Geophysical Research Letters最新文献

{"title":"Imaging Proppant in a Shallow Hydraulic Fracture Using Ground-Penetrating Radar","authors":"M. Dogan,&nbsp;S. M. Moysey,&nbsp;L. C. Murdoch","doi":"10.1029/2024GL112938","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024GL112938","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hydraulic fracturing has been used to enhance the oil and gas recovery and facilitate remediation of groundwater contaminants, particularly in low-permeability materials such as shales. Fracture geometry can impact the success of these applications, but techniques for imaging how hydraulic fractures grow under different conditions remains limited. In this paper, we evaluate the feasibility of using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to image a hydraulic fracture created at 1.5 m depth using a granular steel proppant. GPR data were collected along multiple transects at the ground surface prior to, during, and after the experiment. The calculated <i>R</i>² value for the correlation between fracture surfaces interpolated from GPR and down-hole measurements is 0.85. This study demonstrates that GPR can be an effective tool for understanding fracture propagation in shallow environments, which may be of high value for both optimizing environmental remediation schemes and developing reservoir analogs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GL112938","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145134168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abrupt Decrease in Tropical Cyclone Lifetime-Maximum Size in the Western North Pacific Since the Late 20th Century","authors":"Cong Wang,&nbsp;Kaiyue Shan,&nbsp;Yufeng Zhou,&nbsp;Yanluan Lin,&nbsp;Xiping Yu","doi":"10.1029/2025GL115918","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025GL115918","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tropical cyclones (TCs) often lead to severe damage and loss of life, with their outer-core size being a crucial factor in determining their destructive potential. In this study, we detected an abrupt decrease in the lifetime-maximum size (LMS) of TCs in the western North Pacific since the late 20th century, based on data from various sources. Composite analyses and numerical simulations suggest that the decrease in TC LMS is mainly driven by changes of the large-scale atmospheric humidity in the vertical direction. Increased mid-level humidity could enhance the inner-core deep convection while decreased near-surface humidity could stabilize the atmosphere and suppress outer-core convection, thus reducing TC LMS. The changes in vertical large-scale atmospheric humidity are induced by an intensified Walker circulation associated with a La Niña-like sea surface warming pattern developed since the late 20th century.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL115918","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145134169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shifted Diurnal Cycle of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall","authors":"Thanangka Chutia,&nbsp;Arindam Chakraborty,&nbsp;G. S. Bhat,&nbsp;M. Rajeevan","doi":"10.1029/2025GL116401","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025GL116401","url":null,"abstract":"<p>One of the most prominent weather and climate variations occurs at diurnal time scale, synchronously or asynchronously with the top of the atmosphere insolation. The corresponding variations in energy budget, specifically concerning moist convection, interacts with the mean climate. Using station-based hourly observations over India, we show that phase of rainfall diurnal cycle during summer monsoon season experienced spatially homogeneous shifts in recent epoch (1992–2014) compared to the past (1969–1991). While the central, north and south peninsular India, comprising about 55% of the stations, experience a delayed phase in recent epoch, an advancement in phase is observed over relatively smaller regions like northeast and northwest India. Further analysis showed that enhanced frequency (intensity) of heavy rainfall events later (earlier) in the afternoon is responsible for the delay (advance) in the mean diurnal phase over central (northwest) India. Our study indicates large-scale shift in the monsoon diurnal cycle with climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL116401","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145134592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model-Dependent Response of Low Clouds to Arctic Sea-Ice Loss","authors":"Ramiro I. Saurral,&nbsp;James A. Screen,&nbsp;Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes","doi":"10.1029/2025GL117035","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025GL117035","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Clouds play a key role in the climate of the Arctic region. Observational evidence suggests that sea-ice loss fosters increased cloud cover due to enhanced surface turbulent fluxes. Yet, it is not clear whether this mechanism is (well) represented in climate models. In this study we analyze the simulated response of low clouds to sea-ice loss in a set of dedicated numerical model experiments prescribed with changes in sea ice only. We find large discrepancies between models regarding their representation of low cloud responses to identical sea-ice loss. We propose a physical explanation that links biases in simulated present-day surface temperature and stratification to the sign of the low cloud response to sea-ice loss. Our results suggest that mean-state temperature biases need to be reduced in order to narrow uncertainty in the simulated cloud response to sea-ice loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL117035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145134170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Ocean Circulation Induced by Precession: Sensitivity to Orbital Acceleration","authors":"Haobo Liu,&nbsp;Yonggang Liu,&nbsp;Lorraine Lisiecki,&nbsp;Yu Gao,&nbsp;Ming Zhang,&nbsp;Qifan Lin","doi":"10.1029/2025GL115941","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025GL115941","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While orbital forcing-induced weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) potentially facilitated glacial initiation during the Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycles, this mechanism has remained to be confirmed by atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs). Our simulations with an AOGCM demonstrate that without any freshwater hosing, a complete AMOC collapse can be achieved through precessional forcing alone under high eccentricity and relatively low atmospheric CO₂ level (<i>p</i>CO₂). Crucially, the multi-millennial timescale required for full AMOC response to precessional forcing suggests that the orbital acceleration techniques in AOGCM simulations, often adopted to save computation time, likely obscured detection of these abrupt AMOC transitions in previous studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL115941","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145134173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Intensification of Persistent Extreme Precipitation Over the Eastern Periphery of the Tibetan Plateau After 2000: The Role of Southwest Vortices","authors":"Ruiyu Zhao,&nbsp;Bin Chen,&nbsp;Yang Zhao,&nbsp;Wei Zhang,&nbsp;Xiangde Xu,&nbsp;Yueqing Li","doi":"10.1029/2025GL115511","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025GL115511","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A notable increase in the intensity of Persistent Extreme Precipitation (PEP) events over the Eastern Periphery of the Tibetan Plateau (EPTP) is observed after 2000, which is strongly linked to the changes in Southwest Vortices (SWVs). A composited diagnostic of multiple SWVs is carried out in conjunction with the PEP. The Vorticity Vertical Transport (VVT) and Divergence (DIV) terms have a positive impact on the growth of SWVs, whereas the Relative Vorticity Advection (RVA) and Vorticity Tilt (VT) have a negative effect. Although all four terms are related to the variability of SWV intensity, DIV and RVA are the primary contributors to the increased trend in SWVs after 2000, accounting for up to 79.4% of the variation. The changes in meridional wind are thereby the main driver of the upward trend in PEP intensity, since it acts as the primary determinant of the long-term variations in the DIV and RVA.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL115511","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145140729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulating Pyrocumulonimbus Clouds Using a Multiscale Wildfire Simulation Framework","authors":"Ziming Ke,&nbsp;Qi Tang,&nbsp;Jishi Zhang,&nbsp;Yang Chen,&nbsp;James Randerson,&nbsp;Jianfeng Li,&nbsp;Yunyan Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2024GL114025","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024GL114025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) clouds, driven by extreme fires under favorable meteorological conditions, can inject smoke into the stratosphere at magnitudes comparable to those of moderate volcanic eruptions, potentially altering the global radiative balance and atmospheric composition. However, simulating pyroCb is particularly challenging in Earth system models. Using the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM), we developed a novel global multiscale framework to model pyroCb events in California, which includes a high-resolution fire radiative power time series, a one-dimensional plume-rise parameterization, a fire-induced vertical water vapor transport scheme, and a surface wildfire sensible heat flux representation. Our simulation successfully reproduces many pyroCb features, including cloud height, spatiotemporal evolution, and convective intensity in comparison with satellite and ground-based observations. Sensitivity experiments show that realistic pyroCb simulation depends on vertical water vapor transport. These advances provide a basis for future exploration of pyroCb impacts at regional and global scales within climate models.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GL114025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145134172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimates of the Breaking Strength Parameter for Individual Oceanic Whitecaps","authors":"Adrian H. Callaghan","doi":"10.1029/2025GL116342","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025GL116342","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The purpose of this study is to present the first estimates of the breaking strength parameter, <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>b</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $b$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, for individual oceanic whitecaps. This is achieved by combining the estimates of the dissipation rate per unit breaking crest length for these whitecaps reported in Callaghan et al. (2024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023jc020193) with a measure of the whitecap breaking wave speed to implement the Duncan (1981, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1981.0127) relationship. The resulting values of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>b</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $b$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> span the range of previously reported laboratory values. Moreover, average values of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>b</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $b$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> are in excellent agreement with previous field-derived average values using different approaches. The results suggest that making routine estimates of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>b</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $b$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> for individual whitecaps is now possible. This opens up new possibilities for how the fifth moment of Phillips' <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>Λ</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>(</mo>\u0000 <mi>c</mi>\u0000 <mo>)</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${Lambda }(c)$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> distribution of breaking wave crests can be better constrained to estimate the total dissipation rate of energy by oceanic whitecaps.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL116342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145133834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lower Meuse Paleoflood Record Reveals NAO-Driven Decadal to Multi-Centennial Variability","authors":"Fei Peng,&nbsp;Willem Toonen,&nbsp;Xueqin Yang,&nbsp;Rick Hennekam,&nbsp;Nina van Leeuwen,&nbsp;Sanne Rip,&nbsp;Cornelis Kasse","doi":"10.1029/2025GL117862","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025GL117862","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A central challenge in assessing climate-driven flood regimes is constructing long-term paleoflood records with sufficient temporal resolution to identify both short- and long-term variability. To address this, we performed grain-size and X-ray fluorescence scanning analyses on two cores from paleochannels in the Lower Meuse (the Netherlands). The downcore ln(Zr/Rb) ratio proves to be a reliable grain-size proxy, allowing reconstruction of flood-related sediment input variations. We find the flood intensity record displays a ∼300-year cycle, synchronous to the North Atlantic Oscillation record at this band. Importantly, the recurring quasi-decadal (7–10 years) oscillation indicates an active and stationary high-frequency flooding regime despite significant climatic and human impacts in the Late Holocene. This study advances paleoflood methodology by demonstrating that paleochannel infills provide valuable archives for reconstructing flood histories across multi-annual to millennial intervals, thus enhancing our ability to track hydrological responses to climate variability across multiple timescales.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL117862","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145127385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can CMIP6 Models Reproduce the Decadal-to-Seasonal Variabilities in Nitrogen Deposition Across Major Emission Hotspots?","authors":"Yanfeng He,&nbsp;Mingxu Liu,&nbsp;Fang Shang,&nbsp;Kengo Sudo","doi":"10.1029/2025GL118824","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025GL118824","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Atmospheric nitrogen deposition modulates carbon sequestration by terrestrial ecosystems via nitrogen-carbon interactions. The intertwined chemical and physical processes in nitrogen deposition and subsequent nitrogen-carbon interactions pose challenges for Earth system model (ESM) in quantifying them. Here, we combine 30-year nitrogen wet deposition measurements (1980–2014) with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) simulations to disentangle the nitrogen wet deposition variabilities across different scales. We show that observed decadal trends in nitrogen deposition can be reproduced by ESMs for the United States and Europe, but diverge in East Asia. Models generally fail to capture nitrogen deposition seasonality, with distinct driving factors of model errors for different nitrogen forms. The incorrect ammonia emission seasonality explains the bias in reduced nitrogen deposition, whereas precipitation scavenging and nitrogen oxides chemical oxidation collectively determine the seasonal bias of oxidized nitrogen deposition. Our results can facilitate the informed assessment of nitrogen-carbon-climate interactions under changing human activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL118824","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145127383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}