Experimental Brain Research最新文献

{"title":"Biological kinematics: a detailed review of the velocity-curvature power law calculation.","authors":"Dagmar Scott Fraser, Massimiliano Di Luca, Jennifer Louise Cook","doi":"10.1007/s00221-025-07065-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00221-025-07065-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 'one-third power law', relating velocity to curvature is among the most established kinematic invariances in bodily movements. Despite being heralded amongst the 'kinematic laws of nature' (Flash 2021, p. 4), there is no consensus on its origin, common reporting practice, or vetted analytical protocol. Many legacy elements of analytical protocols in the literature are suboptimal, such as noise amplification from repeated differentiation, biases arising from filtering, log transformation distortion, and injudicious linear regression, all of which undermine power law calculations. Recent findings of power law divergences in clinical populations have highlighted the need for improved protocols. This article reviews prior power law calculation protocols, identifies suboptimal practices, before proposing candidate solutions grounded in the kinematics literature. We evaluate these candidates via two simple criteria: firstly, they must avoid spurious confirmation of the law, secondly, they must confirm the law when it is present. Ultimately, we synthesise candidate solutions into a vetted, modular protocol which we make freely available to the scientific community. The protocol's modularity accommodates future analytical advances and permits re-use in broader kinematic science applications. We propose that adoption of this protocol will eliminate artificial confirmation of the law and facilitate more sensitive quantification of recently noted power law divergences, which are associated with neurochemical disturbances arising from dopaminergic drugs, and in conditions such as Parkinson's and autism.</p>","PeriodicalId":12268,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Brain Research","volume":"243 5","pages":"107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11968483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143771873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal dynamics and task-dependent neural mechanisms in facial symmetry processing.","authors":"Jian Wang, Rong Cao, Song Xue","doi":"10.1007/s00221-025-07059-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00221-025-07059-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although symmetry has long been recognized as a critical feature in facial perception, relatively little research has examined the temporal dynamics of the neural mechanisms underlying the processing of facial symmetry. To address this gap, the present study employed event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate these dynamics. Using a classic stimulus-response paradigm, behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) data were collected from 27 participants under different task conditions. The results revealed that the neural mechanisms of symmetrical face processing exhibit not only distinct temporal dynamics but also partial automation. Specifically, symmetrical faces elicited larger N170 and later Sustained Posterior Negativity (SPN) amplitudes compared to asymmetrical faces in explicit symmetry tasks. The N170 component likely reflects an early stage of visual-perceptual processing, oriented toward aesthetic appraisal and face recognition, whereas the SPN reflects a mid-to-late stage of sustained integration involved in symmetry processing. These findings suggest that facial symmetry processing is a dynamic, strategy-driven process, with different priorities emerging at distinct stages of neural activity.Additionally, in the implicit task, symmetrical faces elicited larger P300 amplitudes compared to asymmetrical faces, suggesting a degree of automaticity in the processing of facial symmetry. N170 and P300 components were also observed when processing emoji stimuli in the explicit symmetry task, indicating that face-like materials engage similar neural mechanisms under certain conditions. Taken together, this study not only provides direct evidence of the neural mechanisms underlying facial symmetry processing in explicit tasks but also underscores the complexity and specificity of this process, as revealed through implicit tasks and the use of face-like stimuli such as emojis. These findings offer valuable insights into the temporal dynamics of the neural mechanisms involved in facial symmetry processing, advancing our understanding of its nuanced and multifaceted nature.</p>","PeriodicalId":12268,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Brain Research","volume":"243 5","pages":"106"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relating cortical morphology, corticospinal excitability, corticomotor representation, and quadriceps strength after anterior cruciate ligament injury.","authors":"Maria C Canino, Nicholas Arvin, Zechariah Nachazel, James J Irrgang, Adam Popchak, Volker Musahl, Adam J Sterczala, Shawn D Flanagan","doi":"10.1007/s00221-025-07003-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00221-025-07003-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current study investigated the relationship between sensorimotor cortical thickness, corticospinal excitability, corticomotor topography, and quadriceps strength after ACL reconstruction (ACLR). Ten women with a history of unilateral ACLR and 10 controls (CON) received single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation during unilateral, submaximal isometric knee extensions. Pulses were delivered to each vastus medialis oblique (VMO) hotspot with concurrent biceps femoris (BF) monitoring. Corticospinal excitability was assessed by delivering 40 pulses at various intensities to each hotspot. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were averaged at each intensity and fitted to a Boltzmann sigmoidal curve using nonlinear regression to derive v50, slope, and MEP_MAX. A motor mapping procedure included 120 pulses delivered in a 6 × 6 cm grid placed around each hotspot. Ultrasonography was used to measure VMO muscle thickness. Structural MRIs were acquired to derive paracentral lobule (PCL) cortical thickness. ACLR group's previously injured leg was weaker than the healthy leg, with no between-leg differences in CON. Regardless of group, v50 was asymmetrical between legs. Slope, MEP_MAX, VMO map measures, and VMO thickness were similar between legs and groups. ACLR tended to have asymmetrical PCL thickness with BF map measures larger in the hemisphere of the previously injured leg than healthy leg, whereas CON had symmetrical PCL thickness and BF map measures. Results indicate that even years after ACLR corticomotor structure plasticity is homotopic with persistent asymmetrical knee extension strength but no differences in corticospinal excitability. Overall, the hemispheric asymmetry in leg-specific brain structure may contribute to the knee extensor strength deficits common after ACLR.</p>","PeriodicalId":12268,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Brain Research","volume":"243 4","pages":"105"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143751867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bimanual coordination and neuromuscular synchronization in Parkinson's disease and healthy adults.","authors":"Madison Weinrich, Osmar P Neto, Yiyu Wang, Brock Balthazor, Deanna M Kennedy","doi":"10.1007/s00221-025-07061-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00221-025-07061-4","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that significantly impairs motor function, affecting over 1.5 million people in the U.S. PD is characterized by deficits in movement speed, force timing, and force modulation, particularly during coordinated upper limb actions. These impairments contribute to reduced functional independence and a diminished quality of life in individuals with PD. This study investigated the impact of PD on bimanual coordination, focusing on temporal accuracy, force production, and neuromuscular synchronization. The goal was to compare these parameters across individuals with PD, healthy older adults (HOA), and healthy young adults (HYA) during a stable force coordination task. Thirteen individuals with PD (median age [min-max] = 73 [60-83] years; 6 males), 13 HOAs median age [min-max] = 74 [60-84] years; 7 males), and 15 HYAs (median age [min-max] = 21 [18-23] years; 7 males) performed a 1:1 in-phase (0°) bimanual coordination task, requiring participants to rhythmically produce isometric forces with their left and right index fingers. Muscle activity from the First Dorsal Interosseus (FDI) muscles were recorded using electromyography (EMG). Each participant completed 21, 30-second trials. Temporal accuracy and stability were assessed using frequency ratio, absolute error (AE), and variability (VE) of relative phase. Force production was evaluated in terms of force harmonicity, force asymmetry, and peak force. Neuromuscular synchronization was analyzed using force-force and EMG-EMG coherence across different frequency bands. All groups achieved the target frequency ratio of 1.0, with no significant differences in AE or VE, suggesting comparable temporal accuracy and stability across groups. However, the PD group demonstrated significantly lower harmonicity, indicating less smooth force production, and greater force asymmetry compared to HOA and HYA groups. Reduced force-force coherence, especially in the 1-4 Hz and 4-8 Hz frequency bands, further highlighted challenges in bilateral force synchronization for the PD group. EMG-EMG coherence analysis revealed that the HYA group exhibited higher muscle activation synchronization, particularly in the alpha band, compared to the PD group. These findings suggest that while basic temporal coordination remains intact in PD, the disease impairs the smoothness and symmetry of force production, likely due to disrupted neural synchronization. The observed correlations between higher force coherence, greater harmonicity, and lower force asymmetry underscore the critical role of neural drive coherence in achieving smooth and symmetrical force production. However, it is important to consider the impact of medication state, since all participants were tested around their \"ON\" medication state. Understanding these impairments can inform the development of targeted interventions and rehabilitation strategies aimed at improving motor function and quality of l","PeriodicalId":12268,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Brain Research","volume":"243 4","pages":"104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143751864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal dynamics of full-body ownership and vicarious touch sensations as inferred from embodying a virtual avatar.","authors":"Chiara Verga, Sara Di Marco, Federico Giove, Salvatore Maria Aglioti, Matteo P Lisi","doi":"10.1007/s00221-025-07055-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00221-025-07055-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Feeling a tactile sensation when observing a touch on an artificial body (Vicarious Touch, VT) and the illusion of full-body ownership (Full-body Ownership Illusion, FBOI) can be effectively induced using Virtual Reality (VR). However, the onset timing of these phenomena, particularly under visual-only stimulation, remains elusive. While prior research has focused on body-part ownership under visuotactile conditions, the temporal dynamics of VT in a full-body context remain underexplored. This study investigated FBOI and VT in 34 healthy participants observing a virtual body from either a first-person (1PP) or third-person (3PP) perspective. Illusory experiences were categorized into different outcomes, and participants provided subjective ratings of onset timing and intensity. These were analyzed alongside physiological measures (respiratory rate, heart rate variability, and skin conductance) and psychological traits (empathy and attachment) to explore factors modulating these experiences. Results showed that 1PP significantly accelerated and intensified both FBOI and VT, highlighting the pivotal role of perspective in sensory integration. Conversely, 3PP was linked to a higher prevalence of No Illusion outcomes and weaker illusions, reflecting difficulties in aligning sensory cues. Respiratory rate emerged as a marker of VT experiences, while empathy predicted faster and more intense VT, indicating greater sensitivity in emotionally attuned individuals. These findings provide insights into the temporal dynamics of VT and FBOI, with implications for VR-based therapeutic applications targeting sensory integration and body representation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12268,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Brain Research","volume":"243 4","pages":"103"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143735667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rocking the cerebral blood flow: the influence of music listening and aerobic exercise on cortical hemodynamics and post-intervention executive function.","authors":"Azar Ayaz, Alma Rahimi, Lian Buwadi, Yu-Bu Wang, Liye Zou, Matthew Heath","doi":"10.1007/s00221-025-07054-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00221-025-07054-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A single bout of exercise transiently \"boosts\" executive function (EF) and is a benefit that may be linked to an increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF). In turn, some work has reported that music listening imparts a similar EF benefit and increases CBF. In the present work, we examined whether music listening provides an EF benefit comparable to aerobic exercise and whether combined music listening and aerobic exercise supports an additive benefit. To that end, healthy young adults (N = 22, 14 female, 19-28 years) completed 10-min single bouts of: (1) music listening (ML), (2) light intensity aerobic exercise (AE), (3) combined ML and AE (ML + AE), and (4) a non-AE and non-ML control condition. For all conditions, pre- and post-intervention EF was assessed via the antisaccade task (i.e., saccade mirror-symmetrical to a target) and transcranial Doppler ultrasound measured middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) to estimate CBF. Results showed that ML, AE and ML + AE conditions increased MCAv; however, only the latter two conditions produced a pre- to post-intervention reduction in antisaccade RTs and the benefit was not linked to a MCAv change. Moreover, frequentist and Bayesian statistics indicated that the reduction in antisaccade RTs was equivalent across AE and ML + AE conditions. Accordingly, a single bout of exercise - and not a single bout of music listening - supports a non-additive post-intervention EF benefit that is not related to an exercise-based increase in CBF. Such findings suggest that exercise serves as a simple and cost-effective tool that can \"boost\" EF in advance of occupational- or educational-demanding tasks.</p>","PeriodicalId":12268,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Brain Research","volume":"243 4","pages":"102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of a two-hour endurance run on brain activity monitored over 24 h.","authors":"Katherine Boere, Frances Copithorne, Olave E Krigolson","doi":"10.1007/s00221-025-07056-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00221-025-07056-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute exercise has been shown to enhance cognitive abilities, particularly those governed by the prefrontal cortex, such as executive function. However, the effects of prolonged exercise on cognition and brain activity, especially over extended recovery periods, remain underexplored. This pilot study investigated the effects of two hours of moderate-intensity running on oscillatory brain activity and working memory performance, monitored across a 24-hour recovery period-an interval not previously studied. Using electroencephalography (EEG) and a 2-back task, resting-state brain activity and task-specific frontal theta power were assessed. While task accuracy and reaction times showed no significant changes, frontal theta power increased one hour post-exercise, reflecting heightened cognitive effort. Resting-state EEG demonstrated a sustained increase in high-alpha power, which persisted until the 24-hour mark and indicated cortical recovery processes. While limited by the lack of a control group, these findings suggest that prolonged moderate-intensity exercise may elicit complex and delayed neurophysiological responses, supporting recovery and neural resilience in trained individuals. Therefore, our research offers new insights into the interplay between exercise, cognition, and recovery, with implications for optimizing performance in physically demanding contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":12268,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Brain Research","volume":"243 4","pages":"101"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143699835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complex interplay between emotional states and gait parameters: a domain-specific investigation in healthy young adults.","authors":"Bahman Adlou, Danielle Wadsworth, John L Grace, Jerad Kosek, Christopher Wilburn, Wendi Weimar","doi":"10.1007/s00221-025-07048-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00221-025-07048-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emotional states significantly influence human movement, yet specific relationships between naturally occurring moods and gait parameters remain poorly understood. This study investigated how naturally occurring mood states affect gait characteristics in young adults (n = 16), accounting for time-of-day variations and individual-level differences. Participants completed mood assessments and instrumented gait analysis across five sessions throughout an academic semester. Principal component analysis identified five distinct gait domains (phase, variability, rhythmicity, temporal, and spatial), explaining 84.67% of total variance. Linear mixed-effects models with random intercepts showed that negative moods distinctly affected temporal (β = 0.675, p = 0.012) and spatial (β = 0.522, p = 0.045) components, with anger and shame prolonging temporal measures and guilt and shame increasing spatial variability. Conversely, happiness shortened temporal measures (β=-0.568) and reduced spatial variability (β=-0.683), suggesting a stabilizing effect on gait dynamics. Substantial inter-individual variability emerged in phase organization (4.870), underscoring unique baseline differences in emotion-gait coupling. Morning sessions exhibited significantly faster gait speed (mean = 1.577 ± 0.296 m/s) and longer step lengths (mean = 80.070 ± 10.767 cm) compared to afternoon sessions (gait speed: mean = 1.311 ± 0.107 m/s; step length: mean = 71.903 ± 5.325 cm; p < 0.001). These findings confirm that distinct mood states elicit domain-specific gait changes and highlight the importance of circadian and individual factors for understanding embodied cognition and refining clinical gait assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":12268,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Brain Research","volume":"243 4","pages":"100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11933162/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143699834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visually-evoked postural responses to small, rapid stimuli in the naïve participant.","authors":"Sisuri G Hemakumara, Juan Forero, Keith K Fenrich, John E Misiaszek","doi":"10.1007/s00221-025-07053-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00221-025-07053-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous work has clearly demonstrated that visual feedback is integrated into the control of postural alignment and orientation, and is suggested to contribute to corrections for unexpected self-motion. Experimentally-generated visual stimuli have typically been oscillating or long duration and analysis has focused on averaged responses. The present study investigated whether a small, rapid unexpected displacement of a visual surround was sufficient to evoke a postural correction and whether the false stimulus was disambiguated on subsequent exposures. In a second group of participants, it was asked whether the provision of light touch feedback disambiguated the visual stimulus. The ramp-and-hold visual stimulus was created by displacing (2.5 cm, 130 mm/s peak velocity) a visual surround either forwards or backwards. Responses were characterized from the anterior-posterior motion of the center of pressure under the feet. All participants in the No Touch cohort responded by swaying in the direction of the visual stimulus on the first trial, preceded by an initial deflection in the opposite direction, with an onset latency of ~ 240 ms. Similar responses, but of markedly smaller amplitude, were observed with the first trial in the Touch cohort. The amplitude of the response decreased on subsequent trials in both cohorts, however the time-varying motion in the center of pressure remained evident in trials 8 to 10. These results indicate that small, rapid visual stimuli are sufficient to induce postural corrections to sensed self-motion. The false-positive self-motion responses are not completely disambiguated by repeated exposure or by additional sensory feedback from touch.</p>","PeriodicalId":12268,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Brain Research","volume":"243 4","pages":"99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11930864/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143691621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Training effects of affordance judgments in four different settings: towards developing a training battery for affordance judgments.","authors":"Milena S Gölz, Isabel Bauer, Lisa Finkel, Cedric Rosati, Andrea Wenzel, Tobias Herrmann, Kenneth F Valyear, Jennifer Randerath","doi":"10.1007/s00221-025-07024-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00221-025-07024-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Training affordance judgments (AJs) across different settings, such as judging whether an object is within reach or an obstacle conquerable, could be meaningful to older adults and neurological patients with diminished judgment behaviors.The long-term aim is to develop a comprehensive training battery with different types of AJ tasks. The present study used a between-subjects design to evaluate trainability in four different settings. Judgment behavior of 52 healthy young adults was trained (80 trials) in one out of four settings (per trained task N = 13): 1. Reaching horizontally forward for an object, 2. Fitting one hand horizontally into an aperture, 3. Fitting upright under a horizontal barrier, and 4. Stepping over a hurdle. Participants' judgment performance was assessed pre- versus post-training. Additionally, to assess whether other AJ-based tasks as potential distractors may override training effects, the other three non-trained tasks were presented, and subsequently, judgment performance in the trained task was assessed once more. Accuracy, judgment tendency, and perceptual sensitivity served as dependent variables.A Friedman Test revealed a main effect of time point in all three variables. Post hoc analyses showed significant improvements in the trained task even after exposure to other AJ tasks.The results suggest that in young healthy adults, AJs can be trained effectively within different AJ settings, and improvements within one setting can last, even when AJs in other settings are solved in between. Our study provides proof of principle and an important step towards developing a training battery for AJs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12268,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Brain Research","volume":"243 4","pages":"98"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11929631/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143691620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}