Ethnology: An international journal of cultural and social anthropology最新文献

First-time televiewing in amzonia: television acculturation in Gurupá, Brazil 亚马逊地区第一次看电视:巴西古鲁普<e:1>的电视文化适应

Ethnology: An international journal of cultural and social anthropology Pub Date : 1993-03-22 DOI: 10.2307/3773772

Richard Pace

{"title":"First-time televiewing in amzonia: television acculturation in Gurupá, Brazil","authors":"Richard Pace","doi":"10.2307/3773772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3773772","url":null,"abstract":"In June of 1982 the first three television sets were turned on and began to receive discernable images in the remote Amazonian town of Gurupa, Brazil.(2) The event marked the first time in the community's 370-year history that direct visual and audio contact had been established with mainstream Brazilian culture. With the addition of a satellite dish and several hundred new sets over the next few years, a series of changes emerged that significantly altered local patterns of collective behavior and world view perceptions. Gurupa was forever changed. The introduction of television in Gurupa presents a unique opportunity to research the medium's influence on people. While many researchers have commented on the powerful force television exerts upon human cognition and social behavior, few have had the opportunity to observe the phasing-in of the medium, while even fewer have looked at its effect in non-Western and particularly rural settings (Kottak 1990:11; Carey 1989).(3) These lacunae in television research suggest several important questions. What kinds of social and cultural patterns arise as television is incorporated into particular non-Western rural settings? How do the patterns differ from patterns in Western settings? Also, what role does the local culture play in shaping audience interpretation of program content? The research presented here addresses these concerns. It investigates changes occurring in Gurupa during the first eight years of televiewing. It focuses upon two broad areas of change: social interaction patterns (displacement effect); and world view perceptions (content effect) (see Williams 1986:9-10). The first consists of behavioral changes that occur as people alter their lifestyles to accommodate televiewing as well as duplicate televiewing habits in other areas of their lives (Kottak 1990:9). Examples include changes in rules for public access to television, visitation patterns, viewing etiquette, and timing of social activities. The second consists of changes in shared knowledge, attitudes, expectations, and beliefs. These include knowledge of the world, perceptions of quality of life, and views on economics, politics, religion, and so forth.(4) Data on these realms of change were collected during thirteen months of fieldwork between 1983 and 1991. Standard methods of participant observation, informal interviewing, and collection of life histories were utilized. An interview schedule was also administered between 1985 and 1986 to a 9 per cent random sample of households in the town of Gurupa (N=62) as well a 33 per cent random sample in four small hamlets in the rural interior (N=59). A second interview schedule was administered to individuals within the household random sample (95 in the urban sample, 32 in the rural sample). The total number of interviews was 248. In addition, the research was integrated into a larger study, directed by Conrad Kottak, which analyzed television's impact in six communities in Brazil. Th","PeriodicalId":123584,"journal":{"name":"Ethnology: An international journal of cultural and social anthropology","volume":"87 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128517983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 20

The politics of female identity: warlpiri widows at yuendumu 女性身份的政治:元度木的瓦尔皮里寡妇

Ethnology: An international journal of cultural and social anthropology Pub Date : 1992-10-01 DOI: 10.2307/3773425

F. Dussart

{"title":"The politics of female identity: warlpiri widows at yuendumu","authors":"F. Dussart","doi":"10.2307/3773425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3773425","url":null,"abstract":"In an attempt to analyze how Australian Aboriginal women have reorganized their lives since sedentarization, I consider here how colonial and postcolonial political economies have affected the roles and status of an important segment of the population, mature widows. The anthropological discourse on remarriage2 and sustained widowhood, particularly in the work of Bell (1980, 1983), provides the stimulus for the present paper.3 Like Bell, I studied the transformation of women's identity in contemporary Aboriginal culture because it offered complex responses to the question: What happens to pre-state social systems dominated by a capitalist society? Bell, following Leacock (1978), suggests that women enjoyed relative autonomy in precontact situation and that their roles had been undermined by the rise of the state. Colonization and sedentarization, Bell (1980, 1983) argues, left women with no alternative but to recreate their solidarity and power away from men. Such a perspective, comparing as it does the nature of women's power with that of men in precontact and postcontact situations, overvalues certain gender imperatives among the Australian Aboriginal societies. I differ with Bell in that I focus my analysis on individuals as social actors (Keen 1978; Von Sturmer 1978; Sutton 1978; Myers 1986 Anderson 1988; Dussart 1988a). This avoids a normative and rule-bound perspective that would depict women categorically and dichotomously vis-a-vis men. Seeing the Warlpiri as social actors enables us to scrutinize the dynamic restructuring of social relations between men and women, men and men, and women and women (Tonkinson 1990; Giddens 1979:56-57). In the literature on precontact social relations, widows are often described as unempowered and obliged to remarry. My data, collected over seven years of fieldwork with the Warlpiri people, compel different conclusions. Far from being denied status, widows played a vital role in the social economy of the Central Australian Desert. I do not mean to imply that widowhood was tremendously valorized prior to settlement; however, even then, as life stories suggest, there were instances when widows would choose not to remarry and still remain integrated in the social life of the group. Sedentarization and its consequences have modified traditional remarriage practices. But these modifications have done little to increase the frequency of remarriage. Quite the contrary, today, almost all mature widows remain single. This transformation sheds light on many of the tensions (and responses to these tensions) existing in contemporary Aboriginal society.","PeriodicalId":123584,"journal":{"name":"Ethnology: An international journal of cultural and social anthropology","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114462798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Chinese funerals and chinese ethnicity in Chinag Mai, Thailand 泰国清迈的华人葬礼和华人族群

Ethnology: An international journal of cultural and social anthropology Pub Date : 1992-10-01 DOI: 10.2307/3773423

Ann Hill

引用次数: 9

Women and politcs: comparative evidence from the northwest coast 妇女与政治:来自西北海岸的比较证据

Ethnology: An international journal of cultural and social anthropology Pub Date : 1992-10-01 DOI: 10.2307/3773427

B. Miller

引用次数: 16

When horticulturalists are like huntergatherers: the sawiyano of Papua New Guinea 当园艺家像狩猎采集者:巴布亚新几内亚的萨维亚诺

Ethnology: An international journal of cultural and social anthropology Pub Date : 1992-10-01 DOI: 10.2307/3773422

Phillip Guddemi

引用次数: 25

Ritual, habitus and hierarchy in Fiji 斐济的仪式、习惯和等级制度

Ethnology: An international journal of cultural and social anthropology Pub Date : 1992-10-01 DOI: 10.2307/3773421

J. Turner

引用次数: 33

Maize as a culinar mystery 玉米是烹饪的奥秘

Ethnology: An international journal of cultural and social anthropology Pub Date : 1992-10-01 DOI: 10.2307/3773424

S. Brandes

引用次数: 6

Great grandfather jayakody's children: local history and national politics in Sri Lanka 曾祖父jayakody的孩子们:斯里兰卡的地方历史和国家政治

Ethnology: An international journal of cultural and social anthropology Pub Date : 1992-07-01 DOI: 10.2307/3773526

D. Winslow

{"title":"Great grandfather jayakody's children: local history and national politics in Sri Lanka","authors":"D. Winslow","doi":"10.2307/3773526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3773526","url":null,"abstract":"\"For religious man, space is not homogeneous; he experiences interruptions, breaks in it; some parts of space are qualitatively different from others\" (Eliade 1959:22). Of the South Asian nation of Sri Lanka today, one might say, \"For political man, space cannot be homogeneous; he must create interruptions, breaks in it; some parts of space must be made qualitatively different from others.\" Much of recent Sri Lankan politics might be labeled spatial politics, an ongoing conflict in which access to resources of many types is contested in the guise of control over territory. Since the 1950s, Sri Lanka has been governed primarily by the Sinhalese Buddhist majority, sometimes at the expense of the Tamil minority. Especially after 1983, when a Tamil attack on a Sinhalese military installation provoked widespread anti-Tamil rioting, looting, and violence in the capital, Colombo, there has been a protracted struggle between the Sri Lankan government and Tamil insurgents who seek a separate Tamil state.1 In this struggle, political power, economic opportunity, and social status have come to be associated with location and control of territory. Even history has been mythologized to conform, the past refashioned to subvent present goals. Archaeologists, epigraphists, and historians might describe centuries richly embroidered by the continual movements of peoples, cultures, religions, and languages between the Middle East, India, and this small island just eighteen miles off India's southern tip, but the public does not agree. Instead, history is a tale about proving who people are today by where their ancestors lived yesterday. In this story, as befits the contentiousness of the present, there is no easy intermingling, but instead a parceling out of time and territory together. The Sinhalese Buddhist rendition of this politicized account has been called the Mahavamsa version (Seneviratne 1989), after the major historiographic text claimed to be its source. In this story, the Sinhalese are a chosen people whose ancestors arrived in Sri Lanka around 250 B.C. They were led by Prince Vijaya who had been banished from his father's kingdom in northern India for youthful misdeeds. The Vijayans are supposed to have overcome savage aboriginals to secure the island in its entirety for Buddhism and civilization for all time. Later heroes in the same text fought off incursions of infidels from southern India to preserve Buddhist ascendancy. This heroic Buddhist saga provides emotional support to Sinhalese claims to island-wide hegemony and underpins the burgeoning pageantry of state Buddhism that accompanies contemporary Sri Lankan politics (Nissan 1988). Opposed to it is a Tamil vision of the island's past, one that employs many of the same elements but values them differently, so that South India provides sources of, rather than threats to, contemporary culture. Ancient place","PeriodicalId":123584,"journal":{"name":"Ethnology: An international journal of cultural and social anthropology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129886782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Polyphony in the courts: child custody cases in Kabba district court, 1925-1979 法庭上的复调:1925-1979年卡巴地区法院的儿童监护案件

Ethnology: An international journal of cultural and social anthropology Pub Date : 1992-07-01 DOI: 10.2307/3773528

E. Renne

{"title":"Polyphony in the courts: child custody cases in Kabba district court, 1925-1979","authors":"E. Renne","doi":"10.2307/3773528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3773528","url":null,"abstract":"In 1918, British colonial officials in Kabba Division of central Nigeria instituted rules for divorce and child custody in Kabba District Native Authority Court. The rules implemented in Kabba Court were ostensibly derived from customary marital practices, although no formal procedure for divorce had existed in Kabba prior to its introduction by the British.2 The introduction of divorce would appear to be a classic example of the \"command model\" of law in which the politically dominant--in this case, British colonial officials--imposed newly-created laws upon the politically subordinate; Nigerian men and women. Yet as Chanock (1985:12) has observed of the colonial period in Africa, \"the field of customary law was one of the few on which Africans were allowed to play with a winning chance.\" While the British introduced a procedure for divorce in Kabba Court, how this procedure was interpreted, particularly in relation to child custody rulings, was affected by the respective interests of male and female litigants. Thus what happened in Kabba Customary Court may be better described as an interactional process which was nonetheless affected by colonial power differences (Starr and Collier 1989:9). British colonial officers had the last say in appealed cases but their position of power did not obliterate the polyphony of voices--from traditional chiefs cum court officials to Nigerian men and women asserting and redefining their claims regarding introduced rules for divorce and child custody. However, in any interactional analysis of legal process, the question arises of how the relatively powerless are able to manipulate imposed laws to their own advantage. The Kabba Court cases on divorce and child custody are instructive here as they illustrate the value of cultural concepts for reinterpreting legal innovations instituted from above. Indeed, assertions of customary, cultural ideas and practices were a particularly useful tool for Kabba litigants. Under the policy of indirect rule, British colonial customary court rulings ideally were to be based on just such traditions (Mann and Roberts 1991:22). Specifically, with divorce and child custody cases in Kabba, the concept \"ties of blood\" served as a focal point for reinterpreting the respective claims of Bunu Yoruba women and men to children after divorce. Beliefs about how these blood ties were constituted not only differed between the British and Nigerians, they were reinterpreted differently over time by Nigerian women and men. Further, disputes over the cultural conception of consanguinity in divorce and child custody cases resonated with contests generated by concurrent political and socio-economic changes. An analysis based either on culturally specific concepts or broader social processes alone cannot explain the course of events in Kabba (cf. Starr and Collier 1989:20), as they were dialectically related.","PeriodicalId":123584,"journal":{"name":"Ethnology: An international journal of cultural and social anthropology","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128225855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Alliance through the circulation of men: a system of name-assigned residence 通过人的流通而结成联盟:一种指定住所的制度

Ethnology: An international journal of cultural and social anthropology Pub Date : 1992-07-01 DOI: 10.2307/3773531

S. Eyre

{"title":"Alliance through the circulation of men: a system of name-assigned residence","authors":"S. Eyre","doi":"10.2307/3773531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3773531","url":null,"abstract":"In many societies, names bestowed by kin denote membership in descent groups and thus, indexically, denote rights and statuses that are tied to descent. In such societies, names trace the role of descent in shaping social institutions; for example, marriage and ritual exchange. But, as Maybury-Lewis (1984:6-7) has observed, rights and statuses determined by names can also stand in contrast to those determined by descent group membership. When this occurs, naming does more than simply identify individuals; receipt of names transforms individuals into persons whose social identities augment identities derived from descent alone. This article discusses a naming system in which the idiom of descent is preserved but detached from substance, allowing descent-based rights and statuses to be bestowed upon members of other patrilines through naming. Among the Urat, veridical descent is clearly understood. Through name bestowal, however, all its sociological markers become available for use as tokens of exchange. Since naming typically determines residence, this exchange allows the naming system to emulate a marriage system in important functions, notably the formation of alliances between localities.","PeriodicalId":123584,"journal":{"name":"Ethnology: An international journal of cultural and social anthropology","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125118906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2