Frontiers in Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Energy metabolism and the intestinal barrier: implications for understanding and managing intestinal diseases.","authors":"Shuai Chen, Caifei Shen, Xiaorui Zeng, Luqiang Sun, Fangli Luo, Renhong Wan, Yupeng Zhang, Xinyun Chen, Yujun Hou, Wen Wang, Qianhua Zheng, Ying Li","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1515364","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1515364","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The interplay between energy metabolism and the gut barrier is crucial for maintaining intestinal physiological homeostasis. Energy metabolism and the intestinal barrier perform distinct yet complementary roles that uphold intestinal ecological equilibrium. Disruptions in energy metabolism can compromise the integrity of the intestinal barrier; for example, inactivation of the AMPK pathway may lead to reduced expression of proteins associated with tight junctions. Conversely, impairment of the intestinal barrier can result in metabolic dysregulation, such as alterations in the gut microbiota that impede the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are essential substrates for energy metabolism. This disruption can affect energy production and modify the gut's hypoxic environment. Imbalances in these systems have been associated with the onset of various intestinal diseases. Research indicates that dietary interventions, such as a low FODMAP diet, can enhance the colonization of probiotics and improve the fermentation metabolism of SCFAs. Pharmacological strategies to elevate SCFA levels can activate the AMPK pathway and rectify abnormalities in energy metabolism. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advancements in elucidating the interactions between energy metabolism and the intestinal barrier.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1515364"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11826063/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143432693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the authenticity and purity of a commercial <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> bioinsecticide through whole genome sequencing and metagenomics approaches.","authors":"Yari Van Laere, Marie-Alice Fraiture, Andrea Gobbo, Sigrid C J De Keersmaecker, Kathleen Marchal, Nancy H C Roosens, Kevin Vanneste","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1532788","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1532788","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biopesticides, biological agents for pest control in plants, are becoming increasingly prevalent in agricultural practices. However, no established methodology currently exists to assess their quality, and there are currently no publicly available authenticity and purity evaluations of commercial products. This lack of data may represent risks because of their widespread dispersal in the environment. We evaluated the potential of whole genome sequencing (WGS) and metagenomics approaches, including nanopore long-read sequencing, to verify both authenticity (i.e., the labeled strain) and biological purity (i.e., the absence of any undesired genetic material) of commercial <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> bioinsecticides. Four commercially available bioinsecticidal products containing <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> serovar <i>kurstaki</i> strain HD-1 were collected from the European market as a case study. Two sequencing approaches were employed: WGS of isolates and metagenomics sequencing of all genetic material in a product. To assess authenticity, isolate WGS data were compared against the publicly available reference genome of the expected strain. Antimicrobial resistance gene content, insecticidal gene content, and single nucleotide polymorphism differences were characterized to evaluate similarity to the reference genome. To assess purity, metagenomic sequencing data were analyzed using read classification and strain differentiation methods. Additionally, long- and short-read data were used to assess potential large-scale structural variations. Our results confirmed all investigated products to be authentic and pure. With the increasing usage of biopesticides, it is crucial to have adequate quality control methods. Our proposed approach could be adapted for other biopesticides, and similar products, providing a standardized and robust approach to contribute to biopesticide safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1532788"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11831548/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143440442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Untargeted metabolomic analysis uncovers metabolic variability of four <i>Bifidobacterial</i> strains for probiotic development.","authors":"Kailong Liu, Guoqiang Yao, Zhan Yang, Tian Huang, Lai-Yu Kwok, Heping Zhang","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1522036","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1522036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Bifidobacterium</i> species are essential members of the human gut microbiota, playing crucial roles in host health. Variations in the metabolic functions of different <i>Bifidobacterium</i> strains can have distinct health effects, making it essential to understand their metabolic characteristics for the development of targeted probiotic formulations. In this study, we cultivated four selected <i>Bifidobacterium</i> strains from three species: <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i> subsp. <i>lactis</i> BB-69, Bbm-19, <i>Bifidobacterium brevis</i> BX-18, and <i>Bifidobacterium longum</i> subsp. <i>infantis</i> B8762. We conducted an untargeted comparative metabolomic analysis to investigate the intracellular metabolic profile and functional activities of these strains. A total of 1,340 metabolites were identified, revealing significant variations in their metabolomic profiles. Notably, <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i> subsp. <i>lactis</i> Bbm-19 showed higher activity in amino acid biosynthesis, while <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i> subsp. <i>lactis</i> BB-69 exhibited increased activity in secondary bile acid biosynthesis and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism. <i>Bifidobacterium longum</i> subsp. <i>infantis</i> B8762 demonstrated enhanced activity in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation, vitamin digestion and absorption, and galactose metabolism. <i>Bifidobacterium breve</i> BX-18 was more active in tryptophan metabolism and pentose and glucuronate interconversions. Targeted analyses of specific metabolites further revealed strain-specific metabolic pathways. This study systematically elucidates the metabolic profile differences among the four investigated <i>Bifidobacterium</i> strains at the untargeted metabolomic level, providing valuable insights into their metabolic characteristics and potential applications in probiotic development.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1522036"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11826312/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143432654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profiling of small RNAs derived from tomato brown rugose fruit virus in infected <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> plants by deep sequencing.","authors":"Mangle Chen, Donghai Wang, Jiali Yang, Yuhao Cao, Xuemei Song, Yuwen Lu, Hongying Zheng, Jiejun Peng, Guanwei Wu, Jian Wu, Junmin Li, Jianping Chen, Fei Yan, Shaofei Rao","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2024.1504861","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2024.1504861","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is an emerging, rapidly spreading virus belonging to the genus <i>Tobamovirus</i> which seriously decreases tomato yields. RNA silencing is an evolutionarily conserved antiviral mechanism. In virus-infected plants, virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) are one of the key components involved in the RNA silencing-based antiviral activity in plants. The main function of vsiRNAs is to target and degrade viral RNA. Studies have found that some vsiRNAs can also target host transcripts, further regulating host responses and symptoms and promoting viral survival and spread. In this study, the vsiRNA profiles of ToBRFV-infected tomato plants were obtained by deep sequencing. VsiRNAs were mainly 21 and 22 nucleotides in length and had a U-bias at the 5' end. The single-nucleotide resolution profile shows that vsiRNAs exhibit a heterogeneous continuous distribution in the ToBRFV genomic RNA, with hotspot regions on the antisense strand located at the 5' end of the RdRP and in the coding regions of MP and CP. The presence of vsiRNAs was confirmed in tomato plants infected with ToBRFV through RT-PCR, and GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed on the predicted vsiRNA target genes (with an expectation value less than or equal to 2.5). Seven potential target genes were selected for qRT-PCR analysis, confirming that their transcript accumulation significantly decreased in the leaves of tomato plants infected with ToBRFV. These genes may play an important role in the process of viral infection in tomatoes. Our results suggest a role for vsiRNAs in the ToBRFV-tomato interaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1504861"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11821604/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143413813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and validation of a LAMP-based method for rapid and reliable detection of <i>Xanthomonas albilineans</i>, the causal agent of sugarcane leaf scald.","authors":"Moutoshi Chakraborty, Shamsul Arafin Bhuiyan, Simon Strachan, Muhammad J A Shiddiky, Nam-Trung Nguyen, Rebecca Ford","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1537812","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1537812","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Xanthomonas albilineans</i> (Xalb)-induced leaf scald (LS) is a significant bacterial disease affecting sugarcane and posing a global threat to the sugarcane industry. The presence of irregular symptoms makes traditional phenotypic detection difficult, and molecular methods necessitate costly equipment, labor, and extended sample-to-answer processing times.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study introduces an innovative rapid DNA isolation method requiring no reagents, combined with an isothermal amplification-based assay for efficient detection of <i>Xalb</i> DNA in sugarcane xylem sap, leaf tissue, and meristematic tissue samples. Sugarcane samples from infected plants were subjected to heat lysis, followed by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based fluorescence and colorimetric quantification within a single microcentrifuge tube.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The method exhibited exceptional detection sensitivity (detecting as low as 1 cell/μL), reproducibility [with a standard deviation (SD) of <5% for <i>n</i> = 3], and a broad linear dynamic range (10 pM to 1 aM or 10⁷-10⁰ copies/μL, <i>r</i> = 0.99). Quantification of <i>Xalb</i> was accurately correlated with sugarcane cultivar disease ratings. Validation using qPCR showed 91-98% agreement. This assay also effectively determined optimal sampling times and plant parts by monitoring the progression of the disease over time.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This diagnostic assay holds significant potential as a commercial opportunity for a kit-based DNA extraction/purification-free molecular detection alternative. It can be adapted into a handheld device, enabling on-farm detection and quantification of the pathogen responsible for LS disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1537812"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11821956/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143413883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tomato rot by <i>Rhizopus microsporus</i> alters native fungal community composition and secondary metabolite production.","authors":"Mmanoko Napo, Alicia Kock, Kazeem A Alayande, Michael Sulyok, Chibundu N Ezekiel, Jessie Uehling, Teresa E Pawlowska, Rasheed A Adeleke","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1508519","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1508519","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Rhizopus</i> rot is considered one of the most common diseases influencing global production and yield of horticulture commodities. However, the factors contributing to this pattern of prevalence are uncertain. Here, we focused on <i>R. microsporus</i>, which is known to rely on its endosymbiotic bacterium, <i>Mycetohabitans</i>, to produce toxins that interfere with plant development and inhibit the growth of other fungi. We assessed the impact of the symbiotic <i>R. microsporus</i> harboring its endosymbiont as well as the fungus cured of it on: (1) the magnitude of spoilage in tomato fruits, as evaluated by Koch's postulate for pathogenicity, (2) the shifts in native communities of endophytic fungi inhabiting these fruits, as examined by ITS rRNA gene metabarcoding and (3) secondary metabolites generated by these communities, as analyzed using multi-analyte LC-MS/MS. The pathogenicity test showed that the symbiotic endobacterium-containing <i>R. microsporus</i> W2-50 was able to cause tomato fruit spoilage. This was accompanied by decreased relative abundance of <i>Alternaria</i> spp. and an increase in the relative abundance of <i>Penicillium</i> spp. that may have facilitated the observed spoilage. In conclusion, symbiotic W2-50 appeared to facilitate fruit spoilage, possibly through successful colonization or toxin production by its endosymbiont.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1508519"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11823476/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143413848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Polygonatum kingianum</i> polysaccharide alleviated intestinal injuries by mediating antioxidant ability and microbiota.","authors":"Reng Qiu, Chuangye Pan, Yuxi Qin, Qianfei Wei, Yue Yu, Ying Zhang, Xuehan Xie, Jianqin Li, Shouhai Chen, Kun Li, Dalia Fouad, Yi Wu, Qiu Zhong","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1492710","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1492710","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Polygonatum kingianum</i> is a well-known medicinal herb with proven bioactivities; however, little is known about the effects of its polysaccharide on intestinal injuries in animals induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 30 Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were divided into control (CH), induced (MH), and treated (H) groups. Mice in group H were supplemented with 100 mg/kg <i>Polygonatum kingianum</i> polysaccharides, while groups C and M were treated with the same amount of normal saline by gavage for 18 days. On the 18^th day animals in groups M and H were induced by LPS (10 mg/kg).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed the weight of mice in group MH significantly dropped (<i>P</i> < 0.0001), while mice in the PK group had a higher weight (<i>P</i> < 0.01). Pathological analysis found that the majority of the villi in mice induced by LPS were broken and short, while PK-treated animals had longer and considerably integrated villi. The villi length in groups CH (<i>P</i> < 0.0001) and H (<i>P</i> < 0.0001) was longer than that in group M, and the value of villi length/crypt depth in group MH was smaller than that in groups CH (<i>P</i> < 0.0001) and H (<i>P</i> < 0.0001), while the crypt depth in group MH was higher than in groups CH (<i>P</i> < 0.0001) and H (<i>P</i> < 0.0001). Serum inspection showed that MAD (<i>P</i> < 0.05), IL-1β (<i>P</i> < 0.05), IL-6 (<i>P</i> < 0.05), and TNF-α (<i>P</i> < 0.01) were significantly higher in group MH, while SOD (<i>P</i> < 0.001), T-AOC (<i>P</i> < 0.01), and GSH-Px (<i>P</i> < 0.01) were notably higher in groups CH and H. Microbiome sequencing of mice obtained 844,477 raw and 725,469 filtered reads. There were 2,407 ASVs detected in animals, and there were 312 and 328 shared ASVs between CH and MH, and CH and H, respectively. There were 5 phyla and 20genera of remarkable bacteria found among mice groups including genera of <i>Escherichia, Pseudomonas_E, Mailhella, Paramuribaculum</i>, NM07-P-09, <i>Odoribacter, Nanosyncoccus</i>, SFM01, <i>Onthenecus, Clostridium_Q</i>, UBA6985, <i>Ructibacterium</i>, UBA946, <i>Lachnoclostridium_B, Evtepia</i>, CAG-269, <i>Limivicinus, Formimonas, Dehalobacterium, Dwaynesavagella</i>, and UBA6985. We revealed that Polygonatum kingianum polysaccharide could alleviate intestinal injuries by promoting oxidation resistance, decreasing inflammatory responses, and accommodating the intestinal microbiota of mice.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our results suggest the possibility of developing novel therapies for intestinal diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1492710"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11821965/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143413823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i> QC08 on reducing uric acid level and providing renal protection in mice with hyperuricemia.","authors":"Huijia Mao, Yang Fan, Fang Tan, Xingyao Long","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1529626","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1529626","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study aimed to investigate the uric acid-lowering effects of <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i> QC08 and explore its underlying mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Hyperuricemia (HUA) model in mice was established using potassium oxonate (250 mg/kg) and yeast extract (15 g/kg). The serum levels of uric acid (UA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), and liver xanthine oxidase (XO) were measured in four groups, including normal group, control group, allopurinol group (5 mg/kg), and <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i> QC08 group (10¹⁰ CFU/kg) using enzyme colorimetry. Additionally, serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pathological changes in renal tissue were examined through hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong><i>In vivo</i> experimental results indicated that compared with the normal group, the serum UA, Cr, and BUN levels, as well as the levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-1β), and the activities of hepatic xanthine oxidase (XOD) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) were significantly elevated in the control group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The expression levels of uric acid transport-related genes (UAT, ABCG2, and OAT1) in kidney tissue were significantly downregulated (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and evident kidney damage was found. In contrast, compared with the control group, the <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i> QC08 group exhibited a significant decrease in serum UA, BUN, Cr, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels, along with reduced hepatic XOD and ADA activities (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Additionally, <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i> QC08 was found to regulate the mRNA transcription of renal uric acid transporters, leading to significantly upregulation of the expression levels of UAT, ABCG2, and OAT1 genes (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong><i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i> QC08 demonstrates certain uric acid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and renal protective effects, which are associated with the inhibition of XOD activity and the modulation of the expression levels of uric acid transporter genes (UAT, ABCG2, and OAT1).</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1529626"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11821941/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143413902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells for fungal infections: mechanisms, applications, and challenges.","authors":"Yangjie Gao, Zhe Ji, Jingyu Zhao, Julin Gu","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1554917","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1554917","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As a particularly serious condition in immunocompromised patients, fungal infections (FIs) have increasingly become a public health problem worldwide. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), characterized by multilineage differentiation potential and immunomodulatory properties, are considered an emerging strategy for the treatment of FIs. In this study, the therapeutic potential of MSCs for FIs was reviewed, including their roles played by secreting antimicrobial peptides, regulating immune responses, and promoting tissue repair. Meanwhile, the status of research on MSCs in FIs and the controversies were also discussed. However, the application of MSCs still faces numerous challenges, such as the heterogeneity of cell sources, long-term safety, and feasibility of large-scale production. By analyzing the latest study results, this review intends to offer theoretical support for the application of MSCs in FI treatment and further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1554917"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11821621/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143413844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-wide identification of short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases genes and functional characterization of <i>ApSDR53C2</i> in melanin biosynthesis in <i>Arthrinium phaeospermum</i>.","authors":"Jiao Liao, Yisi Wang, Han Liu, Sijia Liu, Peng Yan, Hang Chen, Shujiang Li","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1532162","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1532162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Arthrinium phaeospermum</i> can cause large areas wilted and death of <i>Bambusa pervariabilis</i> × <i>Dendrocalamopsis grandis</i>, resulting in serious ecological and economic losses. Previous studies found that the appressorium of <i>A. phaeospermum</i> must form to invade the host cells and cause disease. A short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase gene has been shown to maintain the osmotic pressure of the appressorium by synthesizing fungal melanin to penetrate the plant epidermis and cause disease. The SDR gene family of <i>A. phaeospermum</i> was found to be highly expressed during the penetration in the transcriptome sequencing results. Still, the relationship with melanin biosynthesis of <i>A. phaeospermum</i> is not clear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We aimed to predict the biological function of the SDR gene family in <i>A. phaeospermum</i>, identify key <i>ApSDR</i> genes with pathogenic roles, and explore the pathogenic mechanism. We have characterized the SDR family of <i>A. pheospermum</i> bioinformatically. Candidate <i>ApSDRs</i> screened by transcriptome sequencing were compared by qPCR experiments to obtain key <i>ApSDRs</i> that may play an important role in infestation and adversity resistance. Knockout mutants, the co-knockout mutant, and backfill mutants of key <i>ApSDRs</i> were obtained for phenotypic and stress conditions analysis. We explored and validated the pathogenic mechanisms through cellulose membrane penetration experiments and analysis of melanin-related gene synthesis levels.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>180 <i>ApSDRs</i> were identified bioinformatically. After screening six candidate <i>ApSDRs</i> with noticeably elevated expression using transcriptome sequencing, qPCR experiments revealed that ApSDR53C2 and ApSDR548U2 had the highest expression. The results of phenotypic and stress conditions analysis indicate that ApSDRs are critical for the growth, development, stress response, and fungicide resistance of <i>A. phaeospermum</i>. The pathogenicity analysis revealed that <i>ApSDR53C2</i> and <i>ApSDR548U2</i> play important roles in virulence, with <i>ApSDR53C2</i> having a stronger effect. A comparison of melanin synthesis levels between wild-type and Δ<i>ApSDR53C2</i> strains showed that <i>ApSDR53C2</i> positively regulates melanin biosynthesis to promote penetration. The findings demonstrate that ApSDRs are essential for <i>A. phaeospermum</i> to withstand stress and facilitate melanin biosynthesis, which in turn contributes to its virulence.</p>","PeriodicalId":12466,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1532162"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11821928/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143413894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}