Frontiers in Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Characterization of <i>bla</i> _NDM-5-carrying plasmids in two clinical <i>Salmonella</i> isolates from Jiaxing city, China.","authors":"Ping Li, Yongjuan Yuan, Yong Yan, Miaomiao Jia, Lei Gao, Xuejuan Liu, Yangming Sun, Guoying Zhu, Zhongwen Chen","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1620907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1620907","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Salmonella</i> is an important cause of foodborne diarrheal diseases worldwide. The emergence of <i>bla</i> _NDM-positive carbapenem-resistant <i>Salmonella enterica</i> isolates in recent years poses a huge public health challenge.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, two clinical <i>S. enterica</i> isolates carrying <i>bla</i> _NDM-5: a serotype 4,[5],12:i:- strain (2023JX045) and a serovar Stanley strain (2024-406) were analyzed using antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both isolates were multidrug resistant, with insusceptibility to ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, ceftiofur, cefazolin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, ceftazidime/avibactam, meropenem, imipenem, ertapenem, tetracycline, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, florfenicol, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, colistin, and polymixin B. The <i>bla</i> _NDM-5-carrying plasmids in 2023JX045 and 2024-406 were named p23045-NDM5 and p2024406-NDM5, respectively, with both belonging to the incompatibility (Inc)HI2/IncHI2A group and sequence type ST3. In 2023JX045, <i>bla</i> _NDM-5 was flanked by two same-oriented copies of IS<i>26</i> elements (IS<i>26-dsbC-trpF</i>-<i>ble</i> _MBL-<i>bla</i> _NDM-5-IS<i>5</i>-ΔIS<i>3000</i>-ΔIS<i>Kox3-umuC-umuD</i>-IS<i>26</i>). In 2024-406, p2024406-NDM5 was found to carry two copies of <i>bla</i> _NDM-5, possibly resulting from duplication of IS<i>26</i>-<i>dsbC-trpF</i>-<i>ble</i> _MBL-<i>bla</i> _NDM-5-IS5-ΔISAba125-ΔIS3000-ΔISKox3-umuC-umuD-IS26 and interrupted by mobile element IS<i>1</i> at the upstream region of ΔIS3000.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This is the first report to describe the presence of two <i>bla</i> _NDM-5 copies on an IncHI2/IncHI2A plasmid carried by serovar Stanley, as well as the dissemination of <i>bla</i> _NDM-5 in Salmonella in Jiaxing City, China. IS26-flanked composite transposons appeared to play an important role in the formation of this region. The dissemination of blaNDM in Salmonella isolates and the complexity of the <i>bla</i> _NDM-5 region highlight the urgent need to monitor carbapenem-resistant <i>S. enterica</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1620907"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12240926/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altered upper respiratory tract microbiota in laryngeal cough attributed to lung yin deficiency and the modulatory effects of Yangyin Qingfei Oral Liquid.","authors":"Fei Yu, Jing Jin, Xinlai Jin, Xuchun Ding, Yafang Lou","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1592294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1592294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigates changes in upper respiratory tract microbiota in laryngeal cough patients with lung yin deficiency using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene. It also examines the modulatory effects of Yangyin Qingfei Oral Liquid (YYQFOL).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We included 100 laryngeal cough patients and 65 healthy subjects, collecting throat swab samples for microbiota comparison. Patients were randomly assigned to a control group receiving methoxyphenamine capsules and an experimental group receiving YYQFOL and methoxyphenamine for 10 days. We assessed changes in microbiota, symptom scoring, and Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) results. Each group was divided into responders (R) and non-responders (NR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with laryngeal cough had significantly lower microbial abundance and diversity than healthy subjects (<i>p</i> < 0.05). After treatment, symptom scores and LCQ results improved significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05), with responders in the experimental group (ER) showing significantly better improvement than those in the responders in the control group (CR) (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Post-treatment, the experimental group saw a significant reduction in <i>Streptococcus</i>, <i>Haemophilus</i>, and other genera, while <i>Veillonella</i> increased (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Laryngeal cough patients with lung yin deficiency are imbalanced in the upper respiratory tract microbiota. Treatment with methoxyphenamine and YYQFOL improves microbiota composition and alleviates symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1592294"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12241029/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimycobacterial activity of the plectasin derivative NZ2114.","authors":"Camilla Davids, Komal Rao-Fransson, Nitya Krishnan, Erik Tenland, Matthias Mörgelin, Brian Robertson, Gabriela Godaly","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1613241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1613241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Mycobacteria have a unique hydrophobic membrane with several lipid-enriched layers that are low in permeability, setting them apart from other bacteria. This complex structure, consisting of three distinct layers is crucial for cell growth, virulence, and providing a barrier to antibiotics. Previously, we identified a plectasin variant, NZX, which showed activity against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> in several murine tuberculosis (TB) infection studies. In this study, we investigated another plectasin variant, NZ2114, known for its effectiveness against Gram-positive bacteria, as a potential antimycobacterial peptide both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The resazurin microtiter assay (REMA) was used to determine MIC; a time-kill assay was performed to evaluate long-term effects; scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to visualize peptide impact; a checkerboard assay assessed drug compatibility; MTT and WST-8 assays were used to estimate peptide toxicity; intracellular killing was evaluated using primary macrophages; peptide stability was assessed in human serum; and a murine tuberculosis (TB) infection model was used to verify the peptide's efficacy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>NZ2114 effectively killed mycobacteria at a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC₉₉) of 6.1 µM, was non-toxic to primary human cells, and remained resistant to serum degradation while preserving its antimycobacterial capacity. In a checkerboard assay, NZ2114 demonstrated synergy with the first-line TB drugs isoniazid and ethambutol. The antimicrobial effect was also observed against several clinical isolates of Gram-positive bacteria, including <i>Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium</i>, and Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA). In our murine TB infection model, compared to untreated controls, NZ2114 eliminated <i>M. tuberculosis</i> with a log reduction of 0.72 (81.14%) after three doses.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These studies suggest NZ2114 as a potential TB therapy, aiding in the control of this significant infectious disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1613241"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12241124/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic diversity of <i>Bordetella bronchiseptica</i> isolates obtained from primates.","authors":"Tracy L Nicholson, Sarah M Shore, Yihui Wang, Lindsey Zimmerman, Tod J Merkel","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1571660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1571660","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Bordetella bronchiseptica</i> is a highly contagious bacterial respiratory pathogen with a broad host range of wild and domesticated mammals that can cause a variety of clinical disease outcomes ranging from asymptomatic carriage to severe pneumonia. The goal of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of <i>B. bronchiseptica</i> isolates obtained from primates and evaluate the antimicrobial resistance harbored by these isolates. Two isolates were identified as belonging to <i>B. bronchiseptica</i> lineage II and 13 isolates represented new sequence types within <i>B. bronchiseptica</i> lineage I clonal complex 6. The lineage II isolates harbored the lowest sequence identity observed across all genes evaluated and did not contain several well characterized virulence and fimbrial genes. Western blotting revealed no reactivity to a lineage II strain when using antibodies generated against pertactin (PRN) from a lineage I-1 strain or antibodies generated against a domain of filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA) from a lineage I-1 strain. Isolates harbored variation within the <i>wbm</i> locus containing genes encoding for the expression of antigenically distinct O-antigen types and the <i>cya</i> operon was replaced by the <i>ptp</i> operon in several isolates, expanding the phylogenetic distribution of this operon replacement. Thirteen isolates exhibited phenotypic resistance to four antibiotic classes tested, however the <i>Bordetella</i>-specific β-lactamase was the only antimicrobial resistance gene identified. Collectively, the data in this report expands the known phylogenetic diversity and genetic variation of <i>B. bronchiseptica</i> isolates.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1571660"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12243275/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"T cell epitope content comparison using EpiCC correlates with vaccine efficacy against heterologous porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 2 strains.","authors":"J Mark Hammer, Andres H Gutierrez, Lucas Huntimer, Benjamin Gabriel, William D Martin, Sabine E Hammer, Tobias Käser, Anne S De Groot","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1625309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1625309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most ubiquitous RNA viruses affecting pigs and pig farms globally. While vaccines are available, they are not entirely effective, and the introduction of modified live virus vaccines (MLV) has contributed to an increase in the rate of viral evolution. While vaccines induce humoral responses that may contribute to immunity against PRRSV, vaccines containing T cell epitopes that are well-matched to circulating strains are believed to be more likely to induce protective effects upon challenge or field exposure. We developed an algorithm that performs T cell epitope content comparison (EpiCC) based on PRRSV sequence data, that may assist veterinarians, practitioners, producers, and farmers to select and design well-matched vaccines for use against circulating PRRSV isolates. A recently published vaccination-challenge experiment provided an opportunity to test EpiCC. We hypothesized that higher conservation of T cell epitope content between the MLV vaccine and challenge viruses would be associated with better protective effects of vaccination. We used the EpiCC algorithm to compare the T cell epitope content contained in the MLV Prevacent^® vaccine used in the study and four heterologous type 2 (PRRSV-2) challenge strains. In this comparison, higher EpiCC coverage scores correlated not only with higher T cell responses observed in the efficacy study but also with better protection. The results also indicate that while genotyping may currently depend on GP5 analysis, it is unlikely that the genotyping performed using GP5 will be closely associated with protective relationships between vaccines and lineages. This suggests T cell epitope analysis of existing and new vaccines for epitope coverage may improve vaccine selection for an economically important porcine virus; it also points to the need to measure and thus improve T cell epitope content in PRRSV vaccines to maximize their protective efficacy against field strains.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1625309"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12241073/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring ultrasound-induced metabolic attenuation in <i>Lacticaseibacillus casei</i> ATCC 393-A combined approach using traditional methods and flow cytometry.","authors":"Irene Giordano, Mohammed Salman, Stefania Arioli, Diego Mora, Gianluigi Mauriello","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1589054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1589054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Attenuation technologies applied to probiotics aim to modulate specific metabolic pathways, particularly acidification, while maintaining cell viability. Although ultrasound is an emerging tool in this context, its precise mechanism of action on probiotic cells remains poorly understood. The study aimed to establish a suitable method to investigate the effects of ultrasound attenuation on probiotics. <i>Lacticaseibacillus casei</i> ATCC 393 was exposed to sonication for 6 and 8 min in a water suspension. Morphological changes, cultivability, acidification capacity, and growth recovery were assessed using culture-dependent methods. Flow cytometry (FCM) combined with fluorescent staining was used to evaluate membrane integrity (as a marker of viability) and esterase activity (as a marker of metabolic activity). Moreover, plate count and FCM data were compared to estimate the overall effect of ultrasound. A reduction in cell size was observed, which was confirmed by decreases in forward and side scatter signals. Acidification capacity was dependent on the intensity applied, and only the 8-min treatment induced prolonged modulation over 24 h. Esterase activity was similarly affected by both sonicating times, whereas membrane integrity reduction was dependent on the treatment intensity. The probiotic demonstrated the ability to restore growth, with recovery time proportionally increasing with the duration of ultrasound treatment. Direct comparisons of the viable, culturable, and metabolically active subpopulations indicate that they are similarly affected by 6 min of sonication. On the contrary, 8 min of sonication increased sample heterogeneity, generating three different subpopulations. The lack of overlap between viable and culturable clusters suggested that the cells that were sonicated for 8 min entered the viable but non-culturable state. These results provide insight into the intensity-dependent effects of ultrasound on probiotic functionality and demonstrate the value of integrative analytical approaches (FCM combined with traditional methods) for characterizing bacterial responses to attenuation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1589054"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12241099/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-omics decodes host-specific and environmental microbiome interactions in sepsis.","authors":"Jiamin Lu, Wen Zhang, Yuzhou He, Mei Jiang, Zhankui Liu, Jirong Zhang, Lanzhi Zheng, Bingzhi Zhou, Jielian Luo, Chenming He, Yunan Shan, Runze Zhang, KaiLiang Fan, Bangjiang Fang, Chuanqi Wan","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1618177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1618177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, and its pathogenesis involves complex interactions between the host and the microbiome. The integration of multi-omics has important value in revealing the mechanism of host-microbiome interaction. It is a key tool for promoting accurate diagnosis and guiding dynamic treatment strategies in sepsis. However, multi-omics data integration faces technical challenges, such as data heterogeneity and platform variability, as well as analytical hurdles, such as the \"curse of dimensionality.\" Fortunately, researchers have developed two integration strategies: data-driven and knowledge-guided approaches, which employ various dimensionality reduction techniques and integration methods to handle multi-omics datasets. This review discusses the applications of multi-omics technologies in host-microbiome interactions in sepsis, highlighting their potential in identifying novel diagnostic biomarkers and developing personalized and dynamic treatment strategies. It also summarizes commonly used systems biology resources and computational tools for data integration; the review outlines the challenges in this field and proposes potential directions for future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1618177"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12241168/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of IgG antibody against the porcine norovirus GII.11 in human, domestic and wild animals.","authors":"Jiayi Xu, Huisha Du, Junxuan Yu, Ruojun Wu, Yu Zhang, Qianxin Lu, Xin Jiang, Bingwen Zeng, Tianhui Li, Qing Chen, Ying-Chun Dai","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1567132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1567132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Zoonotic diseases pose a critical threat to global public health, with noroviruses (NoVs) increasingly recognized for their potential to cross species barriers. Traditionally, NoVs were considered host-specific; however, recent evidence suggests the possibility of interspecies transmission. This study investigates the zoonotic potential of porcine NoV (PorNoV) genotype GII.11, which shares high genetic similarity with human NoVs (HuNoVs), by detecting GII.11-specific IgG antibodies in humans and various animals using a Luciferase Immunosorbent Assay (LISA). Seroprevalence was observed in humans (15.2%), pigs (49.3%), dogs (30.6%), wild rats (9.5%), and bats (65.1%), marking the first detection of GII.11 PorNoV antibodies in humans and non-swine species. Bats exhibited the highest seropositivity and antibody levels [vs. humans (<i>P</i> = 0.0011) and pigs (<i>P</i> = 0.0164)], suggesting their potential role as reservoirs. These findings provide serological evidence for anthropozoonotic transmission, challenging the paradigm of strict host specificity in NoVs. Enhanced surveillance of PorNoV in animal reservoirs and high-risk human populations is needed to mitigate zoonotic spillover risks. Further research should aim to elucidate mechanisms of transmission and the clinical significance of cross-species NoVs exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1567132"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12240948/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exopolysaccharide-producing strains alter heavy metal fates and bacterial communities in soil aggregates to reduce metal uptake by pakchoi.","authors":"Heyun Zhang, Junqing Zhang, Shuangjiao Tang, ZhongYan Deng, Randa S Makar, Lunguang Yao, Hui Han","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1595142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1595142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The characteristics of heavy metals in soil aggregates represent critical factors influencing the uptake of heavy metals by crops. However, the mechanisms underlying the immobilization of Cd and Pb by soil aggregates of different particle sizes mediated by exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing bacteria have remained poorly understood. In this study, a selective medium was employed to isolate and screen EPS-producing bacteria from the heavy metal-contaminated soil, with their mechanisms of Cd and Pb immobilization investigated through solution adsorption experiments. Pot experiments combined with high-throughput sequencing technology were conducted to examine the effects of these strains on heavy metal uptake by pakchoi and to elucidate the underlying microbiological mechanisms. Two high-EPS-yielding bacterial strains, <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. H7 and <i>Agrobacterium</i> sp. Z22, were successfully isolated from heavy metal-contaminated farmland. These strains effectively facilitated the formation of Fe₂Pb(PO₄)₂, CdCO₃, and Pb₂O₃ precipitates, thereby immobilizing Cd and Pb in aqueous solutions. Compared to the CK group, inoculation with <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. H7 and <i>Agrobacterium</i> sp. Z22 reduced the Cd (30.7-81.8%) and Pb (8.1-57%) contents in the pakchoi tissues. Notably, <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. H7 and <i>Agrobacterium</i> sp. Z22 enhanced EPS production and promoted the specific formation of CdCO₃, PbCO₃, Cd₂(OH)₂CO₃, and 2PbCO₃·Pb(OH)₂ within microaggregates (< 250 μm), which significantly reducing Cd and Pb uptake by pakchoi. Microaggregates exhibited predominant accumulation of Cd and Pb were in organic matter-bound and residual states, whereas in macroaggregates (> 250 μm), these metals were primarily associated with Fe-Mn oxide-bound and residual states. Furthermore, inoculation with these strains altered the bacterial community composition, specifically increasing the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, <i>Sphingomonadaceae</i>, and <i>Micrococcales</i> in microaggregates, which further contributed to the reduction of Cd and Pb uptake by pakchoi. These findings provide both valuable bacterial resources and a soild theoretical foundation for developing safe vegetable production strategies in heavy metal-contaminated fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1595142"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12241154/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Host SUMOylation in bacterial infections and immune defense mechanisms.","authors":"Yuhua Xu, Xi Ma, Zhifeng Wu, Ruitong Huang, Chenhua Liao, Di Huang, Yujun Tang, Chengbin Zhu, Yaqi Wang, Siyuan Zhang, Peng Liu, Jiaofeng Peng","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1621137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1621137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMOylation, the covalent attachment of small ubiquitin-like modifier proteins (SUMO) to lysine residues of target substrates, has emerged as a crucial post-translational modification regulating various cellular processes. Recent studies have revealed that SUMOylation also plays significant roles in host-pathogen interactions during bacterial infections. On the one hand, SUMOylation can modulate host innate immune responses, such as inflammatory signaling and autophagy, to defend against invading bacteria. On the other hand, certain bacterial pathogens have evolved strategies to exploit or manipulate the host SUMOylation machinery to promote their survival and replication. Some bacterial effector proteins directly target host SUMO enzymes or SUMO-conjugated substrates to disrupt host defense mechanisms. This review summarizes the current understanding of the complex interplay between SUMOylation and bacterial infection, highlighting the dual roles of SUMOylation in host defense and bacterial pathogenesis. We discuss the mechanisms by which SUMOylation regulates host immune responses against bacterial infection and how bacterial pathogens hijack host SUMOylation for their own benefit. Moreover, we explore the potential of targeting SUMOylation as a novel therapeutic strategy for combating bacterial infections. Further research into the intricate relationship between SUMOylation and bacterial infection may provide valuable insights for developing innovative anti-infective therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1621137"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12241045/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}