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Critical advances in superlubricity: From current challenges to sustainable development beyond laboratory 超润滑性的关键进展:从当前的挑战到实验室以外的可持续发展
IF 6.8 1区 工程技术
Friction Pub Date : 2025-07-22 DOI: 10.26599/frict.2025.9441075
Huajie Tang, Wenli Deng, Jinjin Li, Jiaqi He, Xinchun Chen
{"title":"Critical advances in superlubricity: From current challenges to sustainable development beyond laboratory","authors":"Huajie Tang, Wenli Deng, Jinjin Li, Jiaqi He, Xinchun Chen","doi":"10.26599/frict.2025.9441075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/frict.2025.9441075","url":null,"abstract":" <p>Emerging superlubricity provides innovative scientific and engineering solutions for the sustainable future of human beings and nature. Although great progress has been made in the development of novel superlubricity systems and different mechanisms, considerable challenges remain before the engineering development of liquid superlubricity can be realized. Herein, the progress made towards achieving liquid superlubricity has been reviewed with emphasis on the current limitations, potential mechanisms, and future breakthroughs that will be expected to overcome these limitations. The perspectives are highlighted based on rigorous statistics and analyses according to the types of lubricants and materials of friction pairs. This review elucidates the key tribochemical mechanisms and research directions to break through the current limitations and provides constructive ideas for the engineering development of liquid superlubricity in the future, which will enable a sustainable future for human beings and nature.</p> ","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144678163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Experimental and numerical studies on the roller-cage collision mechanism in a cylindrical roller bearing 圆柱滚子轴承滚子保持架碰撞机理的实验与数值研究
IF 6.8 1区 工程技术
Friction Pub Date : 2025-07-22 DOI: 10.26599/frict.2025.9441153
Di Yang, Xi Wang, Yu Hou
{"title":"Experimental and numerical studies on the roller-cage collision mechanism in a cylindrical roller bearing","authors":"Di Yang, Xi Wang, Yu Hou","doi":"10.26599/frict.2025.9441153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/frict.2025.9441153","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In rolling bearings, the roller-cage collision is one of the primary causes leading to cage damage. However, the mechanisms behind remain unclear, particularly under high radial loads. In this work, a roller-cage collision experiment is conducted by measuring the cage beam force. Two distinct roller-cage collision modes are found: under low radial loads, the rollers primarily drive the cage’s motion within the load zone; whereas under high radial loads, the cage beam initially encounters resistance before being driven by the roller. Bearing tribo-dynamic simulations reveal that the two distinct roller-cage collision modes are primarily caused by changes in contact deformation, which affects the relative surface velocities of the inner and outer raceways. The multi-modal characteristics of roller-cage collisions revealed in this work, as well as the mechanisms behind them, are common in various types of radial bearings.</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"665 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144678161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Robust hydrogels with orderly assembly of hydroxyapatite induced by temperature gradient 温度梯度诱导羟基磷灰石有序组装的坚固水凝胶
IF 6.8 1区 工程技术
Friction Pub Date : 2025-07-22 DOI: 10.26599/frict.2025.9441046
Xinyue Zhang, Qin Chen, Kai Chen, Haiyan Feng, Cunao Feng, Xiaowei Li, Dekun Zhang, Shirong Ge
{"title":"Robust hydrogels with orderly assembly of hydroxyapatite induced by temperature gradient","authors":"Xinyue Zhang, Qin Chen, Kai Chen, Haiyan Feng, Cunao Feng, Xiaowei Li, Dekun Zhang, Shirong Ge","doi":"10.26599/frict.2025.9441046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/frict.2025.9441046","url":null,"abstract":" <p>Hydrogels with high water content, excellent permeability, and biocompatibility are widely used in the biomedical field. In this study, an ordered structure-reinforced hydroxyapatite (HA) composite hydrogel with high water content, high strength, low friction, and fatigue resistance was developed through a molecular network design combined with temperature field-induced orientation and nano-reinforcement technology. The hydrogel has a honeycomb network with a vertically ordered orientation, showing greater network regularity, greater freedom of network cross-linking points, and enhanced flexibility and rigidity of the polymer chain. Its compressive strength is 11 MPa, compressive modulus is 5.2 MPa, friction coefficient is 0.05, and it also has excellent crack propagation and compressive fatigue resistance, exhibiting greater mechanical strength and better tribological properties. Thus, new applications of hydrogels in the biomedical field and soft biological equipment have expanded.</p> ","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144678162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Wear mechanism transition in laser shock peened GH4169 superalloy achieved via in-situ formation of compound gradient structure 激光冲击强化GH4169高温合金的磨损机理转变是通过原位形成复合梯度组织实现的
IF 6.8 1区 工程技术
Friction Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.26599/frict.2025.9441144
Wang Zhao, Guangni Zhou, Luqing Cui, Sihai Luo, Xiaoqing Liang, Zhicong Pang, Yansong Li, Zhenyang Cao, Hao Su, Weifeng He
{"title":"Wear mechanism transition in laser shock peened GH4169 superalloy achieved via in-situ formation of compound gradient structure","authors":"Wang Zhao, Guangni Zhou, Luqing Cui, Sihai Luo, Xiaoqing Liang, Zhicong Pang, Yansong Li, Zhenyang Cao, Hao Su, Weifeng He","doi":"10.26599/frict.2025.9441144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/frict.2025.9441144","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Laser shock peening (LSP) has been shown to promote a transition in wear mechanisms of nickel-based superalloys during elevated-temperature fretting wear. However, the intrinsic relationship between LSP-induced microstructural features and the resulting wear mechanisms has not been fully elucidated, particularly with regard to the adoption of in-situ techniques. In this study, the mechanism underlying this transition is clarified in detail from a microstructural perspective through quasi-in-situ experimental efforts and state-of-the-art characterization techniques. Fretting wear test results demonstrate that LSP can significantly shift the wear mechanism of GH4169 at 600 °C, transitioning from adhesive wear into abrasive wear. Further examination of the cross-sectional microstructure of the worn subsurface reveals that the LSP-treated sample develops a compound gradient structure, consisting of an amorphous-crystalline oxide layer and a nanocrystalline grain structure on the surface. In contrast, this structure is absent in the untreated sample. The in-situ formation of this compound gradient structure, coupled with the plastically deformed gradient nanostructure beneath it, results in the LSP-treated sample predominantly exhibiting an abrasive wear mechanism during fretting wear at 600 °C. This contrasts with the adhesive wear mechanism observed in the untreated sample. This work provides valuable insights into the fundamental understanding of plastic deformation in LSP-treated superalloys during fretting wear at elevated temperatures, and offers guidance for the design of wear-resistant alloys using surface engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"276 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144669772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Superior lubrication effect enabled by soluble carboxylated graphene quantum dots in polyether-modified silicone oil 聚醚改性硅油中的可溶性羧化石墨烯量子点具有优异的润滑效果
IF 6.8 1区 工程技术
Friction Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.26599/frict.2025.9441146
Qiang Ma, Meiling Lu, Meidi Liang, Weipu Duan, Ke Hua, Haifeng Wang
{"title":"Superior lubrication effect enabled by soluble carboxylated graphene quantum dots in polyether-modified silicone oil","authors":"Qiang Ma, Meiling Lu, Meidi Liang, Weipu Duan, Ke Hua, Haifeng Wang","doi":"10.26599/frict.2025.9441146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/frict.2025.9441146","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Achieving robust and reliable ultra to superlow friction combined with extremely low wear applicable to industrial applications has always been the pursuit of researchers. In this work, carboxylated graphene quantum dots (CGQDs) have been synthesized to be dissolved into polyether-modified silicone oil (PESO). The results indicate that CGQDs demonstrate exceptional solubility in PESO oil, which can be attributed to the favorable charge-transfer interaction occurred between CGQDs and PESO oil molecules. Tribological tests indicate that the addition of CGQDs to PESO could result in a robust and reliable superior lubrication effect for steel tribopairs under a wide range of testing conditions, with the lowest friction coefficient being approximately 0.02. The investigation of wear scars indicates that CGQDs can effectively embed into friction contacts due to the ultra-small size, allowing them to interact effectively with the steel surface through their carboxy groups and therefore forming an in-situ robust CGQDs-based lubricant film. The generated CGQDs-based lubricant film could not only effectively passivate the direct asperity contacts of tribopairs but also provide a shearable path due to its desirable lamellar characteristics. It is expected that the finding in this work would provide a novel reliable strategy to achieve ultra to super-lubrication for industrial applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144669774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Progress on current-carry friction and wear and prediction models: A review 载流摩擦磨损及预测模型研究进展综述
IF 6.8 1区 工程技术
Friction Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.26599/frict.2025.9441151
Guoqiang Gao, Rong Fu, Qingsong Wang, Jinhui Chen, Pengyu Qian, Junjie Zeng, Xu Weng, Hongyan Li, Zefeng Yang, Hong Wang, Guangning Wu
{"title":"Progress on current-carry friction and wear and prediction models: A review","authors":"Guoqiang Gao, Rong Fu, Qingsong Wang, Jinhui Chen, Pengyu Qian, Junjie Zeng, Xu Weng, Hongyan Li, Zefeng Yang, Hong Wang, Guangning Wu","doi":"10.26599/frict.2025.9441151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/frict.2025.9441151","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Current-carrying friction pairs are extensively utilized in industries such as electrified railway, aerospace, energy, and other fields due to their exceptional energy transmission efficiency and reliability. With the operating conditions and environment of current-carrying friction pairs becoming increasingly extreme, these systems' mechanical/electrical coupling effects have intensified resulting in frequent system failures, significantly shortened service lifespans, and even threats to operational safety. Therefore, it is critical to investigate the wear mechanisms and characteristics of current-carrying friction pairs and to develop predictive models. This paper comprehensively reviews the wear theories and prediction models pertinent to current-carrying tribo-pair, summarizing their fundamental features and tribological behaviors. The influence of variables such as current, velocity, load, and environmental conditions on wear characteristics is systematically examined, highlighting the importance of arc erosion and the interplay of multiple factors. Existing prediction models are categorized into mechanistic models, numerical simulations models, and artificial intelligence models with a detailed overview of the progress in each model. These models correlate various parameters with tribological properties, enabling fast and accurate evaluation and prediction of wear characteristics. However, these application requires specific conditions such as material properties, tribo-pair types, or operational environments. Notably, the predictive capabilities of artificial intelligence methods, including machine learning and deep learning, remain highly contingent on data quality. Finally, this paper concludes by identifying current challenges in the research of current-carry friction and wear, offering recommendations for enhancements to advance understanding in the field of current-carrying tribology, and providing valuable insights for future research efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144669777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gas film transportation on asymmetric superhydrophobic mesh surfaces for excellent drag reduction and anti-scaling properties 非对称超疏水网状表面的气膜输送具有优异的减阻和防结垢性能
IF 6.8 1区 工程技术
Friction Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.26599/frict.2025.9441148
Jiaming Wang, Yuhong Liu
{"title":"Gas film transportation on asymmetric superhydrophobic mesh surfaces for excellent drag reduction and anti-scaling properties","authors":"Jiaming Wang, Yuhong Liu","doi":"10.26599/frict.2025.9441148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/frict.2025.9441148","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Manipulation of gas in an aqueous environment is fundamental to both academic research and industrial applications. Especially, the gas film on a superhydrophobic surface, referred to as a plastron, has fascinated scientists due to its potential applications including drag reduction, antifouling, gas-involving reactions and gas transport. However, most gas manipulation strategies mainly focus on the transportation of bubbles. Effective method of facile manipulation of plastron still has to be explored. In this paper, we propose a high-performance manipulation strategy for plastrons, utilizing the capillary pressure difference generated by connected sparse and dense superhydrophobic mesh surfaces (S-D-SHM). Plastrons can be transported directionally, spontaneously, repeatedly and counterbuoyantly (up to 30° tilt angle) between the asymmetric superhydrophobic mesh surfaces. This method, which requires no external energy input or human intervention, can provide on-demand plastron replenishment for superhydrophobic mesh surfaces (8 times), significantly enhancing the plastron stability. Furthermore, S-D-SHM achieves an 142% improvement in water impact resistance due to the automatic adjustment of the plastron pressure. With the long-term isolation effect of the plastron, the S-D-SHM shows excellent drag reduction effect (23.7% drag-reduction rate) and anti-scaling performance (93.3% anti-scaling rate). This facile and effective strategy simplifies plastron manipulation and can advance the development of stable superhydrophobicity under complex wetting conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"675 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Interfacial slip modulated by water structure at negatively charged surface 负电荷表面水结构对界面滑移的调节
IF 6.8 1区 工程技术
Friction Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.26599/frict.2025.9441150
Zheng Zhang, Chang Dong, Yuan Liu, Liran Ma, Yu Tian
{"title":"Interfacial slip modulated by water structure at negatively charged surface","authors":"Zheng Zhang, Chang Dong, Yuan Liu, Liran Ma, Yu Tian","doi":"10.26599/frict.2025.9441150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/frict.2025.9441150","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The mechanism of interfacial slip is of great importance in many applications. In this work, interfacial slip length is calculate based on the atomic force microscopy measurement in different solutions on different surfaces. Results show that solutions of higher concentration, cations of stronger hydration capacity and surfaces with higher hydrophobicity would promote slip. Besides, we use sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy to directly identify the interfacial water structures. These results indicate cations and surface characteristics would strongly affect interfacial water structures, suggesting the less amount of interfacial water and higher proportion of disordered water would increase slip length. This work may provide some insights to the relationship between interfacial slip and interfacial structures from the perspective of water structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144669776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Friction controlled by ferroelectric polymer at β-phase PVDF/graphene van der Waals interfaces 铁电聚合物在β相PVDF/石墨烯范德华界面的摩擦控制
IF 6.8 1区 工程技术
Friction Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.26599/frict.2025.9441145
Ning Wu, Bang-Gui Liu, Zhihua Xiong, Zhong Lin Wang
{"title":"Friction controlled by ferroelectric polymer at β-phase PVDF/graphene van der Waals interfaces","authors":"Ning Wu, Bang-Gui Liu, Zhihua Xiong, Zhong Lin Wang","doi":"10.26599/frict.2025.9441145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/frict.2025.9441145","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite the rapid development in tribology, the frictional characteristics influenced by ferroelectric materials remain largely unexplored. Here, through first-principle calculations, we demonstrate that the interfacial electronic structures in polar β-phase poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/graphene van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures can be effectively tuned by varying the thickness and polarization of ferroelectric polymer β-PVDF. Our potential energy surface (PES) calculations reveal that the sliding friction at β-PVDF/graphene interfaces can be modulated by altering the polarization of β-PVDF. Specifically, reversing the polarization of β-PVDF from upward to downward, pointing towards graphene, results in an enhancement of the PES amplitude and the frictional shear strength. Additionally, we observe a significant increase in energy corrugation of the PES at polar β-PVDF/graphene sliding interfaces as the number of polar β-PVDF molecular layer increases. As a comparison, no thickness-dependent friction behavior is observed in non-polar α-PVDF/graphene interfaces. This tunable frictional behavior is attributed to the controlled internal electric field within β-PVDF, which is governed by its thickness and polarization. Then, the internal electric field substantially influences the interfacial electronic structures, leading to the tunable PES that governs the friction properties. Our study reveals the potential of ferroelectric polymers for controlling friction, offering significant promise for novel tribological applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144669773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
High wear/ corrosion resistance of PI coating: Exploration via interfaces, bonding and structure 高耐磨/耐腐蚀PI涂层:通过界面、键合和结构进行探索
IF 6.8 1区 工程技术
Friction Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.26599/frict.2025.9441149
Guoshuang Hua, Xiaoqiang Fan, Zhongpan Zhang, Mengxue Wu, Meng Cai, Yihan Zhang
{"title":"High wear/ corrosion resistance of PI coating: Exploration via interfaces, bonding and structure","authors":"Guoshuang Hua, Xiaoqiang Fan, Zhongpan Zhang, Mengxue Wu, Meng Cai, Yihan Zhang","doi":"10.26599/frict.2025.9441149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/frict.2025.9441149","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study discusses the enhancement mechanism of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene on the wear/ corrosion resistance of polyimide (PI) coatings from the perspectives of interface interaction, bonding and filler structure. Despite the excellent performance of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene, its challenges in forming strong interface and strong bonding in PI limit its protection efficiency. To address this, we innovatively prepared amino-functionalized Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> nanoflowers (Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>@PEI) and uniformly dispersed them in the PI matrix as an enhancer. The results show that Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>@PEI achieves optimal protection of PI (PMX-PI composite coating). Under high load, the wear rate of PMX-PI composite coating is only 6.23×10<sup>-5</sup> mm<sup>3</sup> N<sup>-1</sup> m<sup>-1</sup>. After 4-week immersion test, it keeps the highest |Z|<sub>0.01Hz</sub> value of 3.73 × 10<sup>7</sup> Ω·cm² about two orders of magnitude higher than that of PI. And the R<sub>c</sub> is 1.81×10<sup>6</sup> Ω·cm<sup>2</sup> about 2.2 times higher than that of PI (8.07×10<sup>5</sup> Ω·cm<sup>2</sup>). Based on Materials Studio (MS) calculations, Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>@PEI exhibits the highest affinity with PI-Precursor (PAA), showing an interaction energy of -21.41 kcal/mol. Additionally, the -NH<sub>2</sub> groups in Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>@PEI are effectively utilized to form -CON- groups through dehydration condensation with -COOH groups in PAA at high temperature. These strong interactions and bonds promote uniform dispersion, filling PI’s structural defects.</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144669778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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