Frontiers in Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"The LysR-type transcriptional regulator STY2660 is involved in outer membrane protein synthesis, bile resistance and motility in <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Typhi.","authors":"Yitzel Gama-Martínez, Victor M Hernández, Sergio Encarnación-Guevara, Ángel Martínez-Batallar, Ismael Hernández-Lucas","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1554102","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1554102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Typhi, the etiological agent of Typhoid fever in humans, contains 44 LysR-type transcriptional regulators (LTTRs), most of which are annotated as hypothetical proteins whose roles are not yet described. In this work we demonstrated by mutants, growth evaluation in bile salts, transcriptional fusions, EMSAs, outer membrane protein profiles and motility assays, that the <i>S</i>. Typhi LTTR STY2660 is involved in two regulatory networks: FNR-STY2660-OmpR-OmpC for porin synthesis and bile resistance and FNR-STY2660-OmpR-FliD for motility. Thus, the LTTR STY2660 is able to establish genetic communication with master regulatory proteins to promote and efficiently respond to adverse conditions present in the host.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1554102"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11904634/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143624107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Diaporthe betae</i> sp. nov., a new species associating with sugar beet root rot in Heilongjiang Province, China.","authors":"Hongtao Shao, Chunquan Ma, Bing Yu, Sixue Chen, Haiying Li","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1453460","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1453460","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Sugar beet (<i>Beta vulgaris</i> L.) is an economically important crop grown worldwide, but its production is threatened by root rot diseases caused by soil-borne fungi. This study aimed to identify and characterize a new pathogen causing root rot in sugar beet in Heilongjiang Province, China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>During 2019 and 2023, isolates were obtained from infected sugar beet roots showing symptoms of red-brown or black lesions and tissue necrosis. The pathogenicity of the causal organism was confirmed by Koch's postulates. The isolates were characterized based on morphological features and multilocus phylogenetic analyses. To evaluate potential control measures for this new pathogen in field conditions, the fungicides pyraclostrobin, boscalid, and fluconazole were tested for their efficacy in inhibiting the growth of this new pathogen <i>in vitro</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The newly discovered pathogen was found to differ from previously described taxa in conidial morphology, molecular features, and disease index. Thus, the pathogen was determined to be a new species, which we called <i>Diaporthe betae</i> sp. nov. All three fungicides demonstrated significant inhibitory effects, with fluconazole showing the strongest activity and pyraclostrobin the second-highest efficacy.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The discovery of this new pathogenic fungus will help researchers elucidate the pathogenesis of sugar beet root rot and provide a theoretical basis for performing targeted monitoring, preventing diseases and implementing control measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1453460"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11897564/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of <i>in planta</i> bioprotectants against Fusarium wilt in <i>Medicago sativa</i> L. (lucerne) from a collection of bacterial isolates derived from <i>Medicago</i> seeds.","authors":"Shenali Subodha Herath Dissanayakalage, Jatinder Kaur, Saidi R Achari, Timothy I Sawbridge","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1544521","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1544521","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fusarium wilt caused by <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>medicaginis</i> (Fom) is an important disease affecting lucerne/alfalfa cultivations worldwide. <i>Medicago sativa</i> L. (lucerne) is one of the major legume crops in global forage industry. This study aimed to identify bacteria capable of biologically controlling the wilt pathogen through a comprehensive screening of bacterial isolates obtained from domesticated and wild growing <i>Medicago</i> seeds. Using a multi-tiered evaluation pipeline, including <i>in vitro</i>, soil-free and potting mix-based pathogenicity and bioprotection assay systems, the bioprotection efficacy of 34 bacterial isolates derived from <i>Medicago</i> seeds was initially evaluated against six <i>Fusarium</i> strains <i>in vitro</i>. <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> (Fo) F5189, which has previously been characterized as a <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>medicaginis</i> isolate causing <i>Fusarium</i> wilt in lucerne was selected for <i>in planta</i> assays. Lucerne cultivars Grazer and Sequel, representing susceptible and resistant genotypes were chosen to assess the disease progression. Pathogenicity and bioprotection time-course studies were conducted to understand the temporal dynamics of host-pathogen interactions and efficacy of the bioprotectants. The disease symptoms were scored using a disease rating index developed in this study. The results indicated variability in bioprotection efficacy across bacterial isolates, with some strains suppressing disease in both soil-free and potting mix-based systems. <i>Paenibacillus</i> sp. (Lu_MgY_007; NCBI: PQ756884) and <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. (Lu_LA164_018; NCBI: PQ756887) were identified as promising bioprotectants against Fusarium wilt under tested growth conditions. The time-course studies highlighted the critical role of persistent biocontrol activity and precise timing of biocontrol application for achieving long-term disease suppression. Overall, the observed reduction in disease severity underscores the potential of these bioprotectants as sustainable strategies for managing Fusarium wilt in lucerne cultivars. However, comprehensive molecular-level analyses are warranted to elucidate the underlying pathogenicity and bioprotection mechanisms, offering valuable insights for the development of more precise and effective future biocontrol strategies in agricultural systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1544521"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11897269/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biliary-intestinal anastomosis leads to alterations in intestinal flora and its flora metabolites and increases the risk of long-term postoperative complications: a case-control study.","authors":"Baicheng Li, Zhao Chen, Guangzhi Wang, Yuzhuo Chen, Xingdong Hou, Bowei Lu, Shili Ning","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1531955","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1531955","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is a major surgical intervention that encompasses the resection of multiple organs and the reconstruction of the digestive tract, with reconstructive procedures including pancreatico-enteric, bilioenteric, and gastroenteric anastomoses. Prior research has documented a high incidence of long-term complications following PD, which significantly impact patient prognosis and survival, however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Evidence from previous studies suggests that biliary-intestinal anastomosis modifies biliary tract anatomy, altering bile flow into the gut and potentially affecting the gut microbiota and its metabolites. Given the close association between biliary tract infections and alterations in gut microbiota, we hypothesize that changes in intestinal flora and its metabolites post-PD may be a critical factor in the development of long-term complications. The objective of this study is to investigate whether biliary-intestinal anastomosis during PD induces changes in the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites, which in turn may increase the risk of long-term postoperative complications.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This study included 17 patients who underwent the procedure (group T) and 20 sex- and age-matched controls who did not (group N), patients in group T were stratified into those with (complication group) and without (non-complication group) long-term postoperative complications. Faecal samples were collected from all subjects and DNA was extracted from the samples using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to analyse the composition of the faecal flora and detect flora metabolites.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;1. Alpha diversity analysis of the two sample groups indicated a trend towards lower microbial abundance in Group T relative to Group N, however, no significant differences were observed in the Shannon and Simpson diversity indices. 2. At the genus level, Group T patients exhibited markedly higher levels of Escherichia-Shigella, Veillonella, and Enterobacter, while showing significantly lower abundance of Blautia and Bifidobacterium compared to Group N subjects. Analysis of Spearman's correlation and degree of correlation between genera showed a significant negative correlation between Escherichia shigella and Blautia. Veillonella showed a significant positive correlation with both Escherichia shigella and Enterobacter. In addition, Blautia and Bifidobacterium showed a significant positive correlation with each other. 3. Subsequent comparative analysis of the bacterial flora between the complication and non-complication groups revealed a significantly elevated abundance of Escherichia-Shigella in the complication group as compared to the non-complication group. 4. Faecal metabolomic analysis revealed that L-palmitoylcarnitine, arachidic acid and PG 13:0_15:0 were significantly increased in the T group compared to the N group, whereas 3-isopropylmalic acid wa","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1531955"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11900546/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovery of novel mycoviruses from fungi associated with mango leaf spots.","authors":"Qihua Wang, Mengyi Chen, Yanling Xie","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1545534","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1545534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mango (<i>Mangifera indica</i>) is a commercially significant fruit crop cultivated globally. However, leaf spot diseases are common in mango orchards, which severely impact the yield. Mycoviruses hold promise as potential biocontrol agents. To investigate this possibility, fungi were isolated from mango leaf spot lesions, resulting in the identification of six strains that contained double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Through BLASTx analysis of the NCBI non-redundant database, 27 mycovirus-related contigs were identified, which corresponded to 10 distinct viruses grouped into 8 lineages: <i>Alternaviridae, Chrysoviridae, Partitiviridae, Polymycoviridae, Orthototiviridae, Deltaflexiviridae, Narnaviridae,</i> and <i>Bunyaviricetes</i>. Full genomic sequences of these viruses were characterized and confirmed to be associated with their host fungi. The findings included six novel mycoviruses, three previously unreported viruses discovered in new hosts, and one virus strain. These results highlight the diversity and taxonomy of mycoviruses found in fungi associated with mango leaf spots.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1545534"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11897279/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Respiratory syncytial virus fuses with plasma membrane to infect primary cultures of bronchial epithelial cells.","authors":"Christian Cadena-Cruz, Marcio De-Avila-Arias, Heather M Costello, Leidy Hurtado-Gomez, Walter Martínez-De-La-Rosa, Gigliola Macchia-Ceballos, Wendy Rosales-Rada, Gerardo Valencia-Villa, Pedro Villalba-Amarís, Meisam Naeimi Kararoudi, Mark E Peeples, Homero San-Juan-Vergara","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1498955","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1498955","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of bronchiolitis in children under the age of five. RSV infection proceeds by fusion of the viral envelope with the target cell membrane, but it is unclear whether fusion occurs with plasma or endosomal membranes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Entry and/or infection was studied in undifferentiated primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells. Synchronization of viral entry or infection was achieved by attaching the virus to the plasma membrane at temperatures of 4°C or 22°C. Cells in which entry events had occurred were identified by the enzymatic action of beta-lactamase M (BlaM) fused to the RSV P protein (BlaM-P) carried by rgRSV virions. BlaM cleaves the beta-lactam ring of CCF2 loaded into the cells, disrupting FRET and allowing blue light to be emitted. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression, encoded by the rgRSV genome, was used to identify infected cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that adsorption of RSV at 4°C favors entry via endocytosis, whereas binding of the virus to the membrane at 22°C favors RSV entry via the plasma membrane. The induction of endocytosis by synchronization at 4°C is, therefore, an artifact. In addition, we found that all drugs that interfered with RSV infection reduced cell membrane deformations such as filopodia and lamellipodia, suggesting a mechanism by which they may interfere with RSV fusion with the cell membrane.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>In conclusion, RSV enters the cell by direct fusion of its envelope with the plasma membrane.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1498955"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11911548/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143647706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacteriophage P1 protein Icd inhibits bacterial division by targeting FtsZ.","authors":"Kairui Zhao, Shuheng Du, Linlin Tian, Shenping Wang, Runqin Shi, Haiyu Sun, Yao Zhou, Chenhao Huang, Yanmei Sun, Shiwei Wang, Yaodong Chen","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1533694","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1533694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study of bacteriophage (phage) gene products and their effects on the host helps to better understand the phage-host relationship and provides clues for the development of new antimicrobial proteins. In this study, we focused on a small protein named Icd with 73 amino acids from phage P1. It inhibits the growth of <i>Escherichia coli</i> and rapidly blocks the formation of Z-ring. The results of bacterial two-hybrid and pull-down experiments showed that Icd directly targets FtsZ, a key protein in bacterial division. Furthermore, we identified the core region of Icd as amino acids 12-51; this 40-amino acid protein had similar antibacterial activity to the full-length Icd, inhibiting bacterial growth and division.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1533694"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11897509/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fractionating proteins with nitrite-reducing activity in \"<i>Candidatus</i> Kuenenia stuttgartiensis\" strain CSTR1.","authors":"Emea Okorafor Ude, Pranathi Sure, Rimjhim Rimjhim, Lorenz Adrian, Chang Ding","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1483703","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1483703","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The anammox bacteria \"<i>Candidatus</i> Kuenenia stuttgartiensis\" (<i>Ca.</i> Kuenenia) are able to gain energy by combining ammonium and nitrite to produce nitrogen gas, which is an ecologically and technically significant activity process. In this reaction, nitric oxide serves as a recognized intermediate in the reduction of nitrite, which is subsequently combined with ammonium to produce hydrazine. However, the enzyme that converts nitrite to nitric oxide remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the nitrite-reducing activity in \"<i>Ca.</i> Kuenenia stuttgartiensis\" strain CSTR1 to identify candidates for such an enzyme. An optimized <i>in vitro</i> assay was established to measure nitrite-reducing activities, with which we followed the activity in protein fractions obtained from various fractionation methods. Separation of the cell extract of strain CSTR1 with size exclusion chromatography yielded active fractions corresponding to a molecular size range of 150-200 kDa. Several proteins coeluted with the nitrite-reducing activity, including the hydroxylamine dehydrogenase HOX, an NADP-dependent isopropanol dehydrogenase (Adh), an electron-transfer 4Fe-4S subunit protein (Fcp), and a nitric oxide detoxifying flavorubredoxin (NorVW). However, further separation of the cell extract with anion exchange chromatography, resulted in much lower activity yields, and activities were distributed among several fractions. In addition, fractionation of cell extracts using ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration linked the activity to HOX, but could not exclude the involvement of other proteins in the activity. Overall, our results suggest that the molecular mechanism for nitrite reduction in \"<i>Ca.</i> Kuenenia\" strains is more complex than that currently described in the literature. Nitrite reduction appears to be strongly associated with HOX but may additionally require the participation of other proteins.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1483703"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11897245/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internal in-frame translation generates Cas11b, which is important for effective interference in an archaeal CRISPR-Cas system.","authors":"A-L Sailer, J Brendel, A Chernev, S König, T Bischler, T Gräfenhan, H Urlaub, U Gophna, A Marchfelder","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1543464","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1543464","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>CRISPR-Cas is a sophisticated defence system used by bacteria and archaea to fend off invaders. CRISPR-Cas systems vary in their Cas protein composition and have therefore been divided into different classes and types. Type I systems of bacteria have been shown to contain the small protein Cas11 as part of the interference complex known as Cascade. Here we show for the first time that an archaeal CRISPR-Cas type I-B system also contains a homolog of Cas11. The Cas11b protein, encoded by the <i>cas8b</i> gene in <i>Haloferax volcanii</i>, represents the first known case of an internal in-frame translation of an archaeal protein. Translation initiation at an internal methionine of the <i>cas8b</i> open reading frame results in synthesis of Cas11b. Cas11b is required for an effective CRISPR-Cas interference reaction, and in its absence fewer Cascade complexes are formed. Comparison of transcriptomes from wild type and a Cas11b-less strain shows that the depletion of Cas11b also results in differential transcript abundance of many genes, presumably affecting their regulation. Taken together, Cas11b is important for the defence reaction of the type I-B CRISPR-Cas system and seems to play an additional cellular role.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1543464"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11899642/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and temporal groundwater biogeochemical variability help inform subsurface connectivity within a high-altitude Alpine catchment (Riale di Ronco, Switzerland).","authors":"Andrew S Acciardo, Moira Arnet, Nima Gholizadeh Doonechaly, Alberto Ceccato, Paula Rodriguez, Hoang N H Tran, Quinn Wenning, Eric Zimmerman, Marian Hertrich, Bernard Brixel, Cara Magnabosco","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1522714","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1522714","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accessing the deep terrestrial subsurface (greater than 1 km below the surface) presents significant practical challenges, leaving these ecosystems largely uncharacterized despite their extensive presence beneath Earth's landmasses. In this study, we introduce the BedrettoLab Deep Life Observatory (DELOS), a new underground laboratory to study the biogeochemical diversity of groundwater in a high-altitude Alpine catchment tens of meters to 1.6 km underground. Biogeochemical monitoring of DELOS over spatial and temporal scales highlight three dominant ecotypes throughout DELOS: (1) Shallow groundwater with low electrical conductivity enriched in <i>Leptospirillia</i>; (2) High-inflow fault zones enriched in ultra-small bacteria and archaea; (3) Bicarbonate-enriched waters that are enriched in <i>Candidatus</i> Kryptonia and <i>Spirochaetota</i>. Despite a consistent lithology throughout DELOS, groundwater from fractures that are spatially near each other are not always represented by the same ecotype and can be more similar to groundwater emitted from fractures thousands of meters away. Despite this heterogeneity, the biological and hydrochemical compositions of the groundwater of individual fractures remained relatively stable throughout the course of a 1-year monitoring period. An exception to this trend occurred after a series of seismic events near one groundwater-bearing fracture. Here, the microbial community and hydrochemical composition of the groundwater changed after the seismic events but returned to the site's \"baseline\" composition within 3 weeks. Taken together, these findings provide new insights into the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of deep subsurface ecosystems and the subsurface connectivity of an Alpine subsurface environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1522714"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11897985/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}