PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases最新文献

{"title":"E. VERMICULARIS – PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH","authors":"E. Kaneva, R. Harizanov, N. Tsvetkova, Iskren Kaftanjiev, R. Borisova, A. Ivanova, M. Videnova, Desislava Velcheva, I. Alexiev, Reneta Dimitrova, M. Pavlova, E. Aleksandrova","doi":"10.58395/pipd.v50i2.92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/pipd.v50i2.92","url":null,"abstract":"Enterobius vermicularis is an intestinal parasite with a cosmopolitan distribution and the disease which causes (enterobiasis) is one of the most common helminth infection worldwide. According to literature data it affects nearly 1 billion people and is found in various socio-economic groups. Everyone is susceptible to infection, but children are more often affected than adults due to their poorly developed hygiene habits. Patients with enterobiasis are often reinfected which together with the high endurance of the pinworm eggs in the environment contributes to the difficult control of the disease. In recent decades, a number of studies have been conducted on the genotypic characteristics of the nematode, including sequencing, which accumulates data on phylogenetic varieties of the species to improve the diagnosis and control of this infection in humans.The available data reveal influence of E. vermicularis on the local immunity of intestinal mucosa in infected individuals, but these data are scarce and contradictory and do not clarify the significance of this influence on the clinical manifestations of the disease. Additional studies are needed to define the relationship of this effect with the clinical symptoms of the disease.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127479971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PREVALENCE OF PARASITIC PATHOLOGY AMONG HUMANS IN BULGARIA","authors":"R. Harizanov, I. Rainova, N. Tsvetkova, I. Kaftandjiev, R. Borisova, M. Videnova, E. Kaneva, O. Mikov, A. Ivanova, V. Yakimova","doi":"10.58395/pipd.v50i2.93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/pipd.v50i2.93","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this report is to review and assess the dynamics of parasitic diseases in Bulgaria during 2020-2021.\u0000Materials and methods. The analysis is based on the annual reports of the Regional Health Inspectorates (RHIs) about the cases of registered parasitic diseases among humans in the country and on data from the National Reference Laboratory “Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases” at the National Centre for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD), Sofia, for all examined cases.\u0000Results. For the study period a total of 1,225,485 individuals were examined in the country’s parasitological laboratories at the Regional Health Inspectorates, stand-alone medical diagnostic laboratories and at the National Center for Infectious and Parasitic diseases (NCIPD), of whom 19,509 (1.59%) were diagnosed with a positive result for parasitic pathogens. Among the zoonotic helminth infections with local transmission, a special attention deserve cystic echinococcosis and trichinellosis as the incidence of these parasitoses in Bulgaria is the highest among the European member states. The prevalence of ascariasis and trichuriasis in the country have been reduced to such an extent that they do not represent a public health danger any more. Data regarding community acquired giardiasis and hymenolepiasis can be interpreted in a similar way, while for enterobiasis, an increasing prevalence among both children and adults has been observed in recent years. Although imported parasitic pathology is relatively limited in volume, Bulgarian climate and fauna are quite favorable for local transmission of a number of imported parasitic diseases. Control measures regarding this pathology consist in the timely detection and removal of infection sources.\u0000Conclusion. In Bulgaria, there is a well-established system for surveillance and control of human parasitic diseases, which allows the acquisition of comprehensive information including patients demographic data and characteristics of the causative agents. This enables the monitoring of parasitic pathology among the population and an accurate assessment of the the endemic-related risks.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127822344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETROSPECTIVE RE- IDENTIFICATION OF CANDIDA STRAINS BY MALDI-TOF IN SEEK OF CANDIDA AURIS","authors":"Z. Ivanova, I. Philipova, L. Boyanova, T. Kantardjiev","doi":"10.58395/pipd.v50i2.90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/pipd.v50i2.90","url":null,"abstract":"The yeast C. auris was first described as a new species in 2009. Since then, this species was recognized as an emerging multi-drug-resistant (MDR) yeast that can cause a wide spectrum of infections, ranging from fungemia to deep-seated infections, especially in intensive care settings. It can be not- or misidentified by commercial identification systems. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has recently been considered as a convenient, rapid and accurate technology in the identification of yeast isolates to species level. A total of 132 clinical isolates, collected from 2015 to 2021 in the National Reference Laboratory of Mycology and Sexually Transmitted Infections were included in the study. The isolates were mainly from patients with candidemia and other specimens from invasive Candida infections.\u0000The isolates were identified by standard mycological procedures, the assimilation profile was done by commercially available strips and with the automated VITEK2 Compact system. All the strains were identified with MALDI-TOF MS. Antifungal susceptibility testing was conducted to some of the strains by agar disk-diffusion (according to CLSI M44-A2), E-test and VITEK2.\u0000Some of the strains which could not be identified or were misidentified by standard mycological procedures were correctly determined by MALDI-TOF MS. None of them was identified as C. auris. There were no large deviations in the antifungal susceptibility profiles of the tested strains.\u0000We assess MALDI-TOF MS as convenient, rapid, cost- effective and accurate technology in the identification of fungal strains which are difficult to determine with the traditional procedures. Up to now, isolation of C. auris has not been reported in Bulgaria.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124009534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CASE REPORT OF A CHILD DIAGNOSED WITH FIVE SEROTYPES / SEROGROUPS OF S. PNEUMONIAE","authors":"V. Levterova, I. Simeonovski, N. Brankova, M. Ivanova, I. Philipova, M. Malcheva","doi":"10.58395/pipd.v50i2.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/pipd.v50i2.87","url":null,"abstract":"Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most common causes of widespread diseases. Pneumococci colonize asymptomatically the nasopharynx in children and could be responsible for severe, life-threatening illnesses such as pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis. The case report shows co-colonisation in two-year-old child vaccinated with the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-10) suffering from recurring catarrh and found to carry 5 serotypes S. pneumoniae. The strains have been detected and typed using molecular methods: real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) and allelic hybridization. Monitoring S. pneumoniae colonization of human mucosa is crucial to reduce the likelihood of severe invasive pneumococcal diseases such as meningitis, pneumonia or otitis.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"7 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123061524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PREVALENCE OF PHARYNGEAL AND RECTAL CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS AND NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE INFECTIONS AMONG MSM IN SOFIA, BULGARIA","authors":"I. Philipova, Elena Birindjieva, Alexander Milanov, S. Stoitsova","doi":"10.58395/pipd.v50i1.88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/pipd.v50i1.88","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae continue to be a major public health problem. Although they mainly affect the urogenital tract, N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis can also be found in the pharynx and rectum. As data on extragenital chlamydia and gonorrhea in Bulgaria are still scarce, this study aimed to (1) determine the prevalence of pharyngeal and rectal infections with C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae among men who have sex with men (MSMs) from Sofia and (2) to identify risk factors related to these infections to support screening recommendations based on scientific evidence. One hundred and fifteen MSM aged 16-50 were tested by systematic sampling during a visit to a sexual health center for voluntary and confidential HIV testing in Sofia. A questionnaire was used to collect demographics and risk factors, and clinical material from three anatomical sites: pharynx, rectum, and urogenital tract (first void urine or urethral swab) was examined to detect C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infections. The prevalence of C. trachomatis was 8.7% in the rectal samples tested, and the prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae was 0.9% and 5.2% in the pharyngeal and rectal samples, respectively. Local symptoms were reported in only 16.6% of rectal gonococcal infections and in 20% of C. trachomatis rectal infections. Patients reporting multiple partners had a significantly higher risk of being positive (OR = 3.8, 95% CI 1.03-14). The risk of HIV-positive MSM and those having unsafe sex was also higher (OR = 1.9 95% CI 0.19-20 and OR = 4.6 95% CI 0.98-21, respectively), but the findings were not statistically significant. Overall, more than 80% of extragenital infections would remain undetected and therefore transmissible if only symptomatic cases were investigated. These results suggest that in Bulgaria HIV-positive MSM and those having multiple sexual partners and unprotected sex would benefit from screening for extragenital STIs. Larger sample surveys could provide a better characterization of risk factors to guide screening choices.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130418942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DETERMINATION OF INTRACELLULAR REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES IN T-CELL SUBSETS OF HIV+ PATIENTS ON CONTINUOUS cART","authors":"R. Emilova, Y. Todorova, M. Aleksova, Reneta Dimitrova, I. Alexiev, Lyubomira Grigorova, N. Yancheva, M. Nikolova","doi":"10.58395/pipd.v50i1.89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/pipd.v50i1.89","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated at physiological levels as a result of cellular metabolism and contribute to cellular interaction and immune response. Elevated ROS may cause cell stress, damage, and apoptosis, and have been detected in different pathological states of infectious and non-infectious etiology.\u0000Aim: To evaluate the association between intracellular ROS in T-cell subsets and HIV VL in chronic HIV infection.\u0000Material and methods: Whole blood samples (Li-heparin, n=33) were analyzed during routine immune monitoring in two groups of HIV+ patients: A (n=21), on continuous cART for at least 2y, with sustained viral suppression (HIV VL<40 copies/ml) and group B (n=12) on cART for less than 2y, average HIV VL 92330 c/ml. Percentage and absolute counts (AC) of CD4+ and CD8+T cells were determined by flow cytometry (Multitest, BD Trucount™ tubes, FACS Canto II). Fluorometric ROS assay kit (Sigma-Aldrich) was adapted for flow cytometry analysis to detect intracellular ROS in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells (FACSDiva 6.1.2).\u0000Results: The average CD4AC did not differ significantly between group A and B (714 vs. 568, p>0.05), unlike the CD4/CD8 ratio (1.2 vs. 0.6, p<0.01). The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD4+T intracellular ROS was significantly lower in group A (mean MFI 1744 vs. 2492, p<0.05), unlike the CD8+T cell ROS content (1753 vs. 2129, p>0.05). Noteworthy, CD4+T intracellular ROS correlated positively with HIV VL (R=0.5, p<0.05), unlike CD8+T ROS. On the other hand, positive correlations between CD8+T ROS and cART duration, as well as age (R=0.5, p<0.05 for both) were observed in group A.\u0000Conclusions: CD4+T ROS production may be an indicator of residual HIV activity in the settings of undetectable HIV VL. The combined effects of ageing and long-term cART affect mostly the CD8+T cell compartment.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"12 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113942282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETROSPECTIVE STUDY ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF E. COLI ENTERITIS IN BULGARIA FOR A PERIOD OF TEN YEARS (2011-2020)","authors":"M. Pavlova, E. Alexandrova, G. Kamenov, M. Popov","doi":"10.58395/pipd.v50i1.84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/pipd.v50i1.84","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND. Intestinal diseases caused by diarrheagenic E. coli account for a significant proportion of infections, especially in children. E. coli enteritis can occur as sporadic cases but often assumes an epidemic nature. This study aims to determine the significance and prevalence of infections caused by diarrheagenic E. coli in Bulgaria for a period of ten years 2011-2020. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The etiological role and distribution of diarrheagenic E. coli among Bulgarian population for the last decade were determined by a retrospective analysis of microbiological and epidemiological data. RESULTS. Data from the studied period reveal the role of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) O6 as a leading etiological cause of epidemic and sporadic enteritis in the country, followed by enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) O126 and O127. There are only two reported cases of lethal hemorrhagic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) that happened in 2011. Most affected by diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) infections are infants and young children. Neonatal meningitis in Bulgaria is rare, the etiological agents are E. coli O18 and O25.  The most common registered DEC infections are during the summer months of May - September. Several epidemics have been registered in young children, and the etiological cause is ETEC O6. CONCLUSION. The main etiological agent of E. coli infections in Bulgaria is ETEC O6, and infants and young children are at risk. Recent DEC epidemics have not been reported. The ethiologic diagnosis of infections is underestimated, which is a risk factor for increasing the number of healthy carriers, outbreaks and unlimited agent spreading through the food chain.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122165611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"STUDY ON TICKS REMOVED FROM PATIENTS FOR INFECTION WITH BORRELIA BURGDORFERI AND THEIR NUMBER DEPENDING ON TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION IN 2016-2021","authors":"T. Gladnishka, I. Christova, I. Trifonova, V. Ivanova, E. Panayotova, E. Taseva","doi":"10.58395/pipd.v50i1.82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/pipd.v50i1.82","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Deacarization, applied epidemiological measures, and climatic factors affect the abundance of ticks. On the other hand, ticks themselves are a factor of great epidemiological and epizootic importance. Studies  concerning the influence of climatic factors on ticks and their infection with B. burgdorferi are still limited in Bulgaria. The aim was to investigate the abundance of ticks in relation to temperature and precipitation, as well as the infection with B. burgdorferi of ticks removed from patients during the period 2016-2021.\u0000Materials/methods: A total of 10,907 ticks were collected from patients and classified according to species and stage of development. Nested PCR was performed targeting two sites of the spacer region between 5S and 23S of B. burgdorferi sensu lato rRNA.  Weather data were collected from free Internet meteorological sites.\u0000Results: It was found that 92-96% of the ticks belonged to the species Ixodes ricinus. PCR data were obtained for infestation of ticks in 2016-2021. Only in 2018, the highest number of ticks was observed in May, while in the other five years - in June, which was analyzed in relation to the average temperature and precipitation.\u0000Conclusion: An increase in tick abundance was observed at average temperatures around 20°C, with rainfall on the days before the peak. During the 6-year period, the highest number of ticks was collected in June 2021, which could be explained with the high average temperatures and abundant precipitations during the preceeding spring months (April – June).","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130770037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE NUMBER AND IMMUNOLOGICAL STATUS OF NEWLY DIAGNOSED AND RE-ENROLLED IN CARE HIV+ IN THE PERIOD 2018–2019 AND 2020-2021","authors":"P. Vasilev, Tanya Velyanova, I. Baltadzhiev, M. Stoycheva","doi":"10.58395/pipd.v50i1.80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/pipd.v50i1.80","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: HIV infection has not been shown to be an individual risk factor, but people living with HIV and co-morbidities are at increased risk of severe COVID-19. For HIV+ individuals with severe immunosuppression and/or uncontrolled viremia, the prognosis for the course and outcome of COVID-19 remains serious. HIV infected with low CD4+ T-cell counts before antiretroviral therapy (ART) had a higher risk of complications from COVID-19 than those with higher CD4+ T-cell counts.\u0000The aim of the study is to make a comparative assessment of the number and immunological status of newly registered and re-enrolled in care people living with HIV in the period 2018-2019 and 2020-2021 and to look for a correlation with COVID-19 pandemic  .\u0000MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included all people living with HIV, monitored at the Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology, “St. George” University Hospital - Plovdiv both   newly diagnosed and re-enrolled in care. Patients were divided into two groups: (1) Evaluated between  01.01.2018 and 31.12.2019 and (2) between  01.01.2020 and 15.10.2021. For the purposes of the study, methods of epidemiological and clinical analysis, ELISA, Western Blot for the diagnosis of HIV/AIDS and flow cytometry for the determination of T-cell populations were used.\u0000RESULTS: For the period 2018-2019, there were 82 newly diagnosed and 29 re-enrolled in care HIV + patients. In 42,5% (35/82) of the newly diagnosed the number of CD4 cells was over 350 cells/ µl, in 19.5% (16/82) - between 200 and 350 cells/ µl, in 7% (6/82) - between 100 and 200 cells/ µl l and in 31% (25/82) below 100 cells/ µl. In 24% (7/29) of the re-enrolled the number of CD4 cells was above 350 cells/ µl, in 7% (2/29) - between 200 and 350 cells/ µl, in 21% (6/29) - between 100-200 cells/ µl and in 48% (14/29) - below 100 cells/ µl. For the period 2020-2021, there were 63 newly diagnosed and 34 re-enrolled in care HIV + patients. In 46% (29/63) of the newly diagnosed the number of CD4 cells was over 350 cells/ µl, in 21% (13/63) - between 200 and 350 cells/ µl, in 14% (9/63) -between 100 and 200 cells/ µl and in 19% (12/63) - below 100 cells/ µl. In 30 % (10/34) of the restarted, the number of CD4 cellswas over 350 cells/ µl, in 11% (4/34) - between 200 and 350 cells/ µl, in 15% (5/34) between 100 and 200 cells/ µl and in 44% (15/34) of patients - less than 100 cells/ µl\u0000IN CONCLUSION: During  the period 2020-2021, 10% fewer new HIV + patients were registered as compared to the period 2018-2019. The late presenters, with CD4 <350 cells/ µl were 58% in the period 2018-2019 vs. 54% in the period 2020 -2021. The late presenters with advanced immune deficiency (CD4 <100cells / µl) were respectively 31% and 19%. The proportion of those re-enrolled in care with advanced immune deficiency (CD4 <100/ml) was 48% in the first group and 44% in the second group, respectively.  The lower number of newly diagnosed HIV + patients could be explained with the fear of   visiting","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"135 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132852217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MOLECULAR AND MICROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR RAPID ETIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF SYSTEMIC MYCOSES","authors":"L. Boyanova","doi":"10.58395/pipd.v49i3.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58395/pipd.v49i3.67","url":null,"abstract":"The review presents common laboratory methods for the diagnosis of the majority of invasive fungal diseases, i. e. candidosis, aspergillosis and cryptococcosis. Some studies reveal an increasing range of the infectious agents such as Trichosporon and endemic fungal pathogens like Histoplasma, Blastomyces and Coccidioides.\u0000The most common serological tests for antigen and antibody-detection in body fluids (serum, plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage) are: indirect immunofluorescense, ELISA – Platelia (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), latex-agglutination, immunodiffusion and molecular techniques like PCR and Real Time PCR.\u0000Not only current data on invasive fungal disease diagnostic methods are reviewed, but also studies on new biomarkers and recent discoveries in molecular diagnostics.\u0000New molecular approaches are needed to provide faster results.","PeriodicalId":124630,"journal":{"name":"PROBLEMS of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129984213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}