Frontiers in Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Macronutrient balance determines the human gut microbiome eubiosis: insights from <i>in vitro</i> gastrointestinal digestion and fermentation of eight pulse species.","authors":"Da Bin Lee, In Seon Hwang","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2024.1512217","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2024.1512217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The interactions between macronutrients, the human gut microbiome, and their metabolites (short-chain fatty acids) were comprehensively investigated via an <i>in vitro</i> digestion and fermentation model subjected to eight pulse species. 16S rRNA sequencing and taxonomic analysis of pulse digesta fermented for up to 24 h revealed an increase in the relative abundance of gut health-detrimental genera represented by <i>Escherichia-Shigella</i> in kidney bean, soybean, cowpea, chickpea, and black bean samples. In contrast, the relative abundance of health-positive genera, including <i>Bacteroides</i>, <i>Eubacterium</i>, and <i>Akkermansia</i>, was elevated in red bean, mung bean, and Heunguseul. At the same time, the proportion of the pathogenic <i>Escherichia-Shigella</i> decreased. Concurrently, these three species exhibited an increase in microbial diversity as evidenced by the calculation of <i>α</i>-diversity (Shannon index) and <i>β</i>-diversity (Bray-Curtis distance). Despite the lower nutrient contents in the three pulses, represented by carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids, network analysis revealed that the nutrient contents in the pulse digesta possess complex positive or negative correlations with a variety of bacteria, as well as their metabolites. These correlations were more pronounced in red bean, mung bean, and Heunguseul than in the other pulses. It was postulated that the overall potential to nourish gut environments in these species was due to the balance of their nutritional components. The linear regression analysis demonstrated that there was a negative association between carbohydrate and amino acid contents and the increase in Shannon indices. Furthermore, the ratio of carbohydrates to fatty acids and amino acids to fatty acids displayed negative correlations with the diversity increase. The ratio of carbohydrates to amino acids showed a weak positive correlation. It is noteworthy that a diet comprising foods with a balanced nutritional profile supports the growth of beneficial gut microbes, thereby promoting microbial eubiosis. Consistent work on different ingredients is essential for precise insight into the interplay between food and the human microbiome in complex dietary patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1512217"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11823474/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143413739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pediatric kidney transplant recipients are at an increased risk for dysbiosis.","authors":"Gizem Yılmaz, Seha Saygılı, Ayşe Ağbaş, Esra Karabağ Yılmaz, Ahmet Variş, Nur Canpolat","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1499813","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1499813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study aimed to compare the gut microbiota composition in pediatric kidney transplant (KTx) recipient with that of healthy children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional observational study included 30 pediatric KTx recipients aged between 7 and 21 years and 25 healthy children. The gut microbiota was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, with alpha and beta diversity, as well as all statistical analyses, conducted using the Phyloseq library in the R programming language. Taxonomic profiles were evaluated with QIIME2, and differences in gut microbiota profiles were compared using linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEFSe) with an LDA threshold of >2 and <i>p</i> < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant differences were found in alpha and beta diversity between the KTx recipients and healthy controls. However, KTx recipients exhibited significant alterations in microbiota composition, including higher relative abundances of Verrucomicrobiota at the phylum level, and Akkermansia and Neisseria at the genus level (<i>p</i> < 0.05 for all). Conversely, there was a decrease in bacterial genera belonging to the phylum Firmicutes. In addition, KTx recipients with a history of frequent urinary tract infections, diarrhea and reduced GFR showed significant increases in bacterial abundance (<i>p</i> < 0.05 for all).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Pediatric KTx recipients demonstrated significant alterarions in gut microbiota composition, indicating dysbiosis. Further studies are needed to elucidate the cause-and-effect relationships of these changes and their impact on clinical consequencies and long-term prognosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1499813"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11823477/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143413899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change-driven shifts in the global distribution of tomato and potato crops and their associated bacterial pathogens.","authors":"Muhammad Hubab, Niloufar Lorestani, Rogayah Akram Mheisin Al-Awabdeh, Farzin Shabani","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1520104","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1520104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Climate change is increasingly affecting the global distribution and productivity of critical food crops, including <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> (tomato) and <i>Solanum tuberosum</i> (potato). In particular, bacterial pathogens such as <i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i> and <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i> are expected to shift their geographic ranges, posing new risks to these crops. This study hypothesizes that under future climate scenarios, the geographic overlap between these crops and their pathogens will increase in certain regions, leading to heightened agricultural risks, especially in areas currently considered safe from these pathogens.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To test our hypotheses, the objective was to evaluate the potential impact of climate change on the geographic distribution of two key food crops (tomato and potato) and their bacterial pathogens for the current time and by 2050. This study used four species distribution models (SDMs) to predict current and future habitat suitability for both tomato and potato crops, as well as their associated pathogens, under two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP4.5 and SSP8.5) and four global circulation models (GCMs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The models projected significant poleward shifts in suitable habitats for tomatoes and potatoes, with notable expansions in higher-latitude regions such as Canada, northern Europe, and Russia, and contractions in current major production zones such as the United States (US), Brazil, parts of Africa, and China. For <i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i>, the overlap with tomatoes was substantial, whereas the overlap between potatoes and <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i> was comparatively smaller.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our hypothesis was partially supported by the results. While the overall overlap between crop and pathogen habitats remains limited, the risk areas for both pathogens are expected to expand under future climate conditions in regions such as eastern Australia, Japan, Spain, and France. These findings underscore the importance of region-specific agricultural planning and pathogen management strategies to mitigate the risks posed by climate change. Future efforts should focus on vulnerable areas to prevent significant economic losses and ensure food security.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1520104"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11821613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143413838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Latest findings on <i>Leishmania</i> parasites for better vaccine design and drug development.","authors":"Negar Seyed, Tahereh Taheri, Farhat Afrin, Hamidreza Majidiani","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1554339","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1554339","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1554339"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11822564/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143413888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The synergistic role of gut microbiota and RNA in metabolic diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic insights.","authors":"Zhuo Huang, Qinyan Yao, Shuang Ma, Jinjie Zhou, Xiaoxuan Wang, Qingguo Meng, Yaxin Liu, Zihan Yu, Xin Chen","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1504395","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1504395","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in human metabolic health by influencing immune responses, digestion, and metabolic homeostasis. Recent research highlights the intricate interactions between gut microbiota and RNA, especially non-coding RNAs, in regulating metabolic processes. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has been linked to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and metabolic heart disease. Microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), modulate RNA expression, influencing lipid metabolism, glucose regulation, and inflammatory responses. Additionally, microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve as critical regulators in these processes, with emerging evidence showing that gut-derived metabolites affect post-transcriptional gene regulation. This review synthesizes the current understanding of the gut microbiota-RNA axis and its role in metabolic diseases. By exploring the molecular mechanisms, particularly how gut microbiota-derived signals modulate RNA pathways, the review underscores the potential of targeting this axis for therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, it examines how dysbiosis leads to epigenetic changes such as m6A RNA methylation, contributing to disease pathogenesis. These insights offer a new perspective on the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases, with potential applications in personalized medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1504395"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11814227/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143406831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the rhizosphere microbiome of <i>Dendrobium</i>: mechanisms, microbial interactions, and implications for sustainable agriculture.","authors":"Surendra Sarsaiya, Archana Jain, Ranjan Singh, Qihai Gong, Qin Wu, Jishuang Chen, Jingshan Shi","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1531900","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1531900","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rhizosphere microbiome plays a critical role in plant health and productivity by fostering beneficial microbial interactions that support nutrient cycling, stress tolerance, and disease suppression. In the context of <i>Dendrobium</i>, understanding its interactions is essential for optimizing cultivation and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. This review explores the rhizosphere microbiome of <i>Dendrobium</i>, focusing on the mechanisms and microbial interactions that contribute to plant health, stress tolerance, and growth and their implications for sustainable agriculture. This study highlights the diverse composition of microbial communities in the <i>Dendrobium</i> rhizosphere, including key bacteria (e.g., <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> and <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>), fungi (e.g., <i>Glomus</i> spp.), and biocontrol agents (<i>Trichoderma</i> spp.), and discusses their roles in nutrient cycling, disease suppression, and plant growth promotion. This review emphasizes the significance of plant-microbe signaling, such as the production of flavonoids, phytohormones, and strigolactones, in shaping the microbial environment and enhancing plant resilience. Additionally, it addresses modern techniques for analyzing microbial communities, including metagenomics and next-generation sequencing, and their applications in advancing precision agriculture. Future research should focus on bridging knowledge gaps related to genotype-microbiome interactions, exploring emerging microbial consortia and enhancing the integration of microbiome management in precision agriculture systems to improve plant health and productivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1531900"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11814445/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143406834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The small GTPases FoRab5, FoRab7, and FoRab8 regulate vesicle transport to modulate vegetative development and pathogenicity in <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>conglutinans</i>.","authors":"Xiangyu Tan, Lin Chen, Ying Chen, Yuxin Li, Lihan Lu, Erfeng Li","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1514092","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1514092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rab GTPases play a crucial role in facilitating the transportation of vesicles during the process of fungal biogenesis. Currently, there is limited understanding regarding the specific biological functions of Rab small GTPase elements within <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>. In this study, we examined the three proteins FoRab5, FoRab7, and FoRab8 of Foc, which exhibit homology to the Rab protein family found in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>. In addition, we also employed a PEG-mediated homologous recombination approach to create deletion mutants and complementary strains for the <i>FoRab5</i>, <i>FoRab7</i>, and <i>FoRab8</i> genes, thereby facilitating a comprehensive investigation into the functional roles of these genes. FoRab5 was localized on vesicles of various sizes within the cell. Compared to the wild-type strain, the growth rate of the mutant <i>ΔFoRab5</i> strain decreased, the aerial hyphae decreased, the sporulation decreased, and the spore germination rate decreased. The sensitivity to cell membrane stress, cell wall stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress increased, the activity of laccase and glucoamylase decreased significantly, and the pathogenicity to cabbage seedlings decreased. FoRab7 was localized on the vacuolar membrane. Compared to the wild type, the growth rate of the mutant <i>ΔFoRab7</i> strain decreased, the bacteria produced a large amount of pigment deposition, the aerial hyphae decreased significantly, the hyphal branches increased, and the mutant almost lost the ability to produce spores. The sensitivity to osmotic stress, cell membrane stress, cell wall stress, metal ion stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress was enhanced, and the vacuole was fragmented. Laccase and glucoamylase activities decreased in a significant manner. Moreover, there was a decrease in the pathogenicity of cabbage seedlings. FoRab8 was localized at the tip of the mycelium. Compared to the wild type, the growth rate of the mutant <i>ΔFoRab8</i> strain decreased, the sporulation decreased, and the sensitivity of the mutant to osmotic stress and endoplasmic reticulum pressure increased. There was a significant decrease in the activity of laccase, glucoamylase, and cellulase. A reduction in the pathogenicity to cabbage seedlings occurred. In summary, these results indicate that members of the Rab family proteins FoRab5, FoRab7, and FoRab8 regulate a series of processes such as growth, sporulation, pathogenicity, and ectoenzyme secretion in Foc.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1514092"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11814470/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143406828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AhR governs lipid metabolism: the role of gut microbiota.","authors":"Wanru Zheng, Mengkuan Liu, Xinyu Lv, Cuimei He, Jie Yin, Jie Ma","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1442282","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1442282","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) is widely present in mammalian bodies, showing high affinity for various exogenous substances such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and coumarin. Under physiological conditions, AhR mainly participates in regulating the body's immune response, cell proliferation, and apoptosis among a series of processes. Recent studies have revealed a close connection between AhR and lipid metabolism. The gut microbiota plays a significant role in regulating host lipid metabolism. Growing evidence suggests an inseparable link between gut microbiota and AhR signaling. This review summarizes the relationship between AhR and lipid metabolism disorders, as well as the interaction between gut microbiota and AhR, exploring how this interaction modulates host lipid metabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1442282"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11817270/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143406655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In vitro</i> modeling of feline gut fermentation: a comprehensive analysis of fecal microbiota and metabolic activity.","authors":"Qianle Ren, Yuling Li, Mingmei Duan, Jinjun Li, Fangshu Shi, Yun Zhou, Wanjing Hu, Junfu Mao, Xiaoqiong Li","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1515865","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1515865","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gut microbiota (GM) is a large and diverse microbial community that plays essential roles in host health. The <i>in vitro</i> fermentation model of the fecal GM serves as a valuable complement to food and health research in both humans and animals. Despite advancements in standardized protocols for culturing human GM, research concerning animals-particularly companion animals-remains limited. This study aims to identify the optimal <i>in vitro</i> fermentation method for cat gut microbiota by comprehensively analyzing fecal microbiota and fermentation characteristics. We evaluated seven culture media previously used to simulate the gut microenvironment in humans, dogs, and cats: anaerobic medium base (AMB), Minimum medium (MM), Pet medium (PM), VI medium (VI), VL medium (VL), Yeast culture medium (JM), and yeast casitone fatty acid agar medium (YCFA). Fresh fecal samples were fermented in these media for 48 h, followed by 16S rRNA sequencing to assess bacterial community composition and targeted metabolite monitoring during fermentation. The results revealed that the substrate composition in the medium differentially impacts bacterial community structure and fermentation characteristics. High levels of carbon and nitrogen sources can substantially increase gas production, particularly CO₂, while also significantly enhancing the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Additionally, substrates with a high carbon-to-nitrogen ratio promote the production of more SCFAs and biogenic amines, and enrich the <i>Bacteroidaceae</i> family, even when the total substrate amount is lower. Comprehensive analysis of gut microbiota and metabolites reveals that PM medium effectively simulates a nutrient-deficient microenvironment in the cat gut during <i>in vitro</i> fermentation. This simulation maintains bacterial community stability and results in lower metabolite levels. Therefore, using PM medium to culture cat gut microbiota for 48 h, without focusing on specific bacterial genera, represents the most suitable <i>in vitro</i> model. This finding contributes to understanding the optimal conditions for simulate cat gut microbiota and may provide a new approach for investigating the food pharmaceuticals on the cat gut microbiota and related health.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1515865"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11813885/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143406591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of potato glycoside alkaloids on mitochondria energy metabolism of <i>Fusarium solani</i>, the root rot pathogen of <i>Lycium barbarum</i>.","authors":"Ruiyun Li, Bin Wang, Wei Chen, Chongqing Zhang, Nan Li, Yupeng Wang, Yuke Yan, Yuyan Sun, Jing He","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2024.1512027","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2024.1512027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Fusarium solani</i> is a widely distributed pathogenic fungus that can cause soil borne diseases in various plants and is also one of the main pathogenic bacteria of <i>Lycium barbarum</i> root rot. This study employed tandem mass labeling (TMT) quantitative proteomics technology to investigate the antifungal mechanism of potato glycoside alkaloids (PGA) against <i>Fusarium solani</i>. We elucidated the antifungal mechanism of PGA from the perspective of mitochondrial proteome molecular biology. Furthermore, we identified and annotated the differentially expressed proteins (DEP) of <i>F. solani</i> under PGA stress. A total of 2,412 DEPs were identified, among which 1,083 were significantly up-regulated and 1,329 significantly down-regulated. Subsequent analysis focused on five DEPs related to energy metabolism for verification at both protein and gene levels. Gene Ontology (GO) function analysis revealed that the DEPs were primarily involved in the integral component of the membrane, intrinsic component of the membrane, pyridine-containing compound metabolic processes, carbon-oxygen lyase activity, and the endoplasmic reticulum, with a notable enrichment in membrane components. Furthermore, a total of 195 pathways were identified through KEGG analysis, with significant enrichment in critical pathways including pentose and glucuronate interconversions, propanoate metabolism, various types of N-glycan biosynthesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. The results from both parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) and real-time RT-qPCR were consistent with the overall trends observed in TMT proteomics, thereby confirming the validity of the TMT proteomics analysis. These findings indicate that PGA inhibits the growth of <i>F. solani</i> by impacting mitochondrial energy metabolism. This study reveals the antifungal mechanism of PGA from the perspective of energy metabolism, providing a theoretical basis for the development and application of PGA as a biopesticide.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1512027"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11814155/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143406635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}