Bernardo Villa-Sánchez, Andrew Hooyman, Sydney Y Schaefer
{"title":"The influence of informational priming on motor expectancy in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).","authors":"Bernardo Villa-Sánchez, Andrew Hooyman, Sydney Y Schaefer","doi":"10.1007/s00221-025-07110-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00221-025-07110-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has shown mixed results in cognitive and motor functions, raising questions about its efficacy and/or the potential influence of psychological factors. Expectations about treatment efficacy (a placebo-like mechanism) might explain this mixed tDCS success. Recent research has begun to examine the expectations of tDCS on performance. However, it is unclear how malleable individual tDCS expectations are within the motor domain. This study investigated how informational priming influences participants' expectations of tDCS on motor function and whether prior tDCS knowledge influences this effect. One hundred ninety-eight participants were recruited and assigned into high or low expectation priming groups. A modified expectation assessment scale, which measured expected tDCS-related motor performance, was administered before and after receiving information about tDCS efficacy. The high-expectation priming group was exposed to evidence of such efficacy, while the low-expectation priming group received information emphasizing the lack of evidence of tDCS efficacy. Expectations of tDCS efficacy for all motor domains significantly increased in the high-expectation priming group and decreased in the low-expectation priming group. Furthermore, after priming, the high-expectation priming group had significantly higher expectations than the low-expectation priming group. Interestingly, participants in the high-expectation priming group with prior knowledge of tDCS showed no change in expectations. Notably, these findings demonstrate that expectations about tDCS's efficacy on motor performance are malleable depending on the information type and prior tDCS knowledge. Future studies are encouraged to control or assess participants' expectations of tDCS to optimize its effect on motor outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12268,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Brain Research","volume":"243 7","pages":"157"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144173338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karin Ludwig, Raffaela M M Böswald, Johannes Schusterbauer, Thomas Schenk
{"title":"Side-specific implicit training of attentional disengagement and reorienting.","authors":"Karin Ludwig, Raffaela M M Böswald, Johannes Schusterbauer, Thomas Schenk","doi":"10.1007/s00221-025-07049-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00221-025-07049-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Some patients with parietal brain damage have problems disengaging their attention from ipsilesional stimuli. Although this disengage deficit has been described in the framework of the neglect syndrome, where it is particularly pronounced, no current treatment addresses this issue directly and side-specifically. In this study we propose a paradigm that could serve as such a training and - as a proof of concept - test its effects on the attentional allocation of healthy participants. We trained 36 participants between 20 and 35 years of age in a spatial orienting paradigm in which cues on one side were predictive of the opposite side, while the cues on the opposite side were neutral. We then compared reaction times before, during, and after this training. We could show that (1) this side-specific training specifically accelerated attentional disengagement from the predictive cues, (2) this effect persisted even when cues became unpredictive again, (3) it could be achieved implicitly, i.e., without the participants' knowledge of the true cue-target-relationship, and that (4) it indeed relied on the learning of the cue's predictiveness of the target location and not pure target occurrence probabilities. These results not only contribute to our knowledge about the spatial orienting of attention but might also form the basis for a new approach to treating the disengage deficit.</p>","PeriodicalId":12268,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Brain Research","volume":"243 7","pages":"156"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12119381/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144157630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lefteris Themelis Zografos, Anna Konstantoulaki, Christoph Klein, Argiro Vatakis, Nikolaos Smyrnis
{"title":"Audiovisual integration of speech: evidence for increased accuracy in \"talk\" versus \"listen\" condition.","authors":"Lefteris Themelis Zografos, Anna Konstantoulaki, Christoph Klein, Argiro Vatakis, Nikolaos Smyrnis","doi":"10.1007/s00221-025-07088-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00221-025-07088-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Processing of sensory stimuli generated by our own actions differs from that of externally generated stimuli. However, most evidence regarding this phenomenon concerns the processing of unisensory stimuli. A few studies have explored the effect of self-generated actions on multisensory stimuli and how it affects the integration of these stimuli. Most of them used abstract stimuli (e.g., flashes, beeps) rather than more natural ones such as sensations that are commonly correlated with actions that we perform in our everyday lives such as speech. In the current study, we explored the effect of self-generated action on the process of multisensory integration (MSI) during speech. We used a novel paradigm where participants were either listening to the echo of their own speech, while watching a video of themselves producing the same speech (\"talk\", active condition), or they listened to their previously recorded speech and watched the prerecorded video of themselves producing the same speech (\"listen\", passive condition). In both conditions, different stimulus onset asynchronies were introduced between the auditory and visual streams and participants were asked to perform simultaneity judgments. Using these judgments, we determined temporal binding windows (TBW) of integration for each participant and condition. We found that the TBW was significantly smaller in the active as compared to the passive condition indicating more accurate MSI. These results support the conclusion that sensory perception is modulated by self-generated action at the multisensory in addition to the unisensory level.</p>","PeriodicalId":12268,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Brain Research","volume":"243 6","pages":"154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12106506/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144142076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruud A J Koster, Coen S Zandvoort, Jennifer N Kerkman, Andreas Daffertshofer, Nadia Dominici
{"title":"Exploring the cortical involvement in sensorimotor integration during early stages of independent walking.","authors":"Ruud A J Koster, Coen S Zandvoort, Jennifer N Kerkman, Andreas Daffertshofer, Nadia Dominici","doi":"10.1007/s00221-025-07099-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00221-025-07099-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The control of human locomotion is governed by a combination of congenital and emerging locomotor muscle synergies. The first arguably build on spinal and brainstem circuitries, whereas the latter have a cortical resemblance. By hypothesis this cortical activity reflects sensorimotor integration which matures during the development of walking. We therefore investigated the role of sensory information by manipulating the gravitational loading in 23 toddlers walking on an instrumented treadmill while recording 3D kinematics, EEG, and EMG of 24 trunk and lower extremity muscles. Sensory loading was manipulated via low and high levels of external body weight support. Cortico-synergy connectivity was compared between the two different support levels and at two stages of gait development: onset of independent walking (just after the first steps) and at six months of walking experience. These two age groups consisted of different subjects. For twelve toddlers data quantity and quality met requirements to enter analysis. Four muscle synergies sufficed to characterise gait, regardless of support level and developmental stage. Cortico-synergy coherence confirmed involvement of the sensorimotor cortex only in the two emerging synergies associated with walking onset. Reduced sensory loading was accompanied by a decreased coherence but only in toddlers with little walking experience. That gravitational loading alters the cortical resemblance of the synergies, especially at an early age, suggests that it reflects the integration of sensory information, at least to some extent. Our findings hint at the importance of sensorimotor integration in the emergence of the synergies linked to the onset of independent walking.</p>","PeriodicalId":12268,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Brain Research","volume":"243 6","pages":"153"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12106539/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144142077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ali Asghar Zarei, Casper Ravn Frederiksen, Mathias Bundgaard Jensen, Anderson Souza Oliveira
{"title":"The electrocortical activity of elite Rubik's cube athletes while solving the cube.","authors":"Ali Asghar Zarei, Casper Ravn Frederiksen, Mathias Bundgaard Jensen, Anderson Souza Oliveira","doi":"10.1007/s00221-025-07104-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00221-025-07104-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Solving the Rubik's Cube (RC) swiftly demands intricate cognitive abilities to generate strategic and precise movements, and the electrocortical demands in high-level RC athletes have not been explored. Therefore, we aimed at examining the electrocortical activity associated with planning and executing the RC, alongside tasks assessing planning, fine motor skills, spatial working memory, and visuospatial ability. Thirteen experienced male speed-cubers underwent EEG recordings while performing RC-related tasks (planning and execution), Tower of London (TOL), Judgment of Line Angle and Position-15 (JLAP), Memory Match (MEM), and Fine Motor Skills (FMS). Our results demonstrated that speed-cubers presented similar EEG power spectrum when planning and executing the RC across all frequency bands (p > 0.05). Pearson's correlation demonstrated that Delta-band EEG power spectrum in the occipital lobe exhibited a significant association with RC execution (r = 0.71, p = 0.009), underscoring the importance of visuomotor integration. Similarly, JLAP performance correlated significantly with frontal (r=-0.65, p = 0.022) and occipital EEG power spectrum (r=-0.57, p = 0.048) at the Delta-band, emphasizing the role of visuospatial abilities. Moreover, TOL performance correlated significantly with temporal EEG power spectrum at the Delta- (r=-0.64, p = 0.025) and Theta-band (r = 0.67, p = 0.011), highlighting the role of planning abilities while solving the RC. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the complex neural mechanisms underlying speed-cubing, revealing intricate neural signatures across multiple brain regions associated with RC-related tasks and isolated cognitive activities. Understanding these neurocognitive underpinnings could pave the way for enhanced training protocols in tasks demanding high-level cognitive and motor skills.</p>","PeriodicalId":12268,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Brain Research","volume":"243 6","pages":"155"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12106139/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144142078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Marchand, Marine Balcou, Philippine Picher, Maxime Rosito, Damien Mateo, Nathalie Vayssiere, Jean-Baptiste Durand, Alexandra Séverac Cauquil
{"title":"Visuo-vestibular integration for self-motion: human cortical area V6 prefers forward and congruent stimuli.","authors":"Sarah Marchand, Marine Balcou, Philippine Picher, Maxime Rosito, Damien Mateo, Nathalie Vayssiere, Jean-Baptiste Durand, Alexandra Séverac Cauquil","doi":"10.1007/s00221-025-07106-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00221-025-07106-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The integration of visual and vestibular input is crucial for self-motion. Information from both sensory systems merges early in the central nervous system. Among the numerous cortical areas involved in processing this information, some (V6 and the ventral intraparietal area -VIP) respond specifically to vestibular anteroposterior information. A series of experiments were carried out to further understand the involvement of these and other areas in self-motion processing when vestibular and visual information are combined with varying congruence and direction parameters. Fifteen subjects underwent an MRI session while receiving visual (optic flow patterns) and galvanic vestibular stimuli, mimicking six conditions: (1) visual forward, (2) visual backward, visual forward with (3) congruent or (4) incongruent vestibular information, visual backward with (5) congruent or (6) incongruent vestibular information. At the voxel-wise level, adding vestibular stimulation to optic flow stimulation activated several bilateral areas located predominantly in the insular cortex. However, the region of interest (ROI) analysis of these areas indicated that none of them exhibits any specificity for the forward/backward direction or for the visuo-vestibular congruency. By extending the ROI approach to other well-known visuo-vestibular areas, we found that the parieto-occipital area V6 is unique in showing not only an increased level of activation for concurrent visual and vestibular stimulation, but also a marked preference when these signals are congruent and specify forward motion. Since area V6 is the only region more active when both visual and vestibular signals specify the most common self-motion direction (i.e. forward self-motion), our results support the view that this area plays a crucial role in visuo-vestibular integration during locomotion. This could be the first step towards the construction of a conscious perception of self-motion, possibly involving other areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":12268,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Brain Research","volume":"243 6","pages":"152"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12102104/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cognitive and emotional engagement in negotiation: insights from EEG and fNIRS Hyperscanning.","authors":"Carlotta Acconito, Katia Rovelli, Federica Saquella, Michela Balconi","doi":"10.1007/s00221-025-07093-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00221-025-07093-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In negotiation, individuals collaborate to achieve a shared goal and reach a mutual agreement by understanding their partner's intentions and adapting to them. Unlike most social cognition studies that investigate brain activity in individuals separately, this study employed an innovative hyperscanning approach, which is able to explore the inter-brain synchronization during negotiation. 26 students, divided into 13 dyads, participated in a negotiation decision-making task, requiring convergence on a shared course of action. The interaction was segmented offline into three phases: opener (sharing of individual opinions), central (negotiation), and final phase (shared decision). Electrophysiological (EEG delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma bands) and hemodynamic (oxygenated-OHb and deoxygenated-HHb hemoglobin) data were collected. Higher HHb levels were observed during the central phase compared to the final phase, suggesting a relative decrease in frontal activation, potentially due to a shift in cognitive processing toward temporoparietal regions, as indicated by EEG findings. Increased delta, theta, and alpha activity was reported in the frontal area, suggesting the engagement of emotional and motivational systems as well as cortical resources for information processing. Finally, beta and gamma bands showed higher activity in the temporo-central and parieto-occipital areas, indicating the activation of perspective-taking. This study highlights how hyperscanning reveals the neural mechanisms of negotiation, where emotional, cognitive, and perspective-taking processes converge.</p>","PeriodicalId":12268,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Brain Research","volume":"243 6","pages":"151"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144110438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ross E Smith, Andrew D Shelton, Gregory S Sawicki, Jason R Franz
{"title":"The effects of series elastic stiffness and cutaneous sensitivity on leg muscle reflex responses to unanticipated slips during walking.","authors":"Ross E Smith, Andrew D Shelton, Gregory S Sawicki, Jason R Franz","doi":"10.1007/s00221-025-07095-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00221-025-07095-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fall-related injuries are a large public health concern for older adults (OA). Delayed or inappropriate afferent signaling may hinder detection of balance perturbation (e.g., slip), predisposing OA to falls and less efficacious corrective actions. Perturbation detection is largely governed by proprioceptive acuity, consisting of sensory information from skin and musculotendinous receptors. While skin and muscle receptors' signaling thresholds increase with age, feedback from muscle may be uniquely delayed and diminished by age-related decreases in series elastic tissue stiffness which, during a rapid, unanticipated joint position change, could decrease the velocity of muscle stretch, delaying detection. Ultimately, the association between skin and muscle afferent signaling integrity and muscle reflex timing in response to walking balance perturbations has yet to be well established. This study evaluated the associations between plantar cutaneous sensitivity (PS) and Achilles tendon stiffness (k<sub>AT</sub>) to muscle reflex responsiveness of ankle plantar- and dorsiflexor muscles following treadmill-induced slip perturbations in younger and OA. Compared to younger adults (YA), we found that OA had lesser PS and k<sub>AT</sub> and delayed tibialis anterior excitation onset. However, neither sensory outcome associated with muscle onset times. Later in stance, OA exhibited earlier triceps surae onsets than YA. However, only in YA did earlier gastrocnemius activity associate with greater k<sub>AT</sub>, which may indicate an ankle dominant balance recovery strategy in YA. Our results point to specific age-related changes in the timing of neuromuscular corrections to mitigate instability, which may underlie age-related differences in balance recovery efficacy and subsequent injury severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12268,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Brain Research","volume":"243 6","pages":"150"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092490/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144110439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Taylor N Takla, Reem Tamimi, Ana M Daugherty, Merrill R Landers, Hilary A Marusak, Nora E Fritz
{"title":"Neural correlates of concern about falling in multiple sclerosis: resting-state functional connectivity in amygdala-hippocampal and amygdala-cerebellar circuits.","authors":"Taylor N Takla, Reem Tamimi, Ana M Daugherty, Merrill R Landers, Hilary A Marusak, Nora E Fritz","doi":"10.1007/s00221-025-07101-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00221-025-07101-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Concern about falling (CAF) is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), impacting motor function, cognition, and emotional well-being. However, the underlying neural correlates remain understudied. Given the multifactorial nature of CAF, we hypothesized that neural correlates may involve interactions between brain regions involved in emotional (e.g., amygdala), motor (e.g., cerebellum), and cognitive functions (e.g., hippocampus). This study explored associations between CAF and resting-state functional connectivity (FC) in amygdala-hippocampal and amygdala-cerebellar circuits in MS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants with relapsing-remitting MS completed the Falls Efficacy Scale-International to assess CAF, followed by a functional MRI scan. Region of interest (ROI)-to-ROI analyses examined associations between CAF and FC in amygdala-hippocampal and amygdala-cerebellar circuits. Significant connections were identified using false discovery rate (FDR) correction at α = 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-one individuals participated in our study. CAF was significantly associated with greater amygdala-hippocampal FC (T(39) ≥ 3.76, q ≤ 0.001) and lower amygdala-cerebellar FC (T(39) ≤ -2.52, q ≤ 0.026).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings highlight distinct neural patterns linked to CAF in MS. Higher CAF was associated with greater amygdala-hippocampal connectivity, suggesting that neural circuits underlying fear-related memories and emotional processing may play a crucial role in perceived fall risk. In contrast, lower amygdala-cerebellar connectivity in individuals with heightened CAF may reflect diminished integration of emotional and motor output, potentially compromising the ability to assess environmental hazards and situations where falls are likely to occur. Further understanding these neural underpinnings may help develop targeted interventions to reduce CAF and its negative impact on people with MS.</p>","PeriodicalId":12268,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Brain Research","volume":"243 6","pages":"148"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144077049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Soluble TREM2 ameliorates pathological phenotypes in ischemic stroke models via modulating neuronal and microglial functions.","authors":"Yanfei Guan, Feng Gao, Bo Chen, Tiansheng Yu, Linxin Meng, Qingzhuang Chen, Xiaodan Xiao","doi":"10.1007/s00221-025-07094-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00221-025-07094-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although the neuroprotective effects of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2) upregulation after ischemic stroke has been demonstrated, the level change and effect of soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) derived from proteolytic cleavage of the TREM2 extracellular domain in ischemic stroke remain unknown. In our study, the level and function of sTREM2 were detected in neuron-microglia co-cultures subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) and in the ischemic striatum of C57BL/6 J mice in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model. sTREM2's effect on neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) interaction was determined by co-immunoprecipitation. The microglial-activated morphology in the striatum was identified by immunohistochemistry. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactionwas used to detect the transcriptional levels of TREM2, shorter variant TREM2, insulin-like growth factor 1, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-13. Levels of sTREM2, generated through the cleavage of full-length TREM2 at the His157-Ser158 peptide bond, declined after OGD and tMCAO. sTREM2 reduced neuronal death after OGD and alleviated brain infarction and neurological deficits after tMCAO by disrupting the nNOS-PSD-95 interaction, promoting microglial activation, and increasing the expression of some cytokines associated with microglial polarization towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to suggest that sTREM2 protects against transient cerebral ischemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":12268,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Brain Research","volume":"243 6","pages":"149"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144086024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}