Frontiers in Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Antifungal susceptibility and genomic profile associated with biosynthetic gene clusters of bovine mastitis-derived <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> DAH1043FM.","authors":"Abhishek Prajapati, Pooja Parmar, Monica Chavan, Vartika Chandra, Satyamitra Shekh, Ashish Patel, Pritesh Sabara, Amit Kanani, Snehal Bagatharia, Chaitanya Kumar Jha","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2026.1928624","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2026.1928624","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The most frequently isolated fungus from mycotic mastitis in cattle is <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>, which can cause infection by germinating on the animal's surface to form hyphae that penetrate epithelial and endothelial barriers and initiate mastitis. In this study, the fungal strain DAH1043FM was isolated from the milk of a cow with mastitis and identified as <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequencing. Species identity was further confirmed by whole-genome Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) analysis. <i>A. fumigatus</i> DAH1043FM showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.5 μg/mL for amphotericin B and itraconazole, 0.12 μg/mL for posaconazole and voriconazole, 128 μg/mL for fluconazole, and >8 μg/mL for caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin. Comparative Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) with two reference genomes of <i>A. fumigatus</i>, Af293 and A1163, was used to identify genetic variants, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other mutations, in genes associated with antifungal resistance, including those involved in drug efflux, ergosterol biosynthesis, echinocandin target pathways, and other resistance-related processes. Furthermore, genome mining identified biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) showing substantial similarity to characterized pathways associated with fumiquinazoline (100%), gliotoxin (84%), fumagillin (80%), and trypacidin (71%). These results demonstrate that strain DAH1043FM carries predicted genetic variants in target pathways while exhibiting wild-type susceptibility to azoles alongside off-scale endpoints for echinocandins. Genome analysis of strain DAH1043FM identified predicted secondary metabolite BGCs, highlighting the value of genome-level surveillance for fungal isolates recovered from bovine milk.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"17 ","pages":"1928624"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13661572/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated multi-omics and genome mining strategies for activating cryptic polyketide biosynthetic gene clusters in <i>Streptomyces</i>: an overview.","authors":"R Santhoshkumar, Hafid Mohamed, Martin Jemo","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2026.1944089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1944089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Beneficial microbes from soil or marine habitats are promising sources for discovery of new bioactive compounds for medicine and agriculture, largely through biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that encode the production of complex natural products for drug and antibiotic discovery. However, most BGCs are transcriptionally silent under standard testing conditions and may require a complex, integrated approach for activation. In this review, we revisit previous approaches to activating BGCs, focusing on polyketides. We additionally discuss how integrating genome mining strategies with multi-omics integration, synthetic biology methods, and precise genome-editing tools is providing increasingly precise strategies for the discovery and engineering of polyketide-producing <i>Streptomyces</i>. We further discuss how to couple artificial intelligence (AI)-designed promoters could enable the production of novel compounds with improved yields, expanded chemical diversity, and enhanced industrial potential. We further examine how state-of-the-art CRISPR-Cas systems, including base editing, facilitate precise editing of high-GC-content genomes while circumventing the genome instability and Cas9-associated cellular toxicity that frequently accompany double-strand break formation in <i>Streptomyces</i>, and how chromatin topology rewiring dismantles transcriptional silencing. Unlike reviews that address genome mining, pathway engineering, or genome editing as separate approaches, this review presents an integrated framework linking computational BGC prediction, multi-omics validation, and precision engineering to prioritize and activate cryptic polyketide pathways in <i>Streptomyces</i>. We propose comprehensive computational genomics prediction approaches and integrate them with experimental validation through promoter engineering, transcription factor decoys, and chassis strain optimization, highlighting how these methods and tools are advancing the field from descriptive BGC catalogs to scalable, predictive models for next-generation drug discovery. Future efforts to couple AI-generated, sequence-orthogonal promoter libraries with biology-based modeling hold great promise.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"17 ","pages":"1944089"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13662764/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149192715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-distance RNA-RNA interactions shape dynamic RNA architectures and functional states in plant positive-strand RNA viruses.","authors":"Deya Wang, Haoran Wu, Xianping Zhang, Qingle Chang, Xuefeng Yuan","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2026.1957771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1957771","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genomes of positive-strand RNA [(+)ssRNA] viruses function as dynamic RNA molecules that participate in multiple, sometimes competing, processes during infection, including translation, genome replication, subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) transcription, and genome packaging. These distinct processes require viral RNAs to adopt different conformational states, which are influenced by RNA-RNA interactions and associated viral or host factors. Therefore, understanding how viral RNAs undergo structural remodeling in space and time, and how they transition between different functional states, represents a central question in the regulation of positive-strand RNA virus gene expression. Recent studies of diverse plant positive-strand RNA viruses have revealed that long-distance RNA-RNA interactions (LDRIs) serve as important regulatory mechanisms that shape viral RNA higher-order structures and functional states. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding how LDRI-mediated RNA conformational transitions contribute to the formation of higher-order viral RNA structures and support diverse viral RNA functions. We propose that LDRIs should be viewed not only as physical connections between distant RNA regions, but also as dynamic structural elements embedded within viral RNA folding landscapes, where they contribute to transitions between alternative RNA conformations and functional states.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"17 ","pages":"1957771"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13662761/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149192185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grazing intensity shapes soil fungal diversity and co-occurrence networks across soil depths.","authors":"Jincheng Shi, Yao Su, Fei Wang, Qianju Wang, Jianhao Yu, Jing Shi, Xiang Zhao, Kuanhu Dong, Jia Mi","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2026.1941617","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2026.1941617","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Grazing is an important disturbance affecting grassland ecosystems in agro-pastoral ecotones, yet its effects on soil fungal diversity and co-occurrence networks across vertical soil profiles remain unclear. We selected a typical grassland at the junction of the Loess Plateau and the Mongolian Plateau in northern China and established four grazing intensities: ungrazed control (CK), light grazing (LG), moderate grazing (MG), and heavy grazing (HG). Soil samples were collected from three layers (0-2, 2-10, and 10-20 cm). Soil physicochemical properties, high-throughput sequencing, co-occurrence network analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to examine fungal community responses and their potential associated pathways. Grazing intensity and soil depth significantly influenced soil physicochemical properties and fungal community composition. Fungal α-diversity exhibited soil layer-dependent responses to grazing intensity, with light and moderate grazing maintaining higher fungal richness in surface soils than heavy grazing, whereas fungal richness responses differed among deeper soil layers. Factorial PERMANOVA showed significant effects of grazing intensity (<i>R</i> ² = 0.145, <i>P</i> = 0.043) and soil depth (<i>R</i> ² = 0.151, <i>P</i> < 0.001) on fungal community composition, whereas their interaction was not significant. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed variation in fungal network organization among grazing intensities, with moderate grazing associated with higher network connectivity and heavy grazing associated with higher network modularity. Piecewise structural equation modeling further indicated indirect associations between grazing intensity and fungal diversity involving vegetation biomass, soil resources, soil pH, and microbial biomass. Overall, our findings demonstrate that grazing effects on soil fungal communities are strongly soil layer-dependent and are shaped by interactions among plant inputs, soil environmental conditions, and microbial processes. This study provides insights into the ecological consequences of grazing intensity and the mechanisms underlying fungal community responses in agro-pastoral ecotone grasslands.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"17 ","pages":"1941617"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13662103/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149179779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of mycelial spatial gradients on soil nematode community structure and ecological functioning under understory morel cultivation.","authors":"Bin Peng, Yingfei Xu, Wenxi Yang, Xun Li, Yan Zhang, Xiaolin Li","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2026.1948707","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2026.1948707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Understanding how spatially heterogeneous fungal growth reshapes belowground food webs is essential for evaluating the ecological consequences of understory mushroom cultivation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We investigated the spatial effects of understory cultivation of <i>Morchella sextelata</i> on soil nematode communities and food-web functioning in a pine forest. Soil samples were collected at 0 cm (R), 20 cm (R₂₀) and 40 cm (R₄₀) from the base of morel fruiting bodies, together with samples from an uncultivated control area (CK), and were analysed for nematode community composition, trophic structure, energy flux and environmental drivers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 603 nematodes belonging to 19 genera were recovered, with total abundance following the order R > CK > R₄₀ > R₂₀ (<i>p</i> < 0.05). <i>Aphelenchoides</i> and <i>Aphelenchus</i> were strongly enriched in R. PCA further revealed a clear separation of the R community from those of the other treatments (R² = 0.58, <i>p</i> = 0.01). Fungivores and plant parasites were the dominant trophic groups, and their absolute abundances were significantly higher in R than in the other treatments (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The R community was overwhelmingly dominated by colonizer-persister-2 (c-p2) colonisers (76.09%), whereas the relative contributions of c-p3 and c-p4 taxa increased with distance from the fruiting bodies. Community organisation and food-web functioning also varied markedly across the spatial gradient. R₄₀ exhibited the greatest evenness index, diversity index and structure index (<i>SI</i>), indicating a more highly structured and mature food web, whereas R showed the highest dominance and the lowest maturity index (<i>MI</i>), consistent with persistent resource-driven disturbance. Total nematode energy flux and the energy fluxes of individual trophic groups peaked in R, with bacterivores contributing the greatest biomass and energy flux. RDA and PLS further indicated that spatial distance from the mycelium-dense zone was associated with changes in soil carbon availability and enzyme activity, which in turn were linked to shifts in nematode community composition, trophic structure, energy flow and ecological functioning.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our study reveals a spatially explicit pathway through which cultivated macrofungi reorganize soil faunal communities and energy flow, providing a multidimensional framework for assessing the ecological consequences of understory edible-mushroom cultivation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"17 ","pages":"1948707"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13661972/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of an infectious clone of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus and development of a duplex assay through recombinase polymerase amplification-lateral flow dipstick to detect the virus and tomato yellow leaf curl virus simultaneously.","authors":"Ning Qiao, Yuxing Chen, Yao Meng, Xiao Yang, Xin Wang, Lihao Zhou, Huijie Dai, Xiaoan Sun, Xiumei Ni","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2026.1940758","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2026.1940758","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The co-infection of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) in the same host complicates disease diagnosis and management, not to mention that each virus alone can cause devastating losses to its respective host crops across many tomato- and cucurbit-growing areas. However, diagnosis of mixed viral infections in the same host plants can be tedious, costly and challenging. This study aims to establish a rapid, sensitive, and specific duplex recombinase polymerase amplification-lateral flow dipstick (RPA-LFD) assay to simultaneously detect TYLCV and/or ToLCNDV in co-infected samples. We constructed an infectious clone from a ToLCNDV strain of the Asian clade isolated from a diseased cucumber plant in China, and confirmed that it could co-infect <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i> together with an infectious clone of the TYLCV-IL strain, providing the defined viral inoculum for method development and validation. An optimal duplex RPA-LFD assay was developed by screening specific RPA primers and probes targeting conserved sequences of both viruses and optimizing reaction parameters, which produced interpretable results directly on a test strip after 20 min at 39 °C. With the purified plasmid DNA, the analytical limits of detection of the duplex RPA-LFD for TYLCV and ToLCNDV were 10² and 10¹ copies/μL, respectively. No cross-reactions were detected against three other begomoviruses. Further validation using total DNA from co-inoculated <i>N. benthamiana</i> and field-collected samples showed high consistency with conventional PCR, and the assay effectively distinguished single-virus from mixed infections. This duplex RPA-LFD assay provides a reliable diagnostic for detecting and surveying co-infections caused by TYLCV and ToLCNDV.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"17 ","pages":"1940758"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13661962/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyrochar versus hydrochar: contrasting modulation of soil bacterial communities under severe nitrate-dominated acid rain stress in a <i>Quercus acutissima</i> plantation.","authors":"Yuanyuan Feng, Shushu Yao, Ke Yuan, Haibo Hu, Peng Cui, Yanfang Feng, Lihong Xue","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2026.1961661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1961661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nitrate-dominated acid rain (NAR) has become an increasingly prevalent component of contemporary atmospheric deposition and can profoundly alter soil bacterial communities in forest ecosystems. Biochar amendment has been proposed as a potential strategy for modifying soil conditions under acid deposition stress. However, the material-dependent effects of pyrochar (PC) and hydrochar (HC) on bacterial community responses under severe NAR stress remain unclear. Here, a field experiment was conducted in a <i>Quercus acutissima</i> plantation to compare the effects of PC and HC on soil bacterial community structure and predicted functional potential under simulated severe NAR stress. Compared with the NAR-only treatment, PC and HC reduced the relative abundance of Chloroflexi by 41.20 and 38.06%, respectively, and increased Actinobacteriota by 43.30 and 38.52%. LEfSe analysis revealed Chloroflexi as a phylum showing differential enrichment under NAR stress, whereas Acidobacteriota and Proteobacteria were differentially enriched in PC-NAR and HC-NAR treatments, respectively. Predicted phenotypic and functional profiles further indicated different bacterial responses to PC and HC. Exploratory association analysis suggested that PC-associated responses were more closely related to microbial biomass-associated variables, whereas HC-associated responses showed stronger relationships with soil chemical properties and microbial biomass. These findings highlight the material-dependent roles of PC and HC as carbon-based amendments and provide field-based insights into selecting biochar types for managing bacterial community responses in NAR-affected plantation soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"17 ","pages":"1961661"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13658203/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and preliminary validation of an <i>omp25</i>-based RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a visual assay for rapid screening of brucellosis-associated <i>Brucella</i> DNA.","authors":"Yu Zhang, Shuairan Zhang, Cai Yin, Minjing Jin, Xiaona Zang, Yawen Wu, Taotao Bai, Long Ma, Xiaoliang Wang, Yong Shi, Zhixin Li","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2026.1986052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1986052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brucellosis remains an important zoonotic disease for livestock production and public health, creating a need for rapid molecular screening methods with limited equipment requirements. We developed a visual recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)-CRISPR/Cas12a assay targeting a 642-bp region of the <i>Brucella omp25</i> gene. Comparative sequence analysis was used to assess target conservation, after which four RPA primer pairs and two CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) were experimentally screened. RPA3-crRNA1 produced the strongest fluorescence response and was used for assay optimization. The final Cas12a reaction contained 250 nM Cas12a, 200 nM crRNA, and 200 nM single-stranded DNA fluorescent reporter. RPA amplification and Cas12a detection required 20 min each, and positive reactions produced visible yellow-green fluorescence under 470-nm blue light. No cross-reactivity was observed with the non-target pathogens included in the experimental panel. In silico comparisons with selected phylogenetically related taxa identified sequence differences within the final RPA3 primer-binding sites and crRNA1 recognition region, supporting a low predicted risk of sequence-based cross-reactivity for the taxa examined. Using purified plasmid DNA, the lowest DNA concentration detected under the experimental conditions tested was 2.72 copies/μL of input template, corresponding to an estimated 13.6 copies per RPA reaction. Among 96 bovine nasal swab samples collected during routine surveillance, agreement analysis against the qPCR comparator showed concordant results for 93 of 96 samples, with positive percent agreement (PPA), negative percent agreement (NPA), and overall percent agreement (OPA) of 100.00, 93.75, and 96.88%, respectively; three qPCR-negative samples showed weak RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a fluorescence and could not be independently resolved. Because the target region is conserved in the vaccine strains A19, S19, and RB51, the assay is intended for preliminary screening of brucellosis-associated <i>Brucella</i> DNA rather than species identification or differentiation of vaccine-derived and wild-type DNA. Broader validation with additional specimen types and specificity panels is required before routine diagnostic application.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"17 ","pages":"1986052"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13658145/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The gut microbiome and metabolome of people living with HIV altered during treatment.","authors":"Xue Ding, Jiahe Li, Pengyu Qian, Jingyu Yue, Xiuxia Ma, Liran Xu","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2026.1920281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1920281","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite effective viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) often experience persistent immune activation and incomplete immune reconstitution. Gut barrier disruption and gut microbial dysbiosis contribute to chronic inflammation in PLWH. Shen Ling Ai Cao pill (SLAC) may have immunomodulatory effects, however, changes in the gut microbiota and fecal metabolome during SLAC administration remain unclear. This study aimed to characterize changes in the gut microbiota and fecal metabolome during SLAC administration in PLWH.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this single-arm study, 46 PLWH on long-term ART received adjunctive SLAC for 6 months. Fecal samples were collected, and peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts and the CD4/CD8 ratio were measured at baseline and month 6. Gut microbiota were profiled by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and untargeted metabolomics was performed to characterize fecal metabolic changes. Microbial diversity, differential taxa, functional pathways, differential metabolites, and KEGG enrichment were analyzed. Correlation analyses were conducted to explore associations among gut microbiota, metabolites, and T-cell subsets.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 46 PLWH enrolled, 42 completed the 6-month follow-up and were included in the final analysis. From M0 to M6, median CD8+ T-cell counts increased from 448.5 to 565.0 cells/mm³ (<i>P</i> = 0.047), whereas median CD4+ T-cell counts increased non-significantly from 308.0 to 330.0 cells/mm³ (<i>P</i> = 0.118), with no change in the CD4/CD8 ratio (<i>P</i> = 0.89). Differences were also observed in gut microbial composition and fecal metabolomic profiles. Correlation analyses identified associations between gut microbial taxa and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts. A total of 59 differential metabolites were identified, and enrichment analysis implicated lipid metabolism, bile acid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, and mTOR signaling.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this single-arm longitudinal study of ART-treated PLWH, 6 months of adjunctive SLAC administration was associated with changes in fecal microbial composition, fecal metabolomic profiles, and CD8+ T cell counts, whereas CD4+ T cell counts showed a nonsignificant increasing trend. Controlled studies are needed to determine whether these changes are attributable to SLAC.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"17 ","pages":"1920281"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13658518/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperinflammation and immunomodulation in influenza, SARS-CoV-2 and syncytial respiratory virus infection in adults: from innate immune responses and biomarkers to clinical and therapeutic implications.","authors":"Jesus Alonso-Carrillo, Marta Obra, Mario Cereza, María Ruiz-Ruigomez, Carlos Lumbreras, Antonio Lalueza","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2026.1916526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1916526","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Influenza, SARS-CoV2-2 and syncytial respiratory virus infection in adults are major causes of morbidity and mortality. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these infections remain incompletely understood. Disease severity results from an interaction between viral factors and host responses. Lung damage and respiratory failure are produced by hyperinflammation. Understanding these mechanisms is necessary to improve risk stratification and may guide therapeutic decisions. C- reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, ferritin, and ApoH are relevant biomarkers which can identify inflammatory phenotypes. Antivirals and supportive care are the main approaches for these viral infections. From a therapeutic perspective, broad immunosuppression is unlikely to be optimal, and strategies should focus on selectively modulating harmful inflammation while preserving antiviral immunity. Nevertheless, there is scarce evidence of the best choice of treatment based on the patient's clinical profile and further studies are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"17 ","pages":"1916526"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13660187/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}