Allergy最新文献

{"title":"Real‐World Effectiveness for Sublingual Allergen Immunotherapy Among School‐Aged Children and Adolescents","authors":"Yusuke Okubo, Yu Kuwabara, Sakura Sato, Masafumi Sakashita, Hideaki Morita","doi":"10.1111/all.16646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.16646","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundSublingual allergen immunotherapy (SLIT) is a safe and effective treatment of allergic rhinitis, and its use has been increasing in recent years. Although several randomized and observational studies showed the effectiveness of SLIT among adults and children aged > 12 years, its extent remains unclear in nationwide routine healthcare settings for school‐aged children.MethodsWe conducted a propensity score (PS)‐matched cohort study using a nationwide administrative database. Data from 13,449 individuals who received SLIT for house dust mites between 2015 and 2021 were extracted and matched with data from 1,732,961 individuals who did not. The PS‐matching procedure created 10,985 pairs and followed them for three years, totaling 812,795 person‐months. Then, we compared healthcare costs, resource use, and prescriptions between the SLIT and control groups over the three years.ResultsThe introduction of SLIT was associated with an 8.9% reduction in antibiotic use (95% CI, 12.0% to 34.7%) and a 65.2% reduction in hospitalizations (95% CI, 52.8% to 74.4%), as well as a 44.1% increase in health resource utilization (95% CI, 40.7% to 47.6%), with minimal impact on overall healthcare costs (+8.9% [95% CI, −12.0% to +34.7%]) over the three‐year follow‐up period. Similar findings were observed in event‐study design and intention‐to‐treat analyses, as well as in age‐stratified analyses (ages 5–10 years and 11–19 years).ConclusionsThe introduction of SLIT for house dust mites was associated with a reduction in antibiotic prescriptions and hospitalizations among children aged 5–19 years with minimal impact on healthcare costs, demonstrating sustained benefits over three years.","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144586541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Langerhans Cell Modulation in Atopic Dermatitis Is TLR2/SOCS1‐Dependent and JAK Inhibitor‐Sensitive","authors":"Yuxuan Deng, Nicole Leib, Sylvia Schnautz, Said Benfadal, Johannes Oldenburg, Thomas Bieber, Nadine Herrmann","doi":"10.1111/all.16641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.16641","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundLangerhans cells (LC) are epidermal dendritic cells building the skin's outermost immunological barrier and bridging innate and adaptive immune responses. Their sensing property of the microbiome via Toll‐like receptors (TLR) is impaired in atopic dermatitis (AD). We hypothesize a desensitization of LC because of persistent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus</jats:italic></jats:styled-content> exposure in AD and underlying mechanisms being TLR2‐related.MethodsHuman LC generated from hematopoetic stem cells were desensitized via repetitive exposure to TLR2‐ligands (priming) and compared to unprimed cells for their TLR‐responsiveness. JAK inhibitors impact was evaluated. Maturation marker, migration marker and behavior, cytokine release, and downstream molecule regulation were addressed by flow cytometry, qPCR, and transwell and multiplex assays.ResultsPrimed LC mimicked the LC behavior in AD skin, exhibiting desensitization toward TLR2‐mediated activation monitored by impaired CD83/CD80/CD86 and MHCII expression as well as impaired regulation of chemokines CCR6 and CCR7, migration competence, and Th17‐driving cytokines. IL‐18 and IL‐1β were elevated under these conditions. Negative regulators of the TLR2 pathway, specifically SOCS1 and IRAKM, were significantly upregulated, whereas activating molecules were hardly affected. JAK inhibitors reduced SOCS1 expression in primed cells and restored activation markers CD83/80/86 and MHCII upon TLR2 engagement, but had no effect on IRAKM expression.ConclusionPrimed LC mimic the impaired LC‐responsiveness toward TLR2 in AD skin. Our findings unravel a new direct contribution of LC to AD‐associated IL‐1β and IL‐18 under these conditions and shed light on the mechanistical role of SOCS1 and the mode of action of JAK inhibitors.","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144586587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Residential Greeness Exposure on the Development of Allergic Diseases and Asthma and on Asthma Control—A Systematic Review for the EAACI Guidelines of Environmental Science for Allergic Diseases and Asthma","authors":"Ioana Agache, Graciela J. Balbin‐Ramon, Fiorella Karina Fernandez Saenz, Ivan Sola‐Arnau, Pablo Alonso‐Coello, Tari Haahtela, Claudia Traidl‐Hoffmann, Liam O'Mahony, Athanasios Damialis, Antti Lauerma, Kari C. Nadeau, Isabella Pali‐Schöll, Oscar Palomares, Harald Renz, Jurgen Schwarze, Donata Vercelli, Carlos Canelo‐Aybar, Marek Jutel, Cezmi A. Akdis","doi":"10.1111/all.16653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.16653","url":null,"abstract":"The role of residential greenness exposure (RGE) in prevention and control of allergic diseases remains controversial. This systematic review evaluated the association between RGE and the risk of developing asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR), food allergy, atopic dermatitis (AD), and asthma control. MEDLINE and EMBASE searches retrieved 17 cohort and case–control longitudinal studies (12 for asthma, 6 AR, 1 food allergy, 1 <jats:sc>ad</jats:sc>). Risk of bias was assessed with ROBINS‐E, and certainty of evidence with GRADE. Data were meta‐analyzed using adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with random‐effects models. For “ever asthma” and “ever AR” a non‐significant protective trend of RGE was observed (aOR 0.92, 95% CI 0.72–1.18; aOR 0.61; 95% CI 0.24–1.55). For “current asthma” RGE was associated with increased risk (aOR 1.17, 95% CI 1.04–1.33), with no clear association for “current AR” (aOR 1.03; 95% CI 0.80–1.32). Prenatal RGE reduced the risk of “ever asthma” (aOR 0.94, 95% CI 0.93–0.950) and AD (aOR 0.996, 95% CI 0.993–0.999). RGE increased the risk for peanut (aOR 1.78, 95% CI 1.13–2.82) and egg allergy (aOR 1.38, 95% CI [1.05–1.82]). Reduced RGE decreased asthma control (OR: 2.662, 95% CI [1.043–6.799]). Potential benefits or potential harms of RGE should be judged in a context‐specific manner.","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144586542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomic Analysis of Allergic Patch Test Reactions in Non-Atopic Patients: A Comparative Study Across Multiple Allergens.","authors":"David Pesqué,Evelyn Andrades,Pau Berenguer-Molins,Júlia Perera-Bel,Miquel Clarós,Marta Bódalo-Torruella,Mònica González-Farré,Fernando Gallardo,Ramon M Pujol,Ana M Giménez-Arnau","doi":"10.1111/all.16642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.16642","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDImmune mechanisms underlying elicitation in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) have yet to be fully elucidated. Previous studies have shown a double-faceted nature of ACD with both common biomarkers among different allergens and allergen-specific imprinting, albeit with discordance in terms of relevant pathways involved. Several factors, including co-existing atopic dermatitis, may influence immune reactions. We aim to characterize molecular signatures and their immune mechanisms of different relevant allergens (nickel, 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate [2-HEMA], methylisothiazolinone [MIT], formaldehyde) in strong and extreme positive (2/3+) patch test reactions of patients without atopic dermatitis.METHODSA transcriptomic analysis of 40 skin biopsies of ACD reactions (11 nickel, 10 MIT, 10 2-HEMA, 9 formaldehyde) and 19 controls (petrolatum-occluded skin) was performed using RNA sequencing. Differentially expressed genes (DEG) were assessed, and enriched functional pathways were obtained with an over-representation analysis for allergens.RESULTSACD molecular profiling revealed a strong, common imprinting of DEG among allergens versus controls (n = 814), with further partially shared DEG among allergens (n = 664) and allergen-specific DEG (n = 430). The most relevant shared pathways were associated with immune adaptive and innate responses. All allergens exhibited mixed effector immune responses, mainly type 1 and 3 immunity, and, to a lesser extent, type 2 immunity. Furthermore, partially shared and unique DEG were associated with further inflammatory pathways, particularly for nickel and 2-HEMA.CONCLUSIONSThis study confirms shared ACD imprinting among different allergens and shared pathways' predominant role in ACD elicitation in patients without atopic dermatitis, alongside allergen-specific immune processes and mixed effector responses (type 1, 3 and 2).","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"698 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144586509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alert Card for Patients on Biologicals and Immunosuppressives: An EAACI Position Paper.","authors":"Adam Chaker,Paula Kauppi,Sevim Bavbek,Apostolos Bossios,Alexia Chatzipetrou,Davide Firinu,Barbara Rogala,Andrea Matucci,Alessandra Vultaggio,Petr Panzner,Wojciech Feleszko,Ron Eliashar,Ioanna Agache,Ludger Klimek,Maria Torres,Oliver Pfaar,Oscar Palomares,Mohamed Shamji,Thomas Eiwegger,Antonios G A Kolios","doi":"10.1111/all.16656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.16656","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144586439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytic Acid Improves the Skin Barrier Function in Murine Models of Atopic Dermatitis Through Skin Microbiota‐Derived Indole‐3‐Propionic Acid","authors":"Piao Wang, Lan Yang, Lu Chen, Xinyu Huang, Zhen Lin, Yue Li, Caiyu Qi, Tianren Xu, Jianglin Zhang, Min Qi, Biao Cheng, Junjie Wang, Zhiqi Hu, Gaofeng Wang","doi":"10.1111/all.16644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.16644","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundBarrier dysfunction and dysbiosis of the skin microbiota are two of the key factors in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). Phytic acid (PA) is a common constituent of high‐fiber foods, whereas its role in AD remains unelucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PA‐altered skin microbial metabolites on AD and to explore its specific mechanism.MethodsMC903‐induced AD mouse models were used to explore the role of PA on AD by TEWL, immunofluorescence, and qPCR analysis. Using cohouse experiments with feces removal to verify the role of skin microbiota. The specific mechanism of effect of PA was explored through 16S, RNA‐seq, LC–MS/MS, luciferase assay, and in vivo experiments with siRNA.ResultsDiet‐derived PA significantly improved the barrier function of MC903‐induced AD, whether administered by gavage or topically. Topical application of PA reshaped the skin microbiota in AD mice and increased tryptophan‐metabolizing bacteria, especially <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</jats:italic></jats:styled-content>. Furthermore, PA upregulated skin microbiota‐derived indole derivatives, especially indole‐3‐propionic acid (IPA), thus activating AHR to promote the transcription of KRT10, which further ameliorated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD</jats:styled-content>.ConclusionOur findings showed that diet‐derived PA improved barrier function in AD via altering skin microbiota‐derived metabolites, highlighting PA as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD.","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144586537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulation of Cellular, Molecular, and Humoral Responses by PQ Grass 27,600 SU for the Treatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis: A Randomised Double Blind Placebo Control Exploratory Field Study","authors":"Janice A. Layhadi, Sviatlana Starchenka, Pieter‐Jan De Kam, Elizabeth Palmer, Lily Y. D. Wu, Sean T. Keane, William T. Fulton, Prista Hikmawati, Xun Meng, Paulina Filipaviciute, Anna Cutrina Pons, Kemi Oluwayi, Katarzyna Lis, Oliver Armfield, Murray A. Skinner, Matthew D. Heath, Simon J. Hewings, Matthias F. Kramer, Mohamed H. Shamji","doi":"10.1111/all.16640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.16640","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundA short‐course pre‐seasonal subcutaneous injection of PQ Grass is clinically effective for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, though its mechanism remains unclear. The aim of the study was to interrogate immunological mechanisms induced by PQ Grass conventional and extended regimens.MethodsA RDBPC exploratory field study involving participants that either received injections of PQ Grass with a cumulative dose of 27,600 SU conventional (six once weekly injections) or extended regimen (three once weekly injections followed by three once monthly injections) or placebo containing microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT) (placebo + MCT) or saline (placebo) was performed. Humoral, cellular, and molecular responses were assessed at baseline (V1), end of treatment, prior to grass pollen season (V12) and end of pollen season (V15). Immunoglobulin analyses and cellular/gene microarray analyses were performed in the sub‐study cohort consisting of PQ Grass Conventional (&lt;jats:italic&gt;n&lt;/jats:italic&gt; = 25 and &lt;jats:italic&gt;n&lt;/jats:italic&gt; = 10, respectively), PQ Grass Extended (&lt;jats:italic&gt;n&lt;/jats:italic&gt; = 26 and &lt;jats:italic&gt;n&lt;/jats:italic&gt; = 10, respectively), Placebo with MCT (&lt;jats:italic&gt;n&lt;/jats:italic&gt; = 13 and &lt;jats:italic&gt;n&lt;/jats:italic&gt; = 5, respectively), and Placebo (saline; &lt;jats:italic&gt;n&lt;/jats:italic&gt; = 12 and &lt;jats:italic&gt;n&lt;/jats:italic&gt; = 5, respectively).ResultsBoth PQ Grass regimens, conventional and extended, were associated with improvement in total combined scores (TCS) with a relative difference of −35.0% (&lt;jats:italic&gt;p&lt;/jats:italic&gt; = 0.03) and −40.8% (&lt;jats:italic&gt;p&lt;/jats:italic&gt; = 0.01) against placebo with MCT, respectively. Both PQ Grass treatment regimens were associated with increases in the sIgG&lt;jats:sub&gt;4&lt;/jats:sub&gt;/sIgE ratio (all, &lt;jats:italic&gt;p&lt;/jats:italic&gt; &lt; 0.05) and induction of IgA&lt;jats:sub&gt;1&lt;/jats:sub&gt; (all, &lt;jats:italic&gt;p&lt;/jats:italic&gt; &lt; 0.05) and IgA&lt;jats:sub&gt;2&lt;/jats:sub&gt; (all, &lt;jats:italic&gt;p&lt;/jats:italic&gt; &lt; 0.01) compared to placebo groups. Nasal fluid (&lt;jats:italic&gt;p&lt;/jats:italic&gt; &lt; 0.01) and serum (&lt;jats:italic&gt;p&lt;/jats:italic&gt; &lt; 0.05) blocking antibodies are functional and have the capacity to inhibit allergen‐IgE complex formation and binding to B cells in the PQ Grass groups. In vitro cellular and microarray gene analyses demonstrated that the extended PQ Grass regimen was more proficient in modulating the immune response towards a tolerogenic milieu by dampening pro‐inflammatory type 2 immune response and the associated cytokines (&lt;jats:italic&gt;p&lt;/jats:italic&gt; &lt; 0.05), immune deviation towards a Th1 response (&lt;jats:italic&gt;p&lt;/jats:italic&gt; &lt; 0.05), and induction of FOXP3&lt;jats:sup&gt;+&lt;/jats:sup&gt; Treg cells (&lt;jats:italic&gt;p&lt;/jats:italic&gt; &lt; 0.05).ConclusionsFor the first time, we highlight differential mechanisms of tolerance induction by PQ Grass, with the extended regimen being superior in modulating T cell compartments.Trail RegistrationTrial number: PQGrass309, EudraCT number: 2020‐000408‐13","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144577714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skin‐Derived PGD2 Promotes Antigen‐Specific IgE Production via CRTH2 Signaling","authors":"Misato Kida, Tatsuro Nakamura, Shingo Maeda, Nanae Nagata, Hirofumi Enomoto, Takahisa Murata","doi":"10.1111/all.16635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.16635","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144547103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Algorithms in Allergy: Diagnosis and Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis Complicated by Eczema Herpeticum.","authors":"Stephan Traidl,Annice Heratizadeh,Thomas Werfel","doi":"10.1111/all.16632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.16632","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144533402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of Omics Sciences in Allergic Diseases From Bench to Bedside: An EAACI Position Paper.","authors":"Chiara Tontini,Urszula Radzikowska,Carlos J Aranda,Marlena Tynecka,María Isabel Delgado Dolset,Andrzej Eljaszewicz,José Antonio Cornejo-García,Alma Villaseñor,Adriana Ariza,Nuria Contreras,Juan C López-Rodríguez,Dilara Karaguzel,Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo,Riccardo Castagnoli,Ibon Eguiluz-Gracia,Milena Sokolowska,Cristobalina Mayorga,Christiane Hilger,Charlotte G Mortz,Oliver Pfaar,Domingo Barber,Maria M Escribese,Cagatay Karaaslan","doi":"10.1111/all.16638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.16638","url":null,"abstract":"Omics have revolutionized our understanding of allergic diseases, with increasingly more studies adopting techniques like genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics over the years. Integrating high-dimensional omics data with clinical features can enable more precise disease classification and biomarker identification, leading to improved disease management and the development of novel therapies. However, translating these discoveries into clinical practice remains a challenge. In this European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) Position Paper, the Task Force (TF) \"The Use of Omics Sciences in Asthma and Allergy Clinical Practice\" performed a broad review of recent papers where omics technologies were used in the context of clinical studies and provided a summary of relevant findings in the field of asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, food allergy and drug hypersensitivity reactions. Particular attention was dedicated to studies investigating overlapping diseases/co-morbidities, revealing unique and shared signatures that could guide future therapeutic and research efforts. Furthermore, current hurdles in translating findings from bench to bedside were explained, and possible solutions were offered. With this position paper, the TF aims to assist researchers and clinicians by providing an overview of the investigations performed to date, highlighting gaps in research, limitations, and avenues for further exploration in clinical practice.","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144533401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}