Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution最新文献

{"title":"Dinoflagellate cysts as proxies of environmental, ocean and climate changes in the Atlantic realm during the quaternary","authors":"Fabienne Marret, Anne de Vernal","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1378931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1378931","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last four decades, organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts have shown high potential as tracers of past sea-surface conditions during the Quaternary. These microfossils relate to the pelagic productivity of both phototrophic and heterotrophic protist organisms and are recovered in high numbers in almost all marine environment settings from the nearshore and estuarine systems to the distal continental margin. In polar environments, where other conventional proxies are rare or absent, dinoflagellate cysts showed a relatively high diversity of species and a close relationship with sea-ice cover duration, winter and summer temperature, and salinity, enabling quantitative reconstructions of several oceanic variables over time. From the temperate to the tropical latitudes of the Atlantic Ocean, their modern distribution highlights a response to primary productivity and seasonal contrasts in surface temperature. They also have proven that they could be used as tracers of eutrophication in stratified systems and can also highlight human impact on their distribution. In this paper, we present an overview of dinoflagellate cysts as ecological tracers in recent and past sediments of the Atlantic Ocean, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. We provide examples of their use as proxies in paleoclimatic-palaeoceanographic studies at glacial to interglacial time scales, with emphasis on the last ice age to recent (last 25 kyr), the northern North Atlantic and western-eastern tropic North Atlantic. We also discuss their potential as tracers of anthropogenic stress in coastal environments.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141257863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of the bee community and pollination network in a southeastern U.S. pine savanna","authors":"Michael D. Ulyshen, Kevin Robertson, Scott Horn, Cinnamon Dixon","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1403602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1403602","url":null,"abstract":"Although the fire-maintained pine savannas of the southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain are recognized for their plant diversity, pollinators associated with these ecosystems remain comparatively understudied. Here we present the results from a season-long effort to record bee-flower interactions at a single site in Florida. We collected 93 bee species (out of an estimated 117) from 79 flower species, with a total of 446 unique interactions. Bee richness and the number of interactions exhibited a bimodal pattern, dipping in mid-summer before an estimated peak in October. The most important floral resources changed throughout the season as did the composition of bees, with the spring and fall periods being particularly distinct. We found that pollen specialists (that collect pollen from a single family of plants) and pollen generalists accounted for a similar proportion of bee species over the entire season. However, pollen generalists outnumbered pollen specialists in the spring and summer before reversing in the fall. Pollen specialists visited significantly fewer plant species and families than pollen generalists and many were collected exclusively from their host family. This was particularly the case for aster specialists active only during the fall. We estimate that between 18.3-25.8% of the local bee fauna depends directly on the overstory trees for nesting habitat including dead wood and resin. Two management recommendations can be made based on these results. First, because fall is the period of peak floral abundance and bee richness, including many late-season aster specialists, it is probably the least favorable time for prescribed fire. Second, considering that a significant proportion of native bees depend on dead wood for nesting, it is important to retain standing dead trees and fallen wood whenever possible.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140931626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrological and climate intensification induces conservative behavior in the Hydrochorea corymbosa xylem production in a Central Amazon floodplain forest","authors":"Priscila Amaral de Sá, Jochen Schöngart, Florian Wittmann, Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade, Mario Tomazello-Filho, Rafael S. Oliveira, Viviana Horna, Pia Parolin, Flavia Machado Durgante","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1292132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1292132","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionTrees from flooded forests have to adjust their xylem hydraulic structure to face the annual flooding and the climatic conditions of the atmosphere. Usually, this adjustment of anatomical tissues in the tropics is driven by drought events inducing conservative behavior and can be recorded annually in tree rings. However, how the flood pulse and the climatic conditions influence the xylem hydraulic structure in floodplain trees is unknown.MethodsTo fill this gap, we explore if flooded periods and monthly climate variation affect the annual tree growth and xylem anatomy structure for the tree species Hydrochorea corymbosa (Fabaceae) from the várzea flooded forest in the Central Amazon. We developed a 41-year ring width chronology (1971–2018) and a 30-year time series of xylem anatomy parameters (1988–2018) as mean hydraulic vessel diameter (Dh), vessel frequency (VF), and parenchyma quantity (PQ). We correlated the series with monthly hydrological and climatic data.ResultsThe hydrological regime did not correlate with annual tree growth in that species as we previously expected but showed correlations with the xylem anatomical structure. High flood levels during the end of the flooding period induced conservative patterns of the anatomical structure, with a negative correlation with Dh (rho June = −0.40, p < 0.05) and a positive correlation with the PQ (rho September/October = 0.42, p < 0.05). These responses show that these trees are responding to flooding similar to the tree responses to drought. Regarding the climatic variation, the annual tree growth showed a negative correlation with the vapor pressure deficit (VPD), after the second half of the flooded period with the strongest correlation happening during the non-flooded period (rho December = −0.66, p < 0. 01). These conservative patterns in tree behavior also happened when the maximum temperature negatively affected the vessel diameter (rho September = −0.42, p < 0.05).DiscussionIn that case, we recognized two different moments that the environment is inducing conservative patterns in the xylem structure of those trees: 1) increasing the flood levels and 2) the high evaporative demand during the non-flooded period. In this way, the intensification of the hydrological regime, as well as the strong drought conditions during the non-flooded periods, can be a risk for H. corymbosa in the Central Amazonian floodplains.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141257927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global diversity and biogeography of Lyophyllum inferred from amplicon datasets","authors":"Shuwei Wei, Bao Qi, Xiaozhuo Zhang, Zhanwu Peng, Yu Li, Qi Wang","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1328569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1328569","url":null,"abstract":"Lyophyllum consists of rare edible and medicinal mushrooms. Considering this group’s economic and ecological significance, understanding its biodiversity could be strategically important. Our analysis involved an extensive examination of publicly available ITS sequences from NCBI-GenBank and fungal amplicon sequencing data obtained from NCBI-SRA. At a 98% sequence similarity level, we deliminated 88 Lyophyllum OTUs, 49 of which were not categorized as ‘known species’. The diversity of Lyophyllum is predominantly concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere and tends to display endemic distribution, and Europe is particularly notable for its high diversity of Lyophyllum. Given the escalating volume of data produced by amplicon sequencing, employing the amplicon dataset can facilitate an accurate survey of species diversity in Lyophyllum taxonomy. By using data from amplicon datasets, the fieldwork time and research funding for taxonomists can be saved, thereby significantly advancing the progress of the entire field of biodiversity research.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141505818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccinium dwarf shrubs responses to experimental warming and herbivory resistance treatment are species- and context dependent","authors":"Stein Joar Hegland, Mark A. K. Gillespie","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1347837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1347837","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change impacts on species and ecosystem functioning may depend on climatic context and study systems. Climate warming and intensified herbivory are two stressors to plants that often appear in combination and are predicted to increase in cold environments. Effects of multiple drivers on plant performance are difficult to predict and warrant studies that use experimental manipulations along climatic gradients to produce more realistic knowledge. Our three study sites by the Sognefjord in Norway, that differed mainly in climatic conditions (ca. 5°C growing season difference), ranged from hemi-boreal lowland (100 masl, Low), via boreal mid-montane (500 masl) to alpine timberline (900 masl, High) bioclimates. At each site, in a randomized block design, we simulated growing-season warming using open-top chambers (OTCs) and experimentally induced herbivory resistance using the plant hormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA). We recorded growth, mortality, flower and fruit numbers, and insect herbivory on tagged ramets in permanent plots across three years (2016-2018) in three open woodland populations of two functionally important plant species with contrasting traits, <jats:italic>Vaccinium myrtillus</jats:italic> (bilberry) and <jats:italic>V. vitis-idaea</jats:italic> (lingonberry). Growth of both dwarf shrubs decreased with warming in the warm lowland populations (Low) but increased in the alpine populations (High). Shoot mortality increased most with warming at Low but was reduced at High. Reproduction, both flowering and fruiting, decreased with induced resistance treatment, but the effect was larger when warmed for bilberry and increased with elevation for both species. Leaf herbivory in bilberry increased with warming at Low but decreased at High. The combined warming and resistance treatment had only synergistic negative interaction effects on fruit numbers in bilberry. The clear context- and species-dependent effects of climate warming and increased resistance in this study may predict a potential decline in performance, as well as abundance and distribution, of these functionally important <jats:italic>Vaccinium</jats:italic> species at our lowest site. Bilberry reproduction appeared to be particularly susceptible to both climate warming and induced resistance in the manipulated populations. Such combined negative effects on plant performance are likely to have considerable knock-on effects via altered species’ interactions and ecosystem functioning.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140931413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detailed analysis of skull morphology and brain size in crested Padovana chicken (Gallus gallus f.d.)","authors":"Michael Wolf-Vollenbröker, Stefanie Petow, Max Schmidbauer, Mareike Fellmin, Reiner Ulrich, Julia Mehlhorn","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1389382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1389382","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionCrested chickens show abnormalities in their anatomy of the skull, endocranium, and brain (including cerebral elongation) and can be appropriate model systems for neuroanatomical evolution, brain–skull integration, and skull and brain deformities. Here, we give a detailed comprehensive description of the skull of crested chickens using the example of the Padovana chicken, including ontogenetic aspects and an allometric analysis of their brain size.MethodsIn total, 109 chickens of two different strains of the Padovana chicken were hatched together. All animals were X-rayed weekly during growth. Nine juvenile (ready for hatch) and 22 adult skulls were processed for histology and morphological descriptions, and a further 20 individuals were processed for brain analysis.ResultsAt hatching, all chicks were already crested, and a distinctive bony protuberance was first observed at the age of 4 weeks. Juvenile chickens exhibit either an open neurocranium or a protuberance. In the adult skull, foramina of different sizes can be found in the frontal bone, but no completely open neurocrania are observed in juveniles. Particularly in Padovana with cranial protuberances, several peculiarities can be observed in the os mesethmoidale, os nasale, os praemaxillare, orbit, and cranial fossae. Additionally, the brain of Padovana with cranial protuberances looks drawn in length with the shape of an hourglass and showed significantly larger encephalization indices than plain-headed breeds, topped only by another crested chicken breed.DiscussionInvestigations on chickens with cerebral elongation may facilitate the understanding of skull and brain dysplasia and may provide meaningful insights into cerebral hernia development. Additionally, crested breeds, combined with standard chickens, form a promising comparative system for investigating the emergence of novel brain and skull morphologies.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140931539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local factors influence the wild bee functional community at the urban-forest interface","authors":"Miriam Edelkind-Vealey, Michael D. Ulyshen, S. Kristine Braman","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1389619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1389619","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionUrban forests provide necessary habitat for many forest-associated bee species amidst development and fragmentation. These forest fragments provide a variety of important floral and non-floral resources for bees that encompass a diversity of functional guilds characterized by size, diet breadth, nesting, sociality, origin, and seasonality. The relative importance of forest edge vs. interior habitats to these organisms is not well understood.MethodsHere, we compare bee communities between forest edge and interior locations at eight locations in Athens, GA, USA. We also explore the effects of stand structure, tree composition, ground cover type, and the presence of snags and downed wood on these organisms.ResultsWe found bee abundance and richness to be higher at the forest edge than interior with distinct community compositions at both locations. Canopy cover, invasive shrub cover, ground cover, and tree diversity influenced the observed community composition. We also determined that the most impactful functional traits influencing bee community structure in urban forest fragments were nesting substrate, origin (native or exotic to North America), sociality, and diet breadth.DiscussionOur findings will help establish the effects of local forest characteristics on the community composition, diversity, and abundance of wild bees and further our knowledge of the conservation value of urban forests for preserving wild bee communities.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140931457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benthic macroinvertebrate response to estuarine emergent marsh restoration across a delta-wide environmental gradient","authors":"Stephen P. Rubin, Melanie J. Davis, Eric E. Grossman, Isa Woo, Susan E. W. De La Cruz, Glynnis Nakai, John Y. Takekawa","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1356679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1356679","url":null,"abstract":"Benthic invertebrates play vital roles in estuarine ecosystems, but like other taxa they have been excluded from former marshlands by diking and land use conversion. Dike removal is one way of restoring marsh, but the response of benthic invertebrates has been little studied. Also understudied is variation in benthic invertebrate communities across entire deltas, particularly in the Pacific Northwest of North America where deltas receive high flows and sediment loads for their size. Our goals were to evaluate invertebrate response to large-scale dike removal on the Nisqually River Delta in Puget Sound, Washington, U.S.A., characterize delta-wide invertebrate community variation, and relate invertebrate response and spatial variation to environmental conditions. We sampled invertebrates annually from one year before to three years after dike removal in restoring marsh, previously restored marsh, undisturbed reference marsh, and adjacent tidal flats. Marine taxa immediately colonized the area recently restored to tidal inundation and population size grew exponentially thereafter for several of them. Community composition and diversity recovered completely, and density and biomass were approaching recovery three years later. Invertebrate communities converged between restoring and pre-existing marsh (previously restored and reference), suggesting an influence of reestablished connectivity. Just offshore from the dike line, invertebrates declined one year after dike removal but then rebounded indicating resilience to short-term disturbance. Dike removal effects were not detected farther offshore. Near the offshore edge of the delta, invertebrate biomass and body size were greater than elsewhere and a diverse assemblage of crustaceans, polychaetes, and bivalves was present. Farther inshore, tidal flats were dominated by a few species of small-bodied polychaetes and had higher density but lower biomass and diversity. Facultative detritivores, which can also filter feed, were the dominant feeding guild everywhere on the tidal flats. Density, biomass, diversity, and community composition on the marsh were more similar to the inner than outer tidal flats. Environmental variables most associated with invertebrate community variation were elevation, salinity, and sediment grain size and organic content. Our results are relevant to assessing performance and setting expectations for future restorations and have broad implications for the role of benthic invertebrates in estuarine ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140931622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of the functional traits of Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani to simulated warming in the Napahai wetland of northwestern Yunnan, China","authors":"Zhenya Liu, Yiqing Zhao, Hongyan Yu, Yao Zhao, Huijun Guo, Mei Sun","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1399584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1399584","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of climate warming on wetland ecosystems is a current focal point in ecological research. In this study, the Napahai wetland, a typical plateau wetland in northwest Yunnan Province, was selected as the study site to understand the growth and survival strategies of emergent plants in a plateau wetland under climate warming conditions. Open-top chambers (OTCs) were used to simulate warming in three treatments (i.e., control group, 2.0 ± 0.5°C, and 4.0 ± 0.5°C) in order to study the responses of the functional traits of the dominant emergent plant Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani to simulated warming. The results showed that simulated warming significantly reduced the photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity and biomass accumulation of S. tabernaemontani, as well as its nitrogen content and vascular bundle density, while it significantly increased the vascular bundle size. The growing season accumulated temperature (AT) and the mean temperature of the hottest month (WT) were the main temperature factors influencing the functional traits of S. tabernaemontani. In summary, simulated warming significantly affected the functional traits of S. tabernaemontani, which demonstrated effective adaptation to warming conditions. As the temperature rises and the light and productivity decrease, S. tabernaemontani prioritizes the supply of limited resources to the underground part to ensure the biomass supply of the reproductive structure. This study provides a case for revealing the response patterns and ecological adaptation strategies of plateau wetland plants to climate warming.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141257928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microsatellites for butterfly conservation: historical challenges, current relevance, and a guide to implementation","authors":"Emily Heffernan, Megan Barkdull, Noah Brady","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1344065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1344065","url":null,"abstract":"We are nearing the 20-year anniversary of a groundbreaking paper which details how microsatellite marker development in Lepidoptera is “extremely difficult for no apparent reason.” How far have we come in these past 20 years? Microsatellites are still the marker of choice in many population genetics studies for their ease of use, high degrees of polymorphism, species-specificity, and low cost. The rise of next-generation sequencing technologies (e.g. 454, Illumina, PacBio, etc.) has greatly advanced our abilities to generate many microsatellite markers per species. In this paper, we summarize the improvements in marker development using next-generation technology. Using case studies, we review the use and implementation of microsatellite markers in different conservation programs. Lastly, we provide a guide to data interpretation of microsatellite data generated for butterflies, with the goal of supporting student researchers and conservation practitioners in evaluating the meaning in their data.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140931855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}