Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Walking with noise: the impact of auditory white noise stimulation on gait dynamics in young and older adults.","authors":"Michelle Gwerder, Yong K Kim, Paciane B Studer, Angela Frautschi, William R Taylor, Navrag B Singh","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1910987","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1910987","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Walking is essential for maintaining autonomy and quality of life, yet age-related declines in sensory and motor function can impair gait control and increase fall risk. Auditory white noise stimulation may offer a simple approach to support sensorimotor function and enhance gait strategy. This effect may be particularly relevant in older adults, because their sensory signals are often diminished. This intervention study tested three hypotheses: 1) subthreshold auditory white noise stimulation enhances gait strategy more in older than in younger adults, 2), subthreshold auditory white noise stimulation has a greater impact on gait strategy than threshold and supra-threshold noise, and 3) the effects of auditory white noise persist beyond the period of stimulation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty young (mean age 23.8 ± 2.3 years) and 50 older adults (68.1 ± 5.1 year) walked on a treadmill under baseline, three randomized white noise conditions (subthreshold, threshold, and supra-threshold), and a post-condition (Norm_Post, approximately 15 min after stimulation). Linear mixed-effects models assessed spatiotemporal gait parameters, margin of stability, and gait variability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Older adults exhibited significantly shorter stride length (ES = 0.28) and greater variability across all gait parameters than younger adults (ES = 0.06-0.22). Auditory white noise significantly affected mean gait parameters, with age-dependent responses observed for most parameters. During subthreshold stimulation, older adults showed significantly reduced cadence (ES = 0.33) and step width (ES = 0.62), and increased stride time (ES = 0.5), support phases (ES = 0.39-0.64), stride length (ES = 0.49), and increased antero-posterior margin of stability (ES = 0.58) compared to baseline. No significant differences were found between the three auditory noise intensities. Several gait parameter changes remained evident in the Norm_Post condition with some showing greater changes from baseline than during stimulation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Auditory white noise stimulation was associated with changes in several gait parameters in older adults that were not observed in younger adults, suggesting age-dependent responses to auditory noise. The persistence of some effects beyond stimulation warrants further investigation into potential underlying sensorimotor and attentional mechanisms. While auditory white noise represents a non-invasive and easily implementable form of sensory stimulation, further studies are needed to establish its effects on gait strategy and fall risk, particularly during overground walking and in clinical populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12444,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","volume":"14 ","pages":"1910987"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13683698/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149237369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A CAR/CD19 Jurkat cell model for bioprocess screening and expansion: potential use for CAR-T cells production.","authors":"Hugo E Fuentes-Bustos, Alejandrina Hernández-López, Marta Zapata-Tarrés, Juan Carlos Bustamante-Ogando, Blanca Angélica Segura-Pacheco, Alberto Olaya-Vargas, Angélica Meneses-Acosta","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1917849","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1917849","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cell expansion is one of the most critical steps in the development of CAR-T cell manufacturing processes because it directly influences cell yield and process performance. The systematic optimization of expansion parameters using primary human T cells is often limited by inter-donor variability, cost, and experimental complexity. So, it is necessary to study more homogeneous populations that allow to stablish standardized conditions in a controlled environment that were able to be used as standard. So, in this study, we developed a Jurkat CAR-CD19 cell-based platform as a reproducible model for optimizing the cell expansion bioprocess under controlled culture conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>CAR-CD19-expressing Jurkat cells were pre-generated, molecularly characterized and subsequently used to evaluate key bioprocess variables, including glucose concentration, inoculum density, culture medium composition (RPMI + 10% FBS versus Nutri-T without serum), shaking speed, and different culture operating modes (batch, fed-batch, and semi-perfusion). Cell growth kinetics, metabolite consumption, metabolite production, and CAR expression were evaluated throughout the optimization process.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An intermediate glucose concentration supported cell expansion without additional benefit from higher glucose supplementation. Serum-free Nutri-T medium promoted higher viable cell densities than RPMI (used as control media) under the evaluated conditions. Among the operating modes evaluated, semi-perfusion achieved the highest viable cell density, maintaining high cell viability and a homogeneous CAR-positive cell population at the end of culture in Nutri-T media.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings demonstrate that the Jurkat CAR-CD19 model provides a robust and reproducible experimental platform for optimizing cell expansion bioprocesses. While further validation in primary human CAR-T cells is required, this model allows for the systematic evaluation of culture variables, minimizing experimental variability and facilitating early-stage process development for adoptive cell therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12444,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","volume":"14 ","pages":"1917849"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13683766/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149237370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ZnPc(Lys)₅-mediated photodynamic inactivation and reduction of <i>Candida</i> albicans biofilm-associated cells <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>.","authors":"Danlin Li, Fang Yuan, Yuchen Yang, Kangli Zhou, Fei Xie, Zhiming Li, Xiaoling Huang, Mingdong Huang, Minkui Lin","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1953510","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1953510","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Candida-associated stomatitis is a common oral mucosal condition, particularly among denture wearers, and is closely associated with persistent <i>Candida</i> albicans biofilms on denture surfaces. ZnPc(Lys)₅ is an amphiphilic phthalocyanine-peptide nanomaterial that has previously been shown to form nanoscale supramolecular assemblies in aqueous environments. This study evaluated the efficacy of ZnPc(Lys)₅-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in reducing denture-associated <i>Candida</i> biofilms and alleviating associated mucosal inflammation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong><i>Candida</i> albicans suspensions were cultured <i>in vitro</i>, and biofilms were formed on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), a common denture base material. The antifungal effects of different concentrations of ZnPc(Lys)₅ combined with aPDT were assessed against both planktonic <i>Candida</i> and biofilms. Biofilm structural changes were observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the effects on PMMA physical properties (microhardness [HV] and surface roughness [Ra]) were analyzed. Additionally, a mouse model of Candida-associated stomatitis was used to evaluate the <i>in vivo</i> anti-inflammatory and antifungal efficacy of ZnPc(Lys)₅-aPDT following repeated applications (three treatments over 5 days).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ZnPc(Lys)₅-mediated aPDT exerted a significant concentration-dependent fungicidal effect on planktonic <i>C. albicans</i>, with a minimum effective concentration (MEC) of 25 μM and no observed dark toxicity. Against mature biofilms, the 50 μM aPDT treatment achieved a reduction of approximately 96% in recoverable viable biofilm-associated cells (P < 0.0001), which was comparable to the efficacy of the commercial cleanser Polident (P > 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy confirmed significant disruption of biofilm architecture, while no significant alterations in PMMA microhardness or surface roughness were observed (P > 0.05). <i>In vivo</i>, repeated applications of ZnPc(Lys)₅-aPDT significantly reduced epithelial hyperplasia and inflammatory infiltration, demonstrating therapeutic efficacy comparable to nystatin.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ZnPc(Lys)₅-aPDT demonstrated significant antifungal activity <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> without compromising PMMA integrity. These findings support ZnPc(Lys)₅ as a promising photosensitizer for denture-surface biofilm control and mucosal inflammation mitigation, warranting further investigation under extended or multi-session clinical protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":12444,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","volume":"14 ","pages":"1953510"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13683795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149237324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phase-dependent loading characteristics of the supporting-side knee joint during the flying kick with a 180-degree inward turn in competitive Tai Chi.","authors":"Pan Deng, Mengyao Jia, Yong Ma","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1959458","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1959458","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Competitive Tai Chi has increasingly incorporated high-difficulty aerial and single-leg landing techniques. The flying kick with a 180° inward turn (322C) is a demanding C-level movement that requires rapid take-off, aerial hand-foot slap, body rotation, and stable single-leg landing. However, the phase-dependent loading characteristics of the supporting-side knee joint during this movement remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten male competitive Tai Chi athletes performed the 322C while three-dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces (GRF) were recorded. The movement was divided into four phases: take-off propulsion (P1), hand-foot slap (P2), flight end (P3), and landing cushioning (P4). Joint angles, moments, reaction forces, and vertical GRF (VGRF) were calculated using inverse dynamics. A subject-specific finite element (FE) model of the supporting-side knee was reconstructed from CT and MRI, and the peak landing loads were applied to evaluate internal tissue stresses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>P4 had the longest duration (1.639 s). VGRF reached 5.18 ± 1.84 body weight (BW), with a peak knee extension moment of 5.01 ± 1.64 N.m-kg^-1 and a peak compressive joint reaction force of 22.58 BW. FE analysis showed non-uniform stress distributions, with the highest von Mises stress observed in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL; 54.24 MPa), posterior cruciate ligament (41.79 MPa), medial meniscus (23.53 MPa), and lateral femoral cartilage (9.62 MPa).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The 322C imposes different mechanical demands on the supporting-side knee across phases. P1 is mainly characterized by rapid knee extension and load transfer, whereas P4 involves high impact, axial compression, shear, and rotational stabilization. The stress concentrations observed in the ACL and anterior regions of the menisci indicate areas of relatively high local loading during the movement. These findings provide biomechanical information for understanding knee loading during the 322C and may help inform technique optimization and injury-prevention strategies in competitive Tai Chi.</p>","PeriodicalId":12444,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","volume":"14 ","pages":"1959458"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13683722/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149237378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concomitant acromioplasty is associated with enhanced structural healing, long-term durability, and functional outcomes in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a retrospective propensity score and causal machine-learning analysis.","authors":"Yucheng Song, Liang Zhao, Can Liu, Yijun Wang","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1840528","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1840528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The clinical value of acromioplasty (AC) combined with arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (RCR) remains controversial. This study evaluates the associations and heterogeneity of treatment response for concomitant AC during arthroscopic RCR.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively analysed 734 patients (220 AC, 514 RCR-only). Propensity scores were estimated via a SuperLearner ensemble, followed by inverse probability of treatment weighting to balance covariates. Structural healing, functional outcomes (American Society of Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons and Constant-Murley Shoulder scores), and re-tear events were assessed at 12 months. Doubly robust machine-learning approaches (DR-learner, causal forest, Bayesian additive regression trees) were employed to estimate the average and individual treatment effects. Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) were used to improve model interpretability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Acromioplasty was associated with improved structural healing (risk difference: -7.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -11.9% to -3.6%; number needed to treat [NNT] ≈ 13). Weighted Kaplan-Meier analysis showed significantly lower cumulative re-tear incidence at 60 months (AC: 45.9% vs. RCR-only: 80.0%; hazard ratio: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.33 to 0.51; p < 0.001). Functional scores were significantly higher with AC (ΔASES = 7.9; ΔConstant = 7.5; both p < 0.001), although these differences did not exceed established minimal clinically important difference thresholds. Considerable treatment heterogeneity was identified: patients with a high critical shoulder angle (CSA) (>35°) and older age (>62 years) showed the strongest associations with potential benefits. The SHAP analysis identified age, body mass index, tear size, and CSA as key factors influencing outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Concomitant AC is associated with enhanced structural healing and long-term durability in arthroscopic RCR. Although functional scores were statistically higher in the AC group, the differences did not exceed established MCID thresholds, indicating limited clinical significance for functional outcomes. Significant treatment heterogeneity highlights the importance of individualised surgical strategies, particularly favouring patients with high CSAs and of older age.</p>","PeriodicalId":12444,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","volume":"14 ","pages":"1840528"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13684357/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149237417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells in polytrauma: from immune dysregulation to therapeutic potential.","authors":"Charles S Black, Milen Kumar, Renato Miguel Reyes, J Kent Leach, Mark A Lee, Håvard Jostein Haugen, Thaqif El Khassawna, Maryam Rahmati, Augustine Mark Saiz","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1892227","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1892227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polytrauma, defined as life-threatening injuries to multiple organ systems with an Injury Severity Score greater than 16, presents significant challenges for fracture healing, with nonunion rates substantially higher than in isolated fractures. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and subsequent immune dysregulation characteristic of polytrauma create a hostile microenvironment that impairs normal bone regeneration. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs; also termed mesenchymal stem/stromal cells) play critical roles in fracture healing through immunomodulation, osteogenic differentiation, and promotion of angiogenesis. However, emerging evidence suggests that MSC-mediated processes may be compromised in polytrauma settings. Importantly, direct evidence for endogenous MSC dysfunction in human polytrauma remains limited: much of the current understanding is inferred from isolated-fracture models, <i>in vitro</i> inflammatory-stimulation studies, and animal polytrauma systems rather than from controlled human trauma data. This review examines the mechanisms by which polytrauma is associated with disruption of MSC function, including altered macrophage polarization, excessive neutrophil activation, reduced regulatory T cell populations, and complement-mediated MSC injury. We synthesize the current understanding of MSC immunomodulatory effects in normal fracture healing and contrast this with their dysfunction in polytrauma, where MSCs adopt pro-inflammatory phenotypes and demonstrate impaired homing. Clinical applications of MSC-based therapies are discussed, including bone marrow aspirate concentrates and tissue-engineered constructs, alongside their potential for systemic immunomodulation in trauma patients. Throughout, we distinguish endogenous MSC behavior in polytrauma from exogenous MSC-based therapies, and we separate various MSC-based therapies as biologically and translationally distinct concepts. Finally, we outline critical knowledge gaps and propose future research directions, including development of representative polytrauma models, optimization of MSC delivery methods, and exploration of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles as therapeutic alternatives to improve outcomes in polytraumatized patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":12444,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","volume":"14 ","pages":"1892227"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13680871/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149237337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-step sequential pretreatment for boosting biomass conversion.","authors":"Weikang Teng, Hai Cheng, Yunni Zhan, Huiyang Bian, Fangmin Liang, Tongqi Yuan, Chen Huang, Guigan Fang, Hongbin Li, Xuelian Zhou","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1963128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1963128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to overcome the structural recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass and improve the economic viability of biorefineries. A multi-step sequential pretreatment strategy combining hydrothermal pretreatment, twin-screw extrusion, and deep eutectic solvent (DES) treatments was developed to effectively deconstruct poplar biomass while recovering high-quality lignin, xylooligosaccharides (XOS), and fermentable sugars.The results demonstrated that this integrated approach achieved exceptional pretreatment performance, with 89.7% delignification and 85.3% xylan removal. The strategy enabled near-complete cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis at a low enzyme loading (15 FPU/g) and achieved a 45.7% XOS yield. Furthermore, the process yielded high-purity lignin (99.9%) with an 81.5% recovery rate,characterized by reduced molecular weight, enhanced antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 56.16 mg/L), and a high phenolic hydroxyl content (2.81 mmol/g).This sequential pretreatment strategy exhibits significant potential for the integrated valorization of poplar biomass into fermentable monosaccharides, functional oligosaccharides, and antioxidant lignin derivatives, advancing the sustainability of lignocellulosic biorefineries.</p>","PeriodicalId":12444,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","volume":"14 ","pages":"1963128"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13680876/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149237321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Advancements in biogenic nanoparticles: sustainable solutions for biotechnology.","authors":"Silvana Alborés, Paulina L Paez, Ljubica Tasic","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.2005001","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.2005001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12444,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","volume":"14 ","pages":"2005001"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13680434/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149230966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of osteoporosis on spinal biomechanical stability in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a narrative review of finite element analysis and bone mineral density assessment.","authors":"Zhaomeng Hou, Jiaojiao Wu, Hua Lu, Chaoqun Chen, Tingliang Han","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1908609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1908609","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) is a complex three-dimensional spinal deformity whose precise etiology and pathological mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In recent years, increasing attention has focused on the association between the prevalent phenomenon of reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis in AIS patients and spinal biomechanical stability. This review aims to summarize the epidemiological characteristics and assessment methods of osteoporosis in AIS, with a primary focus on elucidating how it contributes to curve progression by influencing the spine's mechanical properties. By integrating clinical BMD assessment data with analyses from patient-specific, image-based finite element models of the spine, this article systematically elaborates on the specific mechanisms by which osteoporosis affects the biomechanical stability of the AIS spine. These mechanisms encompass vertebral body strength, spinal flexibility, the risk of curve progression, and the outcomes of internal fixation surgery. This review provides novel perspectives and a theoretical foundation for a deeper understanding of AIS pathophysiology and for optimizing clinical assessment and developing individualized prevention and treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12444,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","volume":"14 ","pages":"1908609"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13680873/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149237334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances and applications of engineered protein therapeutics and their role in precision medicine.","authors":"Wadha Aldossary, Nada Alqahtani, Layla Asiri, Noora Alkhurayef, Samar Alagl, Sana Alturki, Duha Saad, Mashael Al Yahya, Samah Al-Harthi","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1857362","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1857362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Proteins are a vital class of biomolecules. They play essential roles in biological processes, including building cellular structures, forming cellular channels and receptors, catalyzing biological reactions, transporting molecules, and contributing to immune defense mechanisms. Advances in protein engineering have enabled the genetic modification of naturally occurring proteins, using recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology, leading to the development of therapeutic proteins with enhanced specificity, stability, and clinical performance. Despite the rapid growth of engineered biologics, a comprehensive understanding of how these innovations intersect with precision medicine remains limited. This review addresses this gap by summarizing the major contemporary approaches used in therapeutic protein engineering, including directed evolution, rational design, and <i>de novo</i> protein design, and by analyzing their roles in enabling patient-tailored interventions. It provides an integrated overview of the clinical applications of engineered therapeutic proteins across key medical fields, supported by a list of U.S. Food and Drug Administration- and European Medicines Agency-approved protein therapeutics from 2020 to 2025. The review further provides a comparative perspective on major protein engineering strategies, highlighting their relative advantages and limitations, while examining differences in clinical translation across major disease areas. By combining technological advances with disease-specific applications, this review offers a perspective that has not been fully developed in the literature. Finally, the review discusses the current challenges affecting the implementation of precision medicine, including immunogenicity, regulatory constraints, and ethical considerations, and outlines future directions, such as artificial intelligence-guided protein design, targeted protein degradation, and personalized vaccine development. Collectively, these insights highlight the expanding role of engineered proteins in shaping the next-generation of precision therapeutics and emphasize the growing importance of integrating multidisciplinary approaches to advance therapeutic innovation in modern clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":12444,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","volume":"14 ","pages":"1857362"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13678489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149223704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}