{"title":"WeSPer: A flexible small delay defect quality metric","authors":"Omar Al-Terkawi Hasib, Y. Savaria, C. Thibeault","doi":"10.1109/VTS.2016.7477266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTS.2016.7477266","url":null,"abstract":"Testing for small delay defects (SDDs) is important due to their dominance in recent technology nodes. Unfortunately, all the SDD test quality metrics in the literature limit their assessment to the size of the delay defect tested under at-speed or slower clocks, which makes their results misleading under special cases such as faster-than-at-speed testing. Moreover, those metrics are inadequate for assessing the quality of recent SDD test methods that consider the variation of delays in a circuit. In this paper, a novel flexible SDD quality metric that can be adapted according to the available information and the applied test method is proposed. The proposed metric is named Weighted Slack Percentage (WeSPer) as it is defined by a slack ratio weighted by confidence level (CL) multipliers. The flexibility comes from the ability to model test inaccuracies or delay varying effects into the CL multipliers. This paper presents the WeSPer metric, along with a CL multiplier that penalizes overtesting to give a more accurate assessment of the quality of faster-than-at-speed testing. The metric is calculated for several benchmark circuits and compared to other SDD metrics found in the literature. The results show that WeSPer is better than other metrics at representing the quality of SDD tests, especially under faster-than-at-speed testing.","PeriodicalId":124707,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE 34th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","volume":"272 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114105629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Test implications and challenges in near threshold computing special session","authors":"M. Tahoori, R. Aitken, S. Vangal, Bal Sandhu","doi":"10.1109/VTS.2016.7477295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTS.2016.7477295","url":null,"abstract":"As technology scales deep into nanometer era, power and energy have become major design constraints, especially for energy-harvested and similar ultra-low power systems, such as embedded processors, remote sensors and implantable devices for the Internet of Things (IoT). Aggressive supply voltage scaling is one of the most efficient ways of reducing power and energy for digital circuits. Near-threshold computing (NTC), in which the supply voltage is close to the threshold voltage of the transistor, can provide a very high energy efficiency (10X or higher) compared to the traditional super-threshold region at the cost of significant (>10X) increase in time to complete a task. However, NTC can come with some major challenges such as decreased functional margins in various circuit elements and greatly increased sensitivity to process variations. To ensure correct functionality in the field, testing of NTC circuits faces some serious challenges, and possibly requires a paradigm shift from conventional testing methods.","PeriodicalId":124707,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE 34th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128062604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Security primitives (PUF and TRNG) with STT-MRAM","authors":"E. Vatajelu, G. D. Natale, P. Prinetto","doi":"10.1109/VTS.2016.7477292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTS.2016.7477292","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid development of low power, high density, high performance SoCs has pushed the embedded memories to their limits and opened the field to the development of emerging memory technologies. The Spin-Transfer-Torque Magnetic Random Access Memory (STT-MRAM) has emerged as a promising choice for embedded memories due to its reduced read/write latency and high CMOS integration capability. Inner properties of STT-MRAMs make them suitable for the implementation of basic security primitives such Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and True Random Number Generators (TRNGs). PUFs are emerging primitives used to implement low-cost device authentication and secure secret key generation. On the other hand, TRNGs generate random numbers from a physical process. We will show how it is possible to exploit (i) the high variability affecting the electrical resistance of the magnetic device to build a robust, unclonable and unpredictable PUF, and (ii) the stochastic nature of the write operation in the magnetic device to generate randomly distributed numbers.","PeriodicalId":124707,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE 34th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117247060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Process independent gain measurement with low overhead via BIST/DUT co-design","authors":"J. Jeong, J. Kitchen, S. Ozev","doi":"10.1109/VTS.2016.7477284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTS.2016.7477284","url":null,"abstract":"Built-in Self-Test (BIST) is essential, particularly for radio frequency (RF) devices where off-chip RF signal analysis is costly or in some cases, infeasible. Two major problems have made RF BIST elusive. First, process variations make the BIST circuit behavior hard to predict, limiting accuracy of measurements. Second, the overhead, particularly in terms of performance degradation, make RF BIST undesirable. In this paper, we address these two issues for RF BIST gain measurement. First, we show that by setting up relative gain measurements and carefully crafting the BIST methodology and the matching BIST circuit, the effect of process variations on measurement accuracy can be suppressed. Second, by co-designing the BIST circuit together with the device under test (DUT), performance impact can be eliminated or significantly reduced. To demonstrate the proposed approach, we design a low noise amplifier (LNA) as the DUT together with the BIST circuit. We also design a stand-alone LNA with the same specifications and manufacture these two circuits on the same die. We show that the LNA gain can be determined very accurately, using only DC measurements, and the performance impact of the BIST circuit is negligible.","PeriodicalId":124707,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE 34th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127390923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andreas Riefert, R. Cantoro, M. Sauer, M. Reorda, B. Becker
{"title":"Effective generation and evaluation of diagnostic SBST programs","authors":"Andreas Riefert, R. Cantoro, M. Sauer, M. Reorda, B. Becker","doi":"10.1109/VTS.2016.7477279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTS.2016.7477279","url":null,"abstract":"Functional test and software-based self-test (SBST) approaches for processors are becoming popular as they enable low-cost production tests and are often the only solution for in-field tests. With the increasing use of volume diagnosis, efficient and cost-effective diagnosis methods are required. A high quality functional or SBST test program can be used to perform logic fault diagnosis with low-cost test equipment and therefore significantly reduce the cost of diagnosis. We present a framework for the automatic generation of functional diagnostic sequences for stuck-at faults. The framework allows a user to specify constraints imposed by the employed test environment and generates diagnostic sequences satisfying these constraints. Furthermore, the framework is able to prove the equivalence of faults under the specified constraints. This enables to compute the best possible diagnostic quality that can be reached under the given environmental constraints. Also, it gives the necessary information for implementing selective DFT techniques in order to differentiate faults which cannot be distinguished otherwise. In our experiments we evaluated a MIPS-like processor. The results show that our approach can effectively distinguish fault pairs or prove their equivalence, under different environmental constraints. To the best, of our knowledge, this is the first approach which, enables the automatic generation of diagnostic SBST, programs and allows to eectively prove the equivalence of faults in functional and SBST test environments.","PeriodicalId":124707,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE 34th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126952031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Anghel, A. Benhassain, A. Sivadasan, F. Cacho, V. Huard
{"title":"Early system failure prediction by using aging in situ monitors: Methodology of implementation and application results","authors":"L. Anghel, A. Benhassain, A. Sivadasan, F. Cacho, V. Huard","doi":"10.1109/VTS.2016.7477316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTS.2016.7477316","url":null,"abstract":"With CMOS technology scaling, it becomes more and more difficult to guarantee circuit functionality for all process, voltage, temperature (PVT) corners. Moreover, circuit wear-out degradation lead to additional temporal variations, resulting in an important increase of design margins when targeting specific reliable systems (automotive or health care embedded applications) [1]. Adding pessimistic timing margin to guarantee all operating points under worse case conditions is no more acceptable due to the huge impact on design costs, such as up to 10% increase of slack time, with an upward trend as technology moves further.","PeriodicalId":124707,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE 34th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126891601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Milind Sonawane, Pavan Kumar Datla Jagannadha, Sailendra Chadalavada, Shantanu Sarangi, Mahmut Yilmaz, A. Sanghani, Karthikeyan Natarajan, J. E. Colburn, Anubhav Sinha
{"title":"Dynamic docking architecture for concurrent testing and peak power reduction","authors":"Milind Sonawane, Pavan Kumar Datla Jagannadha, Sailendra Chadalavada, Shantanu Sarangi, Mahmut Yilmaz, A. Sanghani, Karthikeyan Natarajan, J. E. Colburn, Anubhav Sinha","doi":"10.1109/VTS.2016.7477290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTS.2016.7477290","url":null,"abstract":"Interdependence of the clocking architecture across IPs and overall peak power consumption is a major bottleneck that prevents concurrent yet independent testing of an IP at a higher clock frequency. We use a dynamic clocking architecture that eliminates these dependencies and reduces peak shift power by using clock phase staggering at a granular level during system-on-chip (SoC) testing. A SoC design is typically composed of several Intellectual Property (IPs), some of which may be replicated. Generating a full set of test patterns targeting all IPs at the same time is computationally intensive and may be constrained by project schedule. Using this architecture, production test patterns are generated independently at the IP level and applied concurrently at the SoC level without exceeding the power budget of the chip during test. We present various aspects of the clocking architecture design along with simulation and silicon results to highlight the effectiveness of this architecture.","PeriodicalId":124707,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE 34th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115149622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sebastian Siatkowski, Chuanhe Jay Shan, Li-C. Wang, N. Sumikawa, W. R. Daasch, J. Carulli
{"title":"Consistency in wafer based outlier screening","authors":"Sebastian Siatkowski, Chuanhe Jay Shan, Li-C. Wang, N. Sumikawa, W. R. Daasch, J. Carulli","doi":"10.1109/VTS.2016.7477267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTS.2016.7477267","url":null,"abstract":"Outlier screening is a popular approach for testing automotive products. In practice, developing an outlier model can be subjective, making justification of the model challenging. In this paper we propose a new concept called Consistency which provides a data-driven objective way to assess an outlier model. We study the development of outlier models in view of this new model consistency concept and report experimental findings on an automotive product line.","PeriodicalId":124707,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE 34th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121072488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Process variation oriented delay testing of SRAMs","authors":"X. Zuo, S. Gupta","doi":"10.1109/VTS.2016.7477286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTS.2016.7477286","url":null,"abstract":"With continuing technology scaling, process variation is increasing and becoming an important cause of memory failure [1]. Most previous memory tests that were developed for delay faults, including GALPAT [2][3][4] and WCGD [3], focus on defects. In this paper we show that a different test strategy is necessary for process variation-induced delay faults (VIDFs) because variations are widespread. In particular, we determine that address dependent variation-induced failure mechanisms are likely to escape previous memory tests. We then propose a general approach to cover VIDFs in various versions of SRAM designs. We use our new method to generate O(n) tests and use extensive simulations to demonstrate that our new tests achieve nearly perfect coverage of VIDFs for different versions of SRAM design. Then we efficiently integrate our new tests for variations with tests for delay defects and clearly demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our new combined memory tests compared to previously known memory tests for delay faults.","PeriodicalId":124707,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE 34th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116188111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Performance enhancement techniques and verification methods for radio frequency circuits and systems","authors":"Hari Chauhan, M. Onabajo","doi":"10.1109/VTS.2016.7477276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTS.2016.7477276","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, radio frequency (RF) circuits have to be optimized by design for reliable high performance with minimal power consumption to reach complete system-on-chip solutions that meet end user demands in diverse emerging applications. This paper reviews several recently developed design approaches and verification/simulation methods for performance improvements of RF integrated circuits. After the overview, the augmentation of an RF power amplifier with digital predistortion for enhanced linearity is discussed in more detail as an example.","PeriodicalId":124707,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE 34th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122374223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}