Foods最新文献

{"title":"Integrated Biorefineries for Food Waste and Food-Processing Side Streams Through Feedstock-Oriented Design and Sustainable Process Integration.","authors":"Ersilia Daniela Lazăr Coșbuc, Paula Sânziana Oprea Blanaru, Elena-Diana Ungureanu-Comăniță, Carmen Teodosiu, Maria Gavrilescu","doi":"10.3390/foods15203692","DOIUrl":"10.3390/foods15203692","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Food waste represents a renewable carbon resource with considerable potential for the production of bioenergy, platform chemicals, biomaterials, and other high-value products within integrated biorefinery systems. However, the heterogeneous composition of food waste, together with the diversity of available conversion technologies, complicates the selection of efficient and economically viable valorization strategies. Successful food-waste valorization requires a systems-oriented approach that integrates individual technologies with feedstock characteristics, pretreatment, conversion pathways, and resource recovery into coherent biorefinery configurations. This structured critical review synthesizes literature identified through Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and ScienceDirect for the period January 2015-September 2026, and critically examines the evolution of food-waste biorefinery concepts from conventional processing to integrated, cascade, circular, and near-zero-waste systems, highlighting their engineering principles, advantages, and limitations. Current pretreatment technologies and biological, chemical and thermochemical conversion pathways are comparatively evaluated with respect to process performance, technology readiness and industrial applicability. Particular attention is given to integrated biorefinery design, emphasizing feedstock-oriented process selection, cascade valorization, process integration and resource recovery. The complementary roles of life-cycle assessment, techno-economic analysis, circularity metrics and technology readiness are discussed as key tools for supporting decision-making and industrial implementation. Future progress will depend on combining mature conversion technologies with digitalization, adaptive process management and integrated system design to maximize resource efficiency while advancing the transition toward a sustainable circular bioeconomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":12386,"journal":{"name":"Foods","volume":"15 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13704576/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149264958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorization of Mango Peel Powder in Spreadable Cream Cheese: Effects on Composition, Bioactive Properties, Structure, and Sensory Quality.","authors":"Ionuț Dumitru Veleșcu, Florina Stoica, Ioana Cristina Crivei, Andreea Bianca Balint, Roxana Nicoleta Rațu","doi":"10.3390/foods15203689","DOIUrl":"10.3390/foods15203689","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study characterized mango peel powder (MPP) and evaluated its effects on the composition, bioactive properties, structure, and sensory quality of spreadable cream cheese. Three formulations were prepared, namely an unsupplemented control and two supplemented cheeses, designated MPPC1 and MPPC2, with nominal MPP addition levels of 3 and 6 g/100 g of the curd-butter mixture before powder addition, respectively. Physicochemical composition, phytochemical content, antioxidant activity using the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS) assay, colour, texture, microstructure, and sensory properties were evaluated. Phytochemical content, ABTS activity, and colour were monitored during 21 days of refrigerated storage, whereas the other assessments were performed at day 0. Moisture decreased from 60.72% in the control to 55.69% and 51.97% in MPPC1 and MPPC2, while crude fiber increased from 0.00% in the control to 1.54% and 3.05% in MPPC1 and MPPC2, respectively (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Supplemented cheeses showed higher flavonoid and polyphenol contents and ABTS activity than the control. Carotenoids were measured only in the supplemented formulations, with MPPC2 showing the highest concentration. ABTS activity retention ranged from 99.50% to 99.64% after storage. Increasing MPP addition produced darker, redder, yellower, and firmer cheeses; hardness increased from 4.38 N to 5.59 N and 7.09 N (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Microscopy revealed greater structural heterogeneity at higher addition levels. In the preliminary sensory evaluation, MPPC1 achieved the highest overall acceptability score (6.81/7), significantly exceeding the control and MPPC2 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Among the tested formulations, MPPC1 combined compositional enrichment with the highest sensory acceptability, while MPPC2 produced greater phytochemical enrichment and more pronounced colour and texture changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12386,"journal":{"name":"Foods","volume":"15 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13703758/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149264977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resveratrol Ameliorates Hyperuricemia in Association with Remodeling of the Gut Microbiota-Metabolism Axis: An Integrated 16S rDNA Sequencing and Fecal Metabolomics Study.","authors":"Yan Wang, Jing Xie, Zuoming Cao, Xiaoyu Gao, Zuoting Yang, Yang Tian, Jun Sheng, Lei Peng","doi":"10.3390/foods15203686","DOIUrl":"10.3390/foods15203686","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a chronic metabolic disorder whose prevalence continues to rise, whereas available urate-lowering drugs are limited by safety and tolerability concerns. Resveratrol (Res) exhibits urate-lowering activity, but its oral bioavailability is below 1%, prompting investigation of its potential interactions with the gut microbiota. Here, hyperuricemic mice induced by potassium oxonate plus high-fructose intake were treated with Res (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg) or benzbromarone (20 mg/kg), and 16S rDNA sequencing, PICRUSt2 functional prediction, untargeted fecal metabolomics, and multi-omics network analysis were integrated to characterize the underlying mechanisms. Res (80 mg/kg) significantly lowered serum uric acid, inhibited xanthine oxidase and adenosine deaminase activities, improved renal injury, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines, and up-regulated colonic barrier genes with reduced serum lipopolysaccharide. Res normalized inflated microbial richness, restored <i>Akkermansia</i> abundance, and PICRUSt2 prediction indicated down-regulation of the microbial purine-metabolism gene families <i>XOD/XDH</i> and <i>UOX</i> by 29.4% and 85.9%, respectively. Metabolomics identified 41 shared differential metabolites including eicosanoid lipid mediators and glycerophospholipids. Multi-omics exploratory network analysis suggested <i>Akkermansia</i> as a potential hub node associated with microbial remodeling, eicosanoid modulation, and host urate phenotypes, which may represent a \"urate-production suppression plus microbiota-metabolism axis regulation\" mode of action, providing preclinical evidence for Res as a candidate dietary intervention against HUA.</p>","PeriodicalId":12386,"journal":{"name":"Foods","volume":"15 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13704755/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the Microbial Community of Naturally Fermented Bella di Cerignola PDO Table Olives Integrating Culture-Dependent, MALDI-TOF MS Identification and Long-Read Metabarcoding Approaches.","authors":"Katia Gialluisi, Giuseppe Petruzzino, Rosa Anna Siciliano, Maria Fiorella Mazzeo, Vittorio Capozzi, Giancarlo Perrone, Luciana De Vero, Massimo Ferrara","doi":"10.3390/foods15203685","DOIUrl":"10.3390/foods15203685","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spontaneous fermentation of table olives is driven by complex microbial communities that influence product quality and safety. This study investigated the microbial community during the intermediate and late stages (from 3 to 6 months) of spontaneous fermentation of <i>Bella di Cerignola</i> table olives in brine using an integrated culture-dependent and culture-independent approach. Bacterial and fungal communities were monitored using viable counts, isolation and identification by MALDI-TOF MS, and long-read metabarcoding targeting the 16S rRNA gene and ITS region. Lactic acid bacteria remained dominant throughout fermentation, whereas the yeast population progressively declined during the last period. MALDI-TOF MS identified <i>Lactiplantibacillus pentosus</i> as the predominant culturable bacterial species and <i>Pichia membranifaciens</i>, <i>Pichia manshurica</i>, and <i>Wickerhamomyces anomalus</i> as the dominant yeasts. Metabarcoding confirmed the ecological relevance of these yeasts and revealed a bacterial community dominated by the <i>Secundilactobacillus collinoides</i>/<i>paracollinoides</i> group, which was not recovered by cultivation, and the <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> group. The integration of MALDI-TOF MS and long-read metabarcoding analysis provided a comprehensive overview of the microbial community of <i>Bella di Cerignola</i> olives, demonstrating the complementary value of the two approaches for the microbiota characterisation of spontaneous olive fermentations and for the identification of autochthonous candidate strains to further investigate as starter cultures.</p>","PeriodicalId":12386,"journal":{"name":"Foods","volume":"15 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13704255/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consumer Responses to Flexitarian Meals in Taiwan: Resistance-Based and Ethical-Evaluative Pathways.","authors":"Chun-Chieh Ma, Hsiao-Ping Chang","doi":"10.3390/foods15203675","DOIUrl":"10.3390/foods15203675","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flexitarian meals were operationalized in this study as a heterogeneous set of meal-level options within a flexible meat-reduction context rather than as a standardized product category. Drawing on complementary perspectives informed by Innovation Resistance Theory (IRT) and the Value-Attitude-Behavior (VAB) framework, this cross-sectional study examined image-related concerns (IB), animal-welfare-related food-choice orientation (AWFO), support for flexitarian dietary transition (SFDT), purchase intention (PI), and self-reported pro-environmental meal-choice behavior (PEMCB). A convenience sample of 608 Taiwanese adults was surveyed from 4 to 10 May 2026. Structural equation modeling examined direct and indirect associations among the focal constructs, whereas separate hierarchical regression analyses using standardized observed composite scores tested the moderating roles of food-related pro-environmental orientation (FPEO) and perceived environmental severity (PS). IB was negatively associated with PI, whereas AWFO was positively associated with SFDT. SFDT was positively associated with both PI and PEMCB, while PI was not independently associated with PEMCB in the structural model. Bootstrap analyses further indicated significant indirect associations of AWFO with PI and PEMCB through SFDT. In the separate regression analyses, FPEO did not significantly moderate the hypothesized relationships, whereas the PS interactions were statistically significant but modest in magnitude. Small to modest age-group differences were observed among respondents aged 18-31, 32-45, and 46-61 years. Given the cross-sectional design, adapted self-report measures, heterogeneous meal examples, and non-probability sampling, the findings should be interpreted as associations rather than causal effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":12386,"journal":{"name":"Foods","volume":"15 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13703642/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149264899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balancing Health, Sustainability, and Food Assurance in Fast-Food Choice: A Discrete Choice Experiment in Taiwan.","authors":"Chun-Chieh Ma, Hsiao-Ping Chang","doi":"10.3390/foods15203679","DOIUrl":"10.3390/foods15203679","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fast-food choices increasingly involve trade-offs among health, sustainability, food assurance, and price. This study employed a discrete choice experiment to examine consumer preferences and willingness to pay for health-related, sustainability-related, food-assurance, and monetary attributes among 401 respondents in Taiwan recruited through an online convenience-sampling approach in August 2025. The experiment included nutrition labeling, a health-oriented cue, carbon labeling, food traceability, an alternative-food option, and a price premium. Choices were analyzed using conditional logit and random parameter logit models, and marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) was estimated for each non-price attribute. All five non-price attributes significantly increased choice utility, whereas the price premium had a significant negative effect. The highest MWTP point estimate was observed for nutrition labeling (TWD 12.63), followed by the health-oriented cue (TWD 11.76), food traceability (TWD 10.59), carbon labeling (TWD 8.05), and the alternative-food option (TWD 7.84). This ordering should be interpreted descriptively because pairwise statistical differences among the MWTP estimates were not formally tested. Random parameter logit estimates were broadly consistent with the conditional logit results, with significant unobserved heterogeneity detected only for the conventional alternative-specific constant. Overall, the findings indicate that respondents assigned positive value to health-, sustainability-, and food-assurance attributes while remaining sensitive to additional cost, supporting the joint consideration of these attributes when examining consumer preferences in fast-food choice.</p>","PeriodicalId":12386,"journal":{"name":"Foods","volume":"15 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13704544/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149264833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fragment-Specific Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis for Screening the Authenticity of Red Yeast Rice Products.","authors":"Zhuying Wu, Daobing Wang, Di Feng, Yuan Shuang, Shanshan Zhao, Xueyao Li, Yuhan Tang, Guohui Li, Lanqing Wang, Qiding Zhong, Cuiying Zhang","doi":"10.3390/foods15203677","DOIUrl":"10.3390/foods15203677","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monacolin K (MK) in red yeast rice (RYR) is structurally identical to pharmaceutical lovastatin in its lactone form, making their origins difficult to distinguish. This study examined the δ¹³C value of hydrolysis-derived 2-methylbutyric acid (2-MBA) as a fragment-specific screening marker using liquid chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC-IRMS). Within-day repeatability was 0.19‱ for RYR, interlaboratory standard deviations were 0.18-0.19‱, and a two-component expanded uncertainty estimate was ±0.58‱ (<i>k</i> = 2). Hydrolysis-derived 2-MBA ranged from -32.73‱ to -26.68‱ in 45 authentic RYR samples and from -10.17‱ to -6.87‱ in 23 pharmaceutical lovastatin batches. Controlled blends showed a linear relationship between δ¹³C and blend ratio (R² = 0.9997). A one-sided tolerance limit at 95% confidence and 99% population coverage gave an investigational screening threshold of -26.47‱ for the sampled Chinese authentic RYR population. Three of 20 commercial products exceeded this threshold and were classified as isotopically inconsistent with that population. Overall, this study developed and analytically evaluated a fragment-specific LC-IRMS approach for screening source-related isotope differences between RYR-derived MK and pharmaceutical lovastatin under the investigated conditions, providing a potential analytical tool for RYR authenticity assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":12386,"journal":{"name":"Foods","volume":"15 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13704346/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conventional and Immunodiagnostic Platforms for the Detection of Major Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Their Toxins for Food Safety.","authors":"Dragana Bartolić, Mira Stanković, Miodrag Mićić, Slavica Stanković, Dunja Banđur, Jelena Grebenar, Ksenija Radotić","doi":"10.3390/foods15203674","DOIUrl":"10.3390/foods15203674","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycotoxigenic fungi contaminate cereals, nuts, fruits, and other food commodities, threatening human and animal health. This review focuses on <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>, <i>Fusarium verticillioides</i>, and <i>Alternaria alternata</i> as representative mycotoxigenic fungi because of their importance as food contaminants and their production of major food-relevant mycotoxins. Some methods detect fungal presence or toxigenic potential, whereas others directly quantify toxins. Fungal identification or detection of biosynthetic genes indicates presence or toxin-producing potential, respectively, but neither replaces direct mycotoxin measurement. The diversity of targets, toxins, and food matrices remains a challenge for accurate and practical analysis. Particular attention is given to immunodiagnostic approaches, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), as well as complementary formats such as lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs), and immunosensors, for laboratory and on-site food safety monitoring. The advantages and limitations of these approaches, with emphasis on sensitivity, specificity, matrix effects, and sample preparation, are discussed. Future aspects will focus on integrated, matrix-validated workflows combining robust sample preparation, multiplex recognition, portable readout, and appropriate quality controls to enable faster and more reliable monitoring of fungal contamination and mycotoxins throughout the food and feed chain.</p>","PeriodicalId":12386,"journal":{"name":"Foods","volume":"15 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13704173/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149264889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antifungal Activity of <i>Trichoderma asperellum</i> ZZY Fermentation Products Against Postharvest Cherry Tomato Pathogens and Their Preservation Effect.","authors":"Qi Zhu, Haoyu Wang, Tengda Li, Sijie Zhu, Xianwei Zhang, Chong Sun, Huiqing Sun, Zhenyuan Zhu","doi":"10.3390/foods15203682","DOIUrl":"10.3390/foods15203682","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Postharvest fungal diseases cause substantial losses in fresh produce, highlighting the need for effective and environmentally compatible alternatives to conventional fungicides. This study investigated the antifungal activity of <i>Trichoderma asperellum</i> ZZY against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>, <i>Alternaria alternata</i>, and <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>, as well as its potential for cherry tomato preservation. Confrontation, volatile, and non-volatile assays demonstrated that ZZY inhibits these pathogens through multiple antagonistic mechanisms. The fermentation filtrate exhibited strong antifungal activity, with the highest activity retained in the aqueous fraction after solvent partitioning. Biochemical characterization of the proteinaceous component TAFLP and enzymatic assays indicated chitinolytic activity, while HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis identified diverse volatile compounds that may contribute to antifungal effects. Furthermore, treatment with the fermentation filtrate reduced decay and disease development in cherry tomatoes during storage while helping maintain fruit quality. These findings link the antagonistic activity of <i>Trichoderma asperellum</i> ZZY with its fermentation-derived antifungal components and postharvest preservation effects, supporting further investigation of ZZY-derived products as potential biocontrol agents for postharvest disease management.</p>","PeriodicalId":12386,"journal":{"name":"Foods","volume":"15 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13703773/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149264946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Authentication of Edible Bird's Nest Beverage-Derived Powders Using Block-Based Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging and Multi-Model Agreement Mapping.","authors":"Krairuek Ngowsuwan, Sunee Jungtheerapanich, Anupun Terdwongworakul","doi":"10.3390/foods15203676","DOIUrl":"10.3390/foods15203676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Authentication of edible bird's nest (EBN) in heterogeneous matrices is challenging because whole-region spectral averaging may obscure localized variation. This study developed a block-based near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) framework integrating complementary classifiers and spatial multi-model agreement mapping. The development dataset comprised 90 independently prepared physical samples, each with four independently sampled and repacked scans; external validation used 21 additional physical samples (84 scans). Spectra (900-1700 nm) were represented by mean-spectrum or block-based approaches and classified using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), random forest (RF), and Multiple Instance Adaptive Cosine Estimator (MI-ACE). Model development used leave-one-physical-sample-out cross-validation. In external validation, mean-spectrum PLS-DA achieved accuracies of 0.7143-0.8571, whereas mean-spectrum RF correctly classified all 21 samples. For 9 × 9 blocks, PLS-DA achieved accuracies of 1.0000, 0.9048, and 1.0000 across the three preprocessing conditions, while RF and MI-ACE correctly classified all 21 samples under all conditions. All-ROI analysis identified a significant second-derivative difference at approximately 1505.65 nm between EBN-positive and EBN-free classes (U = 0, <i>p</i> < 0.001). This region is potentially informative but should not be considered EBN-specific. Overall, the framework provided proof-of-concept evidence of strong physical-sample-level classification while preserving spatial information.</p>","PeriodicalId":12386,"journal":{"name":"Foods","volume":"15 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13704542/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149264841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}