PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases最新文献

{"title":"SARS-COV-2 SEROSURVEY AMONG BULGARIAN HEALTHCARE WORKERS BEFORE AND AFTER VACCINATION","authors":"I. Trifonova, K. Ngoc, T. Gladnishka, V. Ivanova, M. Kunchev, V. Mutafchiyski, I. Christova","doi":"10.58395/2zpwv014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/2zpwv014","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In the response to the current COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2, one of the groups at higher risk were healthcare workers (HCWs), especially those who worked on the frontline. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies (seropositivity) in certain populations provides better understanding of virus circulation and transmission. Our aim was to study the seroprevalence rates of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among a group of healthcare workers before and after vaccination/COVID-19 infection.\u0000Material and Methods: We determined the presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG and IgA antibodies against S-antigen of by ELISA method. In this study, we enrolled 74 healthcare workers and three months later, 48 of the participants were followed up. At the baseline, none of the participants was vaccinated or had suffered COVID-19. \u0000Results: SARS-Cov-2 specific IgG antibodies were found in 32.4% of the participants. Higher prevalence of class IgA antibodies – 44.6% was detected. All samples that were IgG seropositive were also positive or borderline for IgA antibodies. Overall, virus-specific antibodies were not detected in 40.6% of HCWs in the group. During the follow-up (after vaccination and/or COVID-19 infection) high rates of both IgG and IgA seroprevalence were established. SARS-C0V-2 specific IgG antibodies were detected in 95.8% of the participants. Statistically significant difference was found in the levels of IgG and IgA antibodies both before and after vaccination, p<0.0001.\u0000Conclusions: Based on detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies, seroprevalence of 32.4% was established in an unvaccinated group of HCWs. Our survey demonstrated that asymptomatic COVID-19 infection may induce weaker humoral immune response, with production of IgA but not of IgG antibodies.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132641599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EVALUATION OF INTERACTIONS OF SARS-COV-2 STRUCTURAL PROTEINS WITH SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES BY SPR ASSAY","authors":"P. Genova-Kalou, G. Dyankov, H. Kisov, Vihar Mankov, Evdokiya Hikova, S. Krumova, N. Malinowski","doi":"10.58395/peg69k16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/peg69k16","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The World Health Organization admitted that the vaccination against Covid 19 limited the deaths, but not the spread of the disease. This requires a method allowing a specific, rapid and accurate diagnosis of the disease. We report a SPR assay that meets the requirements and can be applied no only for SARS Cov-2 diagnosis but as a tool for early diagnosis of otherinfections.\u0000Methods: Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method was used to identify the binding of S/N protein to monoclonal antibodies. N-protein monoclonal antibody (NP mAb), S-protein monoclonal antibody (SP mAb), and receptor bind domain (RBD) antibody were used as recognition molecules. Ligands were deposited by the matrix-assisted laser evaporation (MAPLE) method, which guarantees maximum interaction specificity.\u0000Results: We registered S/N protein binding to the corresponding mAbs and S protein to RBD antibody with high sensitivity: the interactions were observed at protein concentration about 130 femtomoles (fM). A very good specificity was observed: the measured S protein binding activity to NP mAb was below the limit of detection (LOD). The same was noticed for N protein binding to SP mAb.\u0000Conclusions: The presented SPR assay possesses high sensitivity and selectivity and provides quantitative analysis. This makes it applicable for following the evolution of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially at the early stages of viral replication which can be clinically useful.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127039081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IMMUNE RESPONSE TO SARS-COV-2 IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HIV INFECTION","authors":"Damian Vangelov, M. Aleksova, Y. Todorova, R. Emilova, N. Kapincheva, N. Yancheva, V. Koleva, M. Nikolova","doi":"10.58395/jww92v65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/jww92v65","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Data for the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2/HIV co-infection on immune restoration, as well as the level of post-exposure and post-vaccination immunity at the current stage of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in HIV+ individuals is still scarce. We assessed SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses, and the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the immune recovery in HIV+cART+ patients with different exposure history. \u0000Materials and methods. HIV+cART+ patients 9 (2-18) months after mild/moderate COVID-19 and completed immunization with anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (n=13, group A), convalescent, not immunized (n=11, group B), or with no history of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 (n=11, group C) were included in the study. CD4AC and CD4/CD8 ratio were determined before and after the documented/probable contact with SARS-CoV-2 by 4-color flow cytometry (TRUCount, MultiTest, FACSCanto II). Virus-specific immunity was characterized by the SARS-CoV-2 specific IFNγ production (SARS-CoV-2 IGRA, Euroimmun) and the levels of RBD-IgG ((Euroimmun ELISA). \u0000Results. SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell and IgG responses were highly correlated and present, respectively, in 92% and 100%; 64% and 54%, 36% and 50% from group A, B and C patients. SARS-CoV-2 specific IFNy+T cells and RDB-IgG were significantly higher in the group with hybrid exposure (A) as compared to convalescent (B) and asymptomatic (C) patients. No significant difference existed between background and actual CD4AC (mean 836 vs 799 cells/µl, p>0.05, Mann-Whitney), and the CD4/CD8 ratio significantly increased in the group with hybrid exposure (0.92 vs 1.07, p<0.01, paired T-test). \u0000Conclusion. Over 80% of tested HIV+ individuals have mounted a SARS-CoV-2 specific immune response. Immunization and hybrid exposure provide a durable and significantly stronger SARS-CoV-2-specific immune response as compared to mild/ asymptomatic infection, without affecting the long-term immune recovery.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129696014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MOSQUITO RESISTANCE TO INSECTICIDES IN BULGARIA","authors":"O. Mikov, Sofia `Boneva-Bukovska, N. Ivanova-Aleksandrova, M. Nikolova, S. Stoitsova, A. Ivanova","doi":"10.58395/b9qpvz39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/b9qpvz39","url":null,"abstract":"Mosquitoes are a group of blood-sucking insects that plays a major role in disease transmission in both humans and animals. They can pose a heavy nuisance, or serve as vectors of numerous viruses and parasites on most continents, including Europe. The strategy for successful control of the mosquito populations relies on the use of insecticides of five different categories: organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, and biopesticides. The extensive use of the first four classes has resulted in the development of resistance originating in various mechanisms. The main ones are metabolic resistance and genetic resistance, manifested by point mutations in the insecticide targets, resulting in limited binding of neurotoxic substances. Much data is available on mosquito insecticide resistance in Bulgaria between 1948 and 1990, but only regarding organochlorines, organophosphates and carbamates. There is no data on pyrethroid resistance, which should raise an alarm for both public health authorities and private pest control companies since the only insecticides registered for professional mosquito control nowadays are pyrethroids. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the use of modern multidisciplinary approaches to study the resistance of native and invasive species of mosquitoes to insecticides, which should be a key contribution to elucidating their role in the circulation of pathogens of humans and animals and optimizing methods for controlling their populations.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121502756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HEALTHCARE WORKERS IN BULGARIA - ARE THEY PROTECTED FROM VACCINE-PREVENTABLE INFECTIONS?","authors":"R. Stefanova, P. Genova-Kalou, Ivona Andonova, Maria Pishmisheva-Peleva, S. Krumova","doi":"10.58395/sqx8py36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/sqx8py36","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at increased risk of exposure to many viral infections, including vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) such as measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) as compared to non-HCWs. Immunity of HCWs against these viruses is mandatory in a healthcare setting due to possible exposure from patients or colleagues.\u0000Aim: To provide an assessment of anti-measles, mumps and rubella IgG seropositivity among Bulgarian HCWs employed in hospitals and regional health inspectorates (RHI), as an indicator of protective immunity against MMR in this risk group. \u0000Materials and Methods: In the current study, 181 HCWs from Infectious Units in regional hospitals in the country, and HCWs from the RHI, involved in the monitoring and surveillance of MMR cases in Bulgaria were screened. Serum specimens from all participants were tested by a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Anti-Measles, Anti-Mumps, Anti-Rubella IgG EIA-Euroimmun®, Germany) for presence of IgG antibodies against measles, mumps and rubella, as an indicator of protective immunity. \u0000Results: The study included 181 HCWs, 25 male and 156 female, aged 22 to 66 years. The average protective seroprevalence for measles, mumps and rubella was 82.9%, 76.2% and 92.3% percent, respectively. The highest share of negative results were obtained for mumps-specific IgG – 23.2% (42/181), followed by measles 16.6% (60/181) and rubella-specific IgG 7.7% (19/181). Regarding the age distribution, the highest number of HCWs non-immune to measles and mumps was found among the 31- 40-year olds, and against mumps – among the 41-50-year-olds.\u0000Conclusion: HCWs are at greater risk of contracting infections than the general population because of contact with sick patients or infectious material. Infected healthcare workers can spread nosocomial diseases to vulnerable patients with more severe illness, leading to complications and even death. Therefore, the vaccination status of HCWs must be strictly monitored.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122286168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASSESSMENT OF SARS-COV-2 SPECIFIC B-CELL IMMUNE MEMORY: EVIDENCE FOR PERSISTENCE UP TO 1 YEAR POST-INFECTION","authors":"Martina Bozhkova, Teodora Kalfova, Steliyan Petrov, Tanya Velyanova, H. Taskov, M. Nikolova, M. Murdjeva","doi":"10.58395/wc1f1t22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/wc1f1t22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19 pandemic, has posed huge global health challenges. Understanding the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and in particular – the role of B cells in the generation of immune memory is crucial for assessing the durability of protective immunity.\u0000Materials and Methods: In this longitudinal prospective study, individuals who had recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection were included. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected at three time intervals post symptom onset (PSO): 1-3 mo, 4-8 mo, and 9-12 mo. The humoral immune response was evaluated by measuring anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, virus-neutralizing antibody activity, total S1-specific B-cells, and B cell subpopulations.\u0000Results: The levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies decreased from 390.3 to 204.5 BAU/ml in the first 6-8 months PSO but did not significantly decrease further until the 12 th mo (126.6 BAU/ml). Virus-neutralizing antibodies (activity decreased by 20.4% between the 1st and 6-8th mos but remained relatively stable thereafter and could be detected up to 12 months PSO. In peripheral blood, the amount of S1-specific plasmablasts was highest one month after COVID-19 infection, and the level of memory B cells at 6 months. Those were detected even 12 months PSO, albeit in smaller quantities. \u0000Conclusion: The study provides evidence for the persistence of SARS-CoV-2-specific B-cell immune memory up to 1year post-infection. The presence of virus-specific memory B cells and plasmablasts suggests potential for sustained protection against reinfection. Further research is needed to elucidate the role of B-cell immune memory in preventing infection and to understand the individual variations of immune response.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130249401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COMORBIDITY AND CAUSE OF DEATH IN THE DIFFERENT VARIANTS OF SARS-COV-2 VIRUS, WITH CONTRIBUTION OF 20 AUTOPSY CASES","authors":"Sylvia N. Genova, M. Pencheva, P. Uchikov","doi":"10.58395/m27hv064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/m27hv064","url":null,"abstract":"Analyzing the clinical and epidemiological data of COVID-19 suggests that specific comorbidities increase the risk of infection leading to worse lung injury and an even higher risk of death. The most common comorbidities reported up till now are hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. \u0000Aim to study: The design of the study includes comorbidity of patients and cause of death in alfa, delta, and omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 virus, histological changes in the lungs, thrombotic complications of coronavirus infection and laboratory tests concerning thrombotic changes.\u0000Materials and Methods: We systematically evaluated 20 autopsies of patients deceased by COVID-19 infection. Collecting data was from February 28th, 2020, until June 2022. The cases were diagnosed with a PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) test and a rapid antigen test. 10 of the deceased patients were from the first, second, third, and fourth wave (I group) infected predominantly with the alfa and delta variants of coronavirus (from March 2020 until October 2021), and 10 patients infected after that date with predominantly the omicron variant (II group).\u0000Results: Most patients were over 50 years of age with multiple co-morbidities (28-88, average 63.9). Post-mortem case studies have shown Arterial hypertension in 80% (I/II gr), 60%/90% of patients with chronic ischemic heart disease, chronic and acute ischemic brain disease in 30%/10%, atherosclerosis, 60%/90%, diabetes mellitus 30%/40%, obesity stage III, 100%/95%). Clinical laboratory studies, in connection with thrombotic complications, revealed the increased value of creatine kinase, fibrinogen, D-dimers, and CRP. Lymphopenia was observed in 60%.All of the cases with COVID-19 viral desquamative pneumonia, at different stages, developed vascular thrombosis in medium-sized pulmonary vessels. Two patients developed pulmonary thromboembolism. We established 5 patients with generalized thrombosis. Three patients were complicated by infarcts in the brain, kidney, and spleen. \u0000Conclusion: The autopsies revealed a consistent pattern of pulmonary alveolar damage and generalized vascular/thrombotic disease in patients with frequent co-morbidities. The high frequency of generalized thrombotic complications was observed in predominant alfa and delta variants of the infection, while in the group with the omicron prevailing variant, the lung lesions were dominant, without extrapulmonary thrombotic complications, which we explain by the effective antithrombotic therapy. Major complications in these patients were secondary bacterial infection, sepsis, and respiratory distress syndrome.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133888563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic of SARS-CoV-2 spread in Bulgaria, 2020-2022","authors":"Iveta Madzharova, Ivelina Tifonova, Veselin Dobrinov, Iliyana Grigorova, I. Alexiev, L. Grigorova, Reneta Dimitrova, I. Ivanov, Ivan Stoikov, Deyan Donchev, N. Korsun","doi":"10.58395/68gqp351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/68gqp351","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with high morbidity and significant mortality worldwide. The objective of this study was to track the circulation pattern of SARS-CoV-2 in Bulgaria over three consecutive years (2020-2022) and to analyze the involvement of SARS-CoV-2 in cases of co-infections. A total of 98 247 clinical samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 using a Real-Time RT-PCR method and 25.2% of them were positive. The positive rate for SARS-CoV-2 was greater among hospitalized patients compared to outpatients (p<0.05). Approximately 48.3% of all SARS-CoV-2-positive cases were male and 51.7% were female (p<0.05). SARS-CoV-2 positivity was highest in the group of oldest adults (≥65 years) (average 40.6%), and lowest in the group of youngest children (0-5 years) (average 9.4%). Several peaks in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections were observed. Among the 1 463 SARS-CoV-2 positive clinical samples examined for the presence of other respiratory viruses, 109 (7.5%) cases of co-infections were found. The greatest variety of co-infections with SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses was detected during the Omicron wave. Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 is important to continue in the future in order not to miss the emergence of new genetic variants with increased infectivity, virulence or immune escape.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114614086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SARS-COV-2 GENOMIC SURVEILLANCE IN BULGARIA INDICATES DIVERSE DYNAMICS DRIVEN BY MULTIPLE INTRODUCTIONS OF DIFFERENT VIRAL VARIANTS IN 2022","authors":"I. Alexiev, I. Ivanov, Ivan Stoikov, Deyan Donchev, Lyubomira Grigorova, Reneta Dimitrova, A. Gancheva, N. Korsun, I. Trifonova, Veselin Dobrinov, T. Kantardjiev, I. Christova","doi":"10.58395/6725v303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/6725v303","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Evolution of the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants raises concerns about the possibility of accelerated transmission,  disease severity, diagnostic challenges, and reduced vaccine effectiveness in the ever-evolving COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. Objectives for this study were to build a comprehensive national system for monitoring and genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2  and to identify the introduced virus variants in the country.\u0000Methods. We analyzed SARS-CoV-2 infections in 7948 representative clinical samples collected in medical institutions in different  geographical regions of the country in 2022. Whole-genome next-generation sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 was performed on samples  from randomly selected SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals by using a modified ARTIC v3-tailed amplicon method. A bioinformatic and  phylogenetic analyses of the obtained sequences was carried out.\u0000Results. Significant dynamics was observed in the spread of viral variants in 2022, which is characterized by the introduction and  spread of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. The phylogenomic analysis identified a high genetic heterogeneiety composed of a total of 152 different viral clades divided into 3 main supergroups: 114 (75.0%) of which were Omicron sub-variants, 35 (23.0%) Delta sub-variants, and 3 (2.0%) recombinant forms.\u0000Conclusion. Viral variants and their sub-clades with different potentials to impact disease severity were identified and the  information was immediately published for use by decision-makers and the scientific community. The global pandemic of COVID-19  has shown the importance of molecular biological surveillance, which is an indispensable element of the modern approach in the  fight against infectious diseases.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"1291 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124454970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OVERVIEW OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND ITS IMPACT ON THE MORBIDITY IN THE SOFIA CITY REGION DURING 2020-2021","authors":"Lilly Marinova, Irina Gaitanevska, Dancho Penchev, N. Korsun, I. Christova","doi":"10.58395/pipd.v50i2.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/pipd.v50i2.91","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic that began in early 2020 is associated with high global morbidity and mortality and represents a considerable burden on the national health systems, the economy, and society as a whole. This article presents the main epidemiological indicators characterizing the spread of COVID-19 in the Sofia City region: incidence, mortality, and case fatality rate. The age and monthly distribution of incidence and mortality, COVID-19-related admissions to healthcare facilities, and COVID-19 cases among healthcare professionals are described. The activities of Sofia City Regional Health Inspectorate, which was at the front line in efforts to limit the spread of the pandemic coronavirus, are reviewed.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121853242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}