often present with psychiatric disorders and may benefit from nonpharmacological interventions. Acupoint stimulation therapy may be an effective approach.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To examine whether a combination of electroacupuncture (EA) and transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) can alleviate depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and insomnia in women victims of domestic violence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An assessor-blinded randomised controlled trial was conducted in Hong Kong, China, with 110 Chinese women with major depressive disorder who had experienced domestic violence and were randomly assigned to care as usual (CAU) alone or combined with EA + TEAS (<i>n</i> = 55 per group) for 12 weeks, two clinic-based EA sessions and three home-based TEAS sessions per week. The primary outcome was baseline-to-endpoint change in the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Secondary outcomes included the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, 10-item Perceived Stress Scale, PTSD Check List-Civilian Version, Insomnia Severity Index and the 12-item Short Form Survey for health-related quality of life.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 110 participants (<i>n</i> = 55 each group), 91.8% (101/110) completed the study. At 12 weeks, the EA + TEAS group showed a significantly greater reduction in BDI-II score than that of the CAU group (mean difference = -10.9; 95% confidence interval -16.5 to -5.4; <i>t</i> = -3.9; <i>p</i> < 0.001), exceeding the minimal clinically important difference (5 points). The superiority of EA + TEAS was also observed across secondary measures, including depression, PTSD, perceived stress, insomnia and quality of life. The EA + TEAS group had significantly higher rates of clinical response (49.1% vs. 18.2%, <i>χ</i> ² = 11.770, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and remission (38.2% vs. 12.7%, <i>χ</i> ² = 9.390, <i>p</i> = 0.002) at endpoint than those of the CAU group. All treatment-related adverse events were mild.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The addition of EA + TEAS produced substantially greater improvements in depression and other psychiatric symptoms. EA + TEAS may serve as an effective intervention for women victims of domestic violence.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>This trial was registered on www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05102253).</p>","PeriodicalId":12549,"journal":{"name":"General Psychiatry","volume":"39 4","pages":"e70035"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13339927/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148404102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of single-session transcranial direct current stimulation on response inhibition in stop-signal task performance: A meta-analysis and systematic review.","authors":"Qiuxuan Yu, Mingyue Zhang, Ximei Zhu, Sanwang Wang, Tingting Wu, Yinjiao Li, Wenrong Wen, Yanping Bao, Jie Shi, Lin Lu, Jiahui Deng","doi":"10.1002/gps3.70042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gps3.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Response inhibition is a fundamental component of executive control and a transdiagnostic mechanism underpinning numerous mental disorders. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been investigated as a potential neuromodulatory intervention to enhance response inhibition; however, findings remain inconsistent due to methodological heterogeneity in stimulation parameters and outcome measures.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To quantitatively evaluate the effects of tDCS on response inhibition as measured by the stop-signal task (SST) and to explore potential moderators influencing tDCS efficacy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. We systematically searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Embase and Scopus up to 1 April 2026. Quality assessment was conducted utilising the Cochrane risk of bias 2 tool, with random-effects meta-analysis, moderator and subgroup analyses and sensitivity analysis for statistical evaluation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The search yielded 2982 articles, of which 35 were considered eligible for inclusion, including 1768 participants. The risk of bias 2 assessment indicated acceptable methodological quality, with the majority of studies rated as low risk of bias or as having some concerns. The overall effect of tDCS on response inhibition was modest yet statistically significant (Hedges' <i>g</i> = -0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.34 to -0.11, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Subgroup analysis indicated a small-to-moderate effect of anodal tDCS (Hedges' <i>g</i> = -0.38, 95% CI -0.51 to -0.26, <i>p</i> < 0.001), especially when targeting the right inferior frontal gyrus, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or motor-related cortex; additionally, online tDCS demonstrated greater efficacy than offline tDCS. Cathodal tDCS demonstrated a small but statistically significant detrimental effect on response inhibition (Hedges' <i>g</i> = 0.19, 95% CI 0.03-0.35, <i>p</i> = 0.023).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings support the potential of anodal tDCS as a neuromodulatory approach for enhancing response inhibition. The polarity-, target- and timing-specific effects highlight key methodological considerations for optimising tDCS protocols in research on response inhibition impairments.</p><p><strong>Prospero registration number: </strong>CRD42024565038.</p>","PeriodicalId":12549,"journal":{"name":"General Psychiatry","volume":"39 4","pages":"e70042"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13473178/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148759524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing clinical interpretation of patient-reported outcomes: A cross-platform toolkit for clinically important difference estimation using R Shiny and statistical analysis system.","authors":"Zongshi Qin, Yongpei Yu, Kuan Liao, Dongdong Shi, Zhen Wang, Hongqiu Gu, Jiani Wu","doi":"10.1002/gps3.70041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gps3.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Estimating clinically important differences (CIDs) for patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) is essential for translating statistical findings into clinically meaningful treatment effects. We developed estimating clinically important differences (ESTICID), a cross-platform toolkit implemented in both R Shiny and statistical analysis system, to estimate and visualise CIDs in longitudinal studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>ESTICID applies an anchor-based approach using linear mixed-effects models with random intercepts. The framework accommodates repeated measures, supports both continuous and categorical anchors and handles incomplete follow-up data under a missing-at-random assumption. A multicenter randomised controlled trial dataset was used for illustration.</p><p><strong>Examples: </strong>Using the illustrative dataset, we show that ESTICID generates clinically interpretable CID estimates across different levels of improvement and provides graphical outputs that facilitate interpretation. In simulation analyses, the estimates remained stable under increasing levels of missing follow-up data. The R Shiny implementation further enables interactive, browser-based use without programming.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ESTICID provides a practical and accessible framework for anchor-based CID estimation in longitudinal PROM research. By integrating methodological rigour with cross-platform implementation, it may improve the interpretation of treatment effects, responder definitions, sample size estimation and evidence-to-decision processes in psychiatry and related clinical fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":12549,"journal":{"name":"General Psychiatry","volume":"39 4","pages":"e70041"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13473175/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148759435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Might modulation of the endocannabinoid system provide a potential dual therapeutic strategy for osteoporosis and depression?","authors":"Peng Wei, Pianpian Zhao, Zenghui Gu, Mengyuan Yang, David Karasik, Ching-Lung Cheung, Houfeng Zheng","doi":"10.1002/gps3.70043","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gps3.70043","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12549,"journal":{"name":"General Psychiatry","volume":"39 4","pages":"e70043"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13379771/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148497286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sugar restriction during the first 1000 days after conception and its association with decreased risk of anxiety and depression.","authors":"Xiuping Dou, Yang Su, Yao Huang, Man He, Bingying Zhang, Xuejin Li, Hualiang Lin, Yin Yang","doi":"10.1002/gps3.70038","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gps3.70038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Depression and anxiety pose a major challenge to global public mental health, and early life exposures are known to exert substantial long-term effects. However, evidence on the long-term effect of sugar restriction during the first 1000 days after conception on mental health remains limited, and it is still unclear whether such restriction reduces the subsequent risk of anxiety and depression in later life.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To examine whether sugar restriction during the first 1000 days after conception is associated with a reduced risk of anxiety and depression in later life, compared with no sugar restriction.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We leveraged a natural experiment created by the cessation of the United Kingdom's sugar rationing policy in September 1953, under which sugar intake prior to abolition was constrained to modern recommended levels before abruptly doubling after rationing ended. Using data from the UK Biobank (<i>n</i> = 66 223), we compared individuals conceived just before and after the end of rationing to isolate the effect of early life sugar restriction on anxiety and depression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Early life sugar restriction was associated with significantly lower risks of both anxiety (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.765, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.732-0.799) and depression (HR = 0.786, 95% CI 0.749-0.824) over the lifetime. The protective effect showed duration dependence with the greatest benefit observed when the restriction spanned the entire first 1000 days. In addition, sugar rationing during this period delayed the first diagnosis by approximately 2 years for anxiety and 4 years for depression.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sugar restriction during the first 1000 days after conception significantly reduces the risk of anxiety and depression and delays their first diagnosis, highlighting the importance of early life dietary interventions for long-term mental health.</p>","PeriodicalId":12549,"journal":{"name":"General Psychiatry","volume":"39 4","pages":"e70038"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13339924/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148404100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between wearable-device-measured daytime and nighttime light exposures and dementia risk: A prospective cohort study.","authors":"Nana Zheng, Wei Wang, Biao Li, Xionge Mei, Yue Liu, Jing Du, Ngan Yin Chan, Joey W Y Chan, Xiaoman Xing, Xiao Tan, Christian Benedict, Yun Kwok Wing, Jihui Zhang, Hongliang Feng","doi":"10.1002/gps3.70039","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gps3.70039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Identifying reliable predictors for dementia remains a critical unmet need. Light exposure plays a crucial role in regulating circadian rhythms, which influence cognitive function. However, the association between light exposure and dementia risk remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study examined the associations of daytime and nighttime light exposure with dementia risk.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 87 577 dementia-free participants (mean age: 62.36 years; 56.98% female) were included. Daytime and nighttime light exposures were measured using 7-day free-living wrist-worn accelerometry. Incident dementia was identified from primary care, hospital inpatient admissions and death registry data. Cox proportional hazards models assessed associations, and mediation analyses evaluated circadian rest-activity rhythms (CRARs), brain structures and vitamin D as potential mediators.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over a median follow-up of 8.1 years, 741 participants developed dementia. Daytime light exposure above 1000 lux was associated with reduced dementia risk (hazard ratio [HR] 0.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.71-0.99, <i>p</i> = 0.039). Longer exposure to brighter light (e.g., ≥ 0.70 h at ≥ 5000 lux; HR 0.83, <i>p</i> = 0.036) was associated with a further reduction in risk. In exploratory analyses, CRARs and brain structures mediated up to 33% of the association. Protective associations were stronger in those with high levels of nighttime light exposure, an evening chronotype or <i>apolipoprotein E (APOE)</i> ε4 carrier status, with a risk reduction of up to 41%. Furthermore, < 0.70 h per day of bright daytime light (≥ 5000 lux) outperformed six established dementia predictors (e.g., obesity, alcohol consumption, traumatic brain injury and so on). Nighttime light showed no significant association with dementia risk.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>High levels of daytime light exposure were significantly associated with lower dementia risk. Further research should explore its role in dementia screening and inform the development of light-based interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12549,"journal":{"name":"General Psychiatry","volume":"39 3","pages":"e70039"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291554/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148328428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exercise type, dose and mental health outcomes in youth: Which types and doses are sufficient?","authors":"Huagen Wang, Yisheng Aku, Shicun Xu, Zhanbing Ren, Yingjie Zhang, Runsen Chen, Jing An","doi":"10.1002/gps3.70031","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gps3.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although experimental evidence supports links between exercise and certain mental health indicators, epidemiological research has focused primarily on the dose-response effect of a single type of exercise, overlooking potential differences across exercise types in their associations with overall and specific mental health outcomes.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To examine the associations between different types of exercise and multiple mental health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury, and to explore their dose-response relationships in terms of exercise frequency and duration.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were drawn from a large-scale, cross-sectional study of 79 011 university students in Jilin Province, China, in 2021 via an online survey. Mental health outcomes were evaluated using validated scales and diagnoses. Propensity score matching was first applied to balance covariates between exercise types. Logistic regression analysis was then used to examine the associations between exercise types and mental health outcomes. Additionally, generalised additive models were employed to explore the dose-response relationships between exercise frequency/duration and mental health outcomes, adjusting for sociodemographic factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 79 011 students reporting participation in physical exercise, team ball sports showed the strongest protective associations, followed by single anaerobic activities, two-player racket sports, single moderate-intensity aerobic sports and single low-intensity aerobic sports. U-shaped associations were observed between exercise frequency, duration and mental health outcomes. Exercising three to four times per week for 90-120 min was associated with a lower probability of reporting mental health problems, whereas excessive exercise was associated with poorer outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Participation in different types of exercise is differentially associated with mental health outcomes, with team ball sports showing the most favourable associations. Optimal levels of exercise dosage vary between exercise types, suggesting that individuals may benefit from selecting exercise patterns that best support their mental health.</p>","PeriodicalId":12549,"journal":{"name":"General Psychiatry","volume":"39 3","pages":"e70031"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13261303/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148250788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}