{"title":"Development of a synergistic antimicrobial hydrogel coating by lysozyme amyloid fibrils and silver-glutathione bio-coordination nanofibrils for long-term preservation of perishable fruits","authors":"Ruiqi Zeng, Yuyao Liu, Zhilin Jiang, Yong Zuo, Chen Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lysozyme amyloid fibrils (LAFs) hydrogels exhibit an enhanced antibacterial activity in food preservation compared to pristine lysozyme molecule. However, intrinsic limitations of low gel strength, insufficient coverage and rapid antibacterial effectiveness decay of LAFs restrict their large-scale applications in long-term food preservation. Herein, the co-assembly strategy was proposed to construct a supramolecular nanofibrils hydrogel coating using LAFs and GSH-Ag nanofibrils as building blocks. As expected, intermolecular hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions between these two nanofibrils were principally responsible for the co-assembly behavior and silver nanoparticles were found in the co-assembly networks. The co-assembly hydrogel demonstrated around 8.5 folds enhanced gel strength, favorable sprayable property and improved biocompatibility. GSH molecules imparted the imperative antioxidant activity to the co-assembly hydrogel. Sustained release of silver species and LAFs from the hydrogel synergistically exerted bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, the co-assembly hydrogel exhibited an improved long-term preservation effect on two types of grapes (<em>Shine Muscat</em> and <em>Red Globe</em>), which could maintain freshness and nutrients of these perishable samples at least 25 days.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12377,"journal":{"name":"Food Packaging and Shelf Life","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 101588"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144781432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuxuan Li , Haifeng Rong , Sixu Lin , Yaohui Zheng , Ling Yang , Bingxin Sun , Yunhe Zhang , Yufeng Xu , Xuerui Yan
{"title":"Hydrogel pads loaded with essential oil contribute to maintaining blueberry quality after transportation","authors":"Yuxuan Li , Haifeng Rong , Sixu Lin , Yaohui Zheng , Ling Yang , Bingxin Sun , Yunhe Zhang , Yufeng Xu , Xuerui Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Immediate shipment has become a new trend in online blueberry sales, leaving little to no time for postharvest treatment. To address this, a novel approach was developed, enabling blueberries to be shipped without additional treatment after harvest. This was achieved using terpinen-4-ol (T4O)-loaded PVA-PVP hydrogel pads (THPP), which maintained blueberry quality during transportation and subsequent storage. In this study, varying amounts of T4O were incorporated into THPP pads to evaluate their physical properties, antimicrobial activity, and preservation effects during blueberry simulated transportation. Then, the structural characterization of the optimal THPP pad was analyzed. The results showed that as the T4O concentration increased, the elasticity, water-holding capacity, and antimicrobial efficacy of the pads improved. While it was not the same in blueberry simulation transportation experiment, where 1 % THPP exhibited the best preservation effects among all treatments. Compared to the control group, it delayed the incidence of blueberries by 6 d, showing higher firmness by 67.3 %, and higher anthocyanin content by 42.1 %. Based on these three aspects, 1 % THPP was identified as the optimal pad. Structural analysis of the 1 % THPP showed that T4O cross-linked with PVA-PVP hydrogel (HPP) via hydrogen bonds, resulting in a more uniform structure and improved thermal stability of HPP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12377,"journal":{"name":"Food Packaging and Shelf Life","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 101587"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144781431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Opuntia (Cactaceae) mucilage mixed with polyvinyl alcohol for biodegradable packaging composite film formulation","authors":"Faten Mannai , Hanedi Elhleli , Anouer Feriani , Harith Al Busaidi , Mohamed Naceur Belgacem , Younes Moussaoui","doi":"10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, mucilage was extracted from <em>Opuntia</em> (Cactaceae) (MuO) by a conventional method combined with ultrasound and used at different concentration levels to formulate films with polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) plasticized with glycerol (Gly). The microstructure, physicochemical, structural, barrier and mechanical properties, and thermal stability of the formulated blended films were explored. The solubility of the formulated films was established in deionized water, tap water, and seawater by monitoring the undissolved fractions. The biodegradability of the PVOH control and PVOH-MuO blended films was evaluated under environmental conditions for 40 days. The PVOH-MuO-based films exhibit homogeneous and uniform structures, suggesting intermolecular interactions between PVOH and MuO chains in the presence of Gly via hydrogen bonds. The addition of 3 % MuO improves the transparency, elastic modulus (9913 ± 81.9 MPa), barrier properties (0.41 ± 0.14 g mm m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> kPa<sup>−1</sup>), wettability (62°) and thermo-oxidative resistance. Although PVOH-MuO-based films have high solubility in various types of fresh water for 48 h. Under aerobic conditions, the formulated films biodegrade in the soil within 21 days. PVOH-MuO-based films are eco-friendly and can decompose completely in seawater and soil in a short time. The films produced have antibacterial activity against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> bacteria.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12377,"journal":{"name":"Food Packaging and Shelf Life","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 101583"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144770628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yani Liu , Defang Shi , Xiuzhi Fan , Chaomin Yin , Zhicheng Huang , Junlong Meng , Bing Deng , Ying Liu , Cunkun Chen , Hong Gao
{"title":"Preparation and characterization of a novel polyvinyl alcohol/pectin film containing bromocresol green-alizarin mixed indicator label for monitoring mushroom freshness","authors":"Yani Liu , Defang Shi , Xiuzhi Fan , Chaomin Yin , Zhicheng Huang , Junlong Meng , Bing Deng , Ying Liu , Cunkun Chen , Hong Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intelligent indicator labels offer significant potential for real-time shelf-life assessment and quality preservation during perishable food logistics. This study developed a novel bromocresol green-alizarin (BGA) indicator-embedded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/pectin (P) composite film for visual freshness monitoring of <em>Lentinula edodes</em> (shiitake mushrooms). The performance of the films was evaluated based on parameters including thickness, puncture resistance, opacity, moisture content, water solubility, and water vapor permeability. The optimal PVA/P mass ratio of 3:1 in films was determined through a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, which effectively balanced mechanical strength, water sensitivity, and optical barrier properties. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed that BGA incorporation strengthened intermolecular interactions within the polymer matrix, resulting in superior thermal and color stability. For freshness evaluation, the BGA-3 (the ratio of BG:A=1:3) indicator label displayed distinct color transitions from green (pH 7.0) to yellow-green (pH ≈5.0) and finally to orange (pH ≈4.0), corresponding precisely to the freshness stages of <em>L. edodes</em>. Notably, the total color difference (ΔE) of the BGA-3 label showed significant correlations with the accumulated CO₂ concentration within the package and key mushroom quality parameters, including sensory evaluation, total aerobic plate counts, weight loss, hardness, and respiration intensity. The colorimetric response was directly triggered by CO₂-induced pH changes. This intelligent film provides a convenient, non-destructive method for real-time mushroom quality monitoring, demonstrating high application potential within the fresh produce supply chain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12377,"journal":{"name":"Food Packaging and Shelf Life","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 101578"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144770629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ajit Kumar Singh , Pontree Itkor , Z.A. Nur Hanani , Myungho Lee , Kirtiraj K. Gaikwad , Youn Suk Lee
{"title":"Facile and green synthesis of multifunctional nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots from Ginkgo biloba leaves for antibacterial, antioxidant, and bioactive coating applications","authors":"Ajit Kumar Singh , Pontree Itkor , Z.A. Nur Hanani , Myungho Lee , Kirtiraj K. Gaikwad , Youn Suk Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the demand for sustainable and<!--> <!-->functional food packaging increases, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have demonstrated immense potential for incorporation into biopolymer-based active packaging and coatings. We report a green and sustainable hydrothermal approach for the synthesis of surface-passivated nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots<!--> <!-->(N-CQDs) using <em>Ginkgo biloba</em> leaves as a renewable carbon precursor. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) acted as a passivating agent, yielding N-CQDs with strong cyan fluorescence, excitation-dependent emission, and high aqueous solubility. The synthesized N-CQDs exhibited remarkable monodispersity (2.4 ± 0.72 nm), a surface charge of −15.1 mV, and a fluorescence quantum yield of 9.69 %. The radical scavenging efficiency of N-CQDs was notably improved, achieving 72.26 % for DPPH and 96.97 % for ABTS, indicating their strong antioxidant functionality. Inhibition zones of 16 mm against <em>E. coli</em> and 18 mm against <em>S.<!--> <!-->aureus</em> confirmed their antimicrobial efficacy. Cytotoxicity tests confirmed that the prepared N-CQDs were non-toxic to L929<!--> <!-->cells even at a higher concentration of 500 μg/mL. N-CQDs incorporated within CMC-based coatings displayed significant antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, successfully inhibiting fungal growth and<!--> <!-->prolonging mandarin storage life over 15 days. These findings highlight the potential of N-CQDs as sustainable, biocompatible, and versatile nanomaterials, offering improved functionality in active food packaging applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12377,"journal":{"name":"Food Packaging and Shelf Life","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 101581"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Naiyu Xiao , Rongyu Chen , Hongxia Xiang , Jiangling He , Shuyi Li , Xu Chen , Zhenzhou Zhu
{"title":"Recent advances on anthocyanin-based smart films for food packaging: Insights into the fabrication parameters and optimization strategies","authors":"Naiyu Xiao , Rongyu Chen , Hongxia Xiang , Jiangling He , Shuyi Li , Xu Chen , Zhenzhou Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anthocyanin-based smart films have gained significant research attention due to their capability for real-time food freshness monitoring. While existing studies have extensively documented smart film compositions and applications, a systematic discussion regarding optimization of fabrication parameters and strategies for functional enhancement is still lacking. This review systematically analyzes the key fabrication parameters including feedstock type, blending ratios of each component, pH of film-forming solution, homogenization method, particle size of feedstock, and drying temperature, which significantly influence smart film properties by modulating intermolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonds. Nevertheless, a standard guidance for the selection of fabrication parameters is still missing due to the diversity of matrix and anthocyanin types. The strategies (e.g., nanotechnology and copigmentation) to improve the barrier properties, antibacterial and antioxidant properties, pH sensitivity, and stability of smart films are also summarized in this review. Current research highlights that enhancing specific functional properties of smart films may adversely affect others. Therefore, a thorough assessment of optimization strategies prior to their application is necessary. Furthermore, future work should also expand application targets of anthocyanin-based smart films, scale up their fabrication, and improve market acceptance. This review could facilitate the further development of anthocyanin-based smart films with excellent performance for food packaging application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12377,"journal":{"name":"Food Packaging and Shelf Life","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 101585"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xin Ding , Yiming Zhao , Xin Chen , Yanyan Huang , Zhihao Lin , Jing Wang , Ge Chen , Guangyang Liu , Xiaomin Xu , Bining Jiao , Xijuan Zhao , Donghui Xu
{"title":"Chitosan/kudzu-based packaging films synergistically reinforced by paeonol@ZIF-8 and Ag2CO3/Ag2O nano-heterojunctions for raspberry preservation","authors":"Xin Ding , Yiming Zhao , Xin Chen , Yanyan Huang , Zhihao Lin , Jing Wang , Ge Chen , Guangyang Liu , Xiaomin Xu , Bining Jiao , Xijuan Zhao , Donghui Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chitosan film is frequently used to preserve food. However, the stability of chitosan film is poor, so it is crucial to strengthen the stability, anti-ultraviolet, antibacterial activity, anti-oxidation and continuous fresh-keeping activity of chitosan film. In this work, paeonol@ZIF-8 and Ag<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>/Ag<sub>2</sub>O nano-heterojunctions were dispersed into chitosan/kudzu-based solution by matrix mixing and solution casting method, which successfully prepared a biodegradable nanocomposite film and used it for preservation of raspberry. Moreover, ZIF-8 provided a large number of active sites to PAE. The loading rate of PAE@ZIF-8 was 36.33 ± 0.82 % by a simple one-pot process. The paeonol@ZIF-8 had the effect of slow release in different food environments and intelligent response to pH. The Ag<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>/Ag<sub>2</sub>O nano-heterojunctions also cooperated to inhibit bacteria by releasing silver ions. Meanwhile, the physical and chemical properties of chitosan film were improved, which could make it more suitable for food packaging. The improved film could block 90.32 % of UV–visible light. Moreover, its antioxidant and antibacterial properties were increased by 1.24 times and 4 times, respectively. It could extend the shelf life of raspberries to 5 days as the hydrophobic film. The nanocomposite film also effectively maintained cucumber slice quality. It also found that the migrating silver ion content of raspberry and cucumber slice complied with EU food safety law regulations. Importantly, the nanocomposite film was degradable and did not affect the germination and growth of the seed. Our work provides a sustainable multifunctional food packaging material that can be used to preserve perishable foods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12377,"journal":{"name":"Food Packaging and Shelf Life","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 101584"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huajian Ou , Lu Chen , Qiaohui Zeng , Wangsheng Qiu , Zihao Lin , Konglong Feng , Guang Liu , Ping Qi , Weijuan Huang , Jing Jing Wang
{"title":"Antimicrobial activity and preservation efficiency of TEMPO-oxidized chitin/5-aminolevulinic acid films mediated by photodynamic inactivation against salmon fillets","authors":"Huajian Ou , Lu Chen , Qiaohui Zeng , Wangsheng Qiu , Zihao Lin , Konglong Feng , Guang Liu , Ping Qi , Weijuan Huang , Jing Jing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel photodynamic inactivation (PDI)-mediated antimicrobial packaging film (APF) was successfully fabricated by covalently grafting 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) onto the surface of TEMPO-oxidized chitin film (O-CT). The O-CT/ALA films exhibited good mechanical strength, remarkable UV-blocking capacity, high thermal stability, and chemical stability. Notably, the grafted ALA induced the generation of endogenous protoporphyrin IX in bacterial cells, and they were excited to produce ROS under the irradiation of blue light. Consequently, the films inactivated > 7.00 log CFU/mL of <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em> and 3.29 log CFU/mL of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, as well as efficiently eradicated the bacterial biofilms by disrupting their architectural structures. More importantly, the films inhibited the growth of native bacteria in salmon during storage at 4 °C and 25 °C. Therefore, the PDI-mediated APF is valid in inactivating bacteria and ensuring food quality in the food industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12377,"journal":{"name":"Food Packaging and Shelf Life","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 101582"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigating the influence of polylactic acid (PLA) toughening on the release of graphene nanoplates into food simulants from PLA nanocomposite","authors":"Maryam Zabihzadeh Khajavi , Fabio Licciardello","doi":"10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the migration of graphene from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrices and examines how PLA toughening and compatibilization impact graphene release. Since PLA is inherently brittle and has limited flexibility, polyolefin elastomer (POE) is used to improve its mechanical properties and enhance its suitability for packaging applications. PLA and PLA/polyolefin elastomer (POE) nanocomposites with varying contents of graphene, POE, and POE grafted with maleic anhydride (POE-g-MAH) were prepared through melt extrusion, followed by molding and exposure to various food simulants under different conditions. The swelling, dissolution, degradation, total migration, graphene migration, and changes in thermal properties of the samples in contact with food simulants were analyzed. Additionally, the size distribution and structure of the released graphene were evaluated. It was found that higher graphene content and the addition of POE and POE-g-MAH significantly reduced polymer swelling, dissolution, and graphene release. PLA/graphene nanocomposites exhibited the highest swelling, degradation, and graphene migration, whereas enhanced stability was demonstrated by PLA/graphene/POE nanocomposites. This stability is attributed to the toughening agents and compatibilizers effectively impeding food simulant penetration and polymer degradation. Furthermore, the PLA matrix was crystallized by food simulants, particularly 50 % ethanol, resulting in a higher degree of crystallinity and an increased melting point after the migration test. Insights into improving the stability of toughened PLA/graphene based nanocomposites for food contact applications were provided by these results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12377,"journal":{"name":"Food Packaging and Shelf Life","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 101575"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144710999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Belladini Lovely , Zhiyuan Xu , Young-Teck Kim , Haibo Huang , Su Jung Hong
{"title":"Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) as a conjugate carrier and its potential as a high-barrier, UV-blocking, and low-intensity visible light-responsive antimicrobial packaging material","authors":"Belladini Lovely , Zhiyuan Xu , Young-Teck Kim , Haibo Huang , Su Jung Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Food quality deteriorates due to bacteria contamination, hence the need for antimicrobial packaging. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have drawn interest as an antimicrobial strategy through combination of light irradiation, oxygen, and photosensitive components. In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) and tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP) were combined to acquire conjugates with visible-light responsive photosensitivity. The conjugate was next incorporated into a low-pressure homogenized (0–25 cycles) cellulose nanofibril (CNF) matrix to address the notorious self-aggregation/quenching tendency. The novel, antibiotics-absent antimicrobial films successfully inactivated <em>Escherichia coli</em> completely after 72 h under 6000 lux-light irradiation, on top of the UV-A/B/C total blocking performance. Post-homogenization, surface smoothness (Sa, 2.5 from 7.0 μm), mechanical (TS, 44 from 25 MPa; TM, 5 from 3 MPa; EAB, 11 from 9 %), thermal (T<sub>d,5 %</sub>, 295 from 100 °C; %W at 700 °C, 49 from 17 %), and contact angle (0–60 s) properties were also improved, confirming the influence of enhanced fibrillation and subsequent inter/intra-molecular hydrogen bonding. Low oxygen permeability at 50 %RH (0.05 cc.μm/m<sup>2</sup>.day.kPa) was confirmed, comparable to reference values of several commercial high-barrier polymers (e.g., ethylene-vinyl alcohol brand of EVAL™ F, 0.05 cc.μm/m<sup>2</sup>.day.kPa). This work ultimately certified CNF’s capability as a natural and biodegradable carrier of conjugate, as also confirmed morphologically by the even dispersion of conjugate. These findings showcased the promising potential for a myriad of antibacterial packaging applications even under considerably-low intensities of visible light.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12377,"journal":{"name":"Food Packaging and Shelf Life","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 101580"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}