Folia morphologica最新文献

{"title":"Visualization of sheep kidney vasculature by modified corrosion cast technique.","authors":"Om Prakash Choudhary","doi":"10.5603/fm.101266","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.101266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This Letter to the Editor correlates with the article: Aycan K, Köse F, Kamaşak Arpaçay B, et al. A new corrosion method (Aycan's method). Folia Morphol. 2025; 84(1): 249-255, doi: 10.5603/fm.100364, indexed in Pubmed: 38895752.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"281-282"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141888930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thyroid ima artery (the artery of Neubauer) - how much do we know?","authors":"Kacper Bąk, Kordian Fuksa, Maria Lipski, Justyna Wajda, Artur Pasternak, Apurba Patra, Jerzy Andrzej Walocha","doi":"10.5603/fm.101553","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.101553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The blood supply of the thyroid gland has been the subject of numerous original studies, case reports and meta-analyses. The number of surgical procedures carried out on the thyroid gland has significantly increased over the last few decades. The cadaveric report discusses the case of a thyroidea ima artery (TIA) which originated from the brachiocephalic artery before its terminal subdivision, giving off numerous branches to the infrahyoid muscles, trachea, and thyroid gland. Based on the current literature, we discuss the prevalence of TIA, its embryology, and possible clinical aspects of this variation, with special attention paid to the postoperative complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"263-266"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141970971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphometric evaluation of the left atrioventricular valve complex and its clinical relations.","authors":"Buse Naz Çandır, Çağla Ergin, Kader Yılar, Osman Coşkun, Erdoğan Kara, Ayşin Kale, Nilgün Bozbuğa, Adnan Öztürk, Özcan Gayretli","doi":"10.5603/fm.99585","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.99585","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aims to evaluate morphometrically and morphologically the left fibrous ring, mitral leaflets, tendinous cords, and papillary muscles, which are the components of the left atrioventricular valve complex (LAVC), and to reveal their clinical relationships.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 120 human hearts were examined at the Forensic Medicine Institute. The study included cases aged 30 years and older, less than 24 hours post-mortem. Heart length, width, height/width ratio, anteroposterior and mediolateral diameters of the annulus, annular area, length and width of leaflets, number and attachment sites of tendinous cords, number, shape, length, the width of papillary muscles, and distances to various points were recorded to determine their spatial configurations. Additionally, the measurement data of LAVC components in cases with and without cardiovascular disease (CVD) and their relationships with the demographic characteristics of the cases were also explained.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the diagnostic performance test (ROC analysis), it was determined that body mass index ( > 26.7), heart weight ( > 414 g), heart height/width ratio (≤ 1.24), mitral valve width ( > 99.96 mm), left ventricular wall thickness ( > 15.08 mm), annular area ( > 619.37 mm²), and mediolateral diameter of the annulus ( > 30.71 mm) are important diagnostic criteria in determining CVD if they are outside the specified reference values.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides anatomical information about LAVC, along with recommendations for diagnosis and surgical treatment planning. We believe that our findings will be useful to clinicians.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"83-96"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141260913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age changes in gastric mucosa of male albino rats: histological, immunohistochemical, histomorphometric and biochemical study.","authors":"Shereen Abdel Fattah Mohammed, Ayman Abo El-Enein Rizk Arafat, Mogeda Mahdy Nasralla, Marwa Mahmoud Elsayed, Doaa Mahmoud Shuaib","doi":"10.5603/fm.100959","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.100959","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Age-related changes in the stomach are associated with alterations in the structure and secretory function of the gastric glands. The present study aimed to investigate histological, histomorphometric and biochemical changes in the gastric mucosa of rats with age.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Eighty adult male albino rats were randomly divided into four age groups, 20 rats per group (prepubertal, adolescent, adult, and senile). Gastric specimens were subjected to light microscopic examination using haematoxylin and eosin, PAS and Masson's trichrome stains. Immunohistochemical staining for caspase-3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was carried out. Measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and malondialdehyde (MDA) activity in gastric tissue homogenates was performed using ELISA. Quantitative analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression was done by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Light microscopic examination of gastric mucosa of senile rats revealed distortion of gastric glands and erosions. Surface mucous cells, mucous neck cells, parietal and chief cells exhibited cytoplasmic destruction, nuclear degeneration, apoptosis and oxidative damage. There was a significant decrease in the mean gastric mucosal thickness, an increase in collagen content, and a decrease in mucous content with the advance of age. These morphological changes were associated with a significant decrease in both SOD and GPx activity, and an increase in MDA activity, in addition to decreased VEGF gene expression.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Gastric mucosa of aged rats showed histological and immunohistochemical alterations. These changes were associated with oxidative stress, decreased antioxidant capacity, and decreased angiogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"127-139"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141888928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relation between orthodontic malocclusion and maxillary sinus volume.","authors":"Kamile Oruç, Atılım Akkurt, Mehmet Cudi Tuncer","doi":"10.5603/fm.100054","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.100054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to determine maxillary sinus volume (MSV) in different skeletal malocclusion classes and the correlation between MSV and craniofacial morphology on Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The study was performed retrospectively on CBCT images of individuals aged 12-24. A total of 129 patients (70 females, 59 males) with a normal vertical growth pattern (27° ≤ SNGoMe ≤ 38°) were divided into three groups according to malocclusion. Group 1 consisted of Class I (1 ≤ ANB ≤ 4) (n = 46) patients, Group 2 consisted of Class II (ANB > 4) (n = 47) patients, and Group 3 consisted of Class III (ANB < 1) (n = 36) patients. Four angular (SNA, SNB, ANB, SNGoMe) and linear (S-N, ANS-PNS, S-Ar, N-ANS) parameters were measured to evaluate craniofacial morphology. Right and left MSV were measured using Dolphin 11.0 (Dolphin Imaging, Chatsworth, CA, USA) imaging software. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to assess statistical correlation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MSV was larger in males than females (male AMSV = 14,244.1 ± 4,735.8, female AMSV = 12,778.2 ± 4,606.9 p = 0.011) in the general population, but just the Class II group showed this (male AMSV = 16,089.6 ± 4,330.4, female AMSV= 12,705.9 ± 3,210.2, p = 0.008). RMSV and LMSV were similar (female p = 0.181 male p = 0.097), and MSV showed no significant differences between the different malocclusion classes in both sexes (female p = 0.315, male p = 0.118). In the Class III group, SNB was positively correlated with RMSV (r = 416, p = 0.012). MSV showed a significant positive correlation with N-ANS in all groups (Class I r = 0.359, p = 0.014, Class II r = 0.336, p = 0.021, Class III r = 0.387, p = 0.02). In the Class II and Class III groups, there was a statistically significant correlation between MSV and the S-N parameter (Class II r = 0.304, p = 0.038, Class III r = 0.412, p = 0.013). ANS-PNS parameter was measured at the lowest statistically significant level (female 43.1 ± 3.9a, p < 0.001, male 43.1 ± 4.3a, p < 0.001) in the Class III group, but no correlation was found with MSV. Only the Class II group showed a weak positive correlation between MSV and ANS-PNS (r = 0.314, p = 0.032).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There was no difference regarding MSV between malocclusion classes. Class II males exhibited significantly larger MSV compared to females. There was a correlation between MSV and SNB, S-N, N-ANS and ANS-PNS parameters for various orthodontic skeletal patterns. Further studies are needed tounderstand the relationship between MSV and different skeletal structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"200-215"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141260979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two simultaneous anatomical variations of the cervical spine - a case report discussing the concept of tandem anomalies.","authors":"Joanna Jaworek-Troć, Izabela Zamojska, Michał P Zarzecki, Bartosz Kołodziejczyk, Jerzy A Walocha, Jarosław Zawiliński, Marcin Lipski, Przemysław Pękala","doi":"10.5603/fm.98453","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.98453","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Arcuate foramen is an ossification of the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane, forming a bony opening through which the vertebral artery (VA) enters the vertebral canal. Block vertebra is a synostosis of at least 2 vertebral bodies that did not separate during the embryological development. It is worth distinguishing it from Klippel-Feil syndrome, as the latter oftentimes involves other abnormalities (namely skeletal) and is typically diagnosed in childhood. Both variants potentially lead to impairment of blood flow through the VA.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>The following case report presents a finding of 2 anomalies of the cervical spine, found in a 38 y.o. female patient suffering from dizziness. A synostosis of the C4 and C5 vertebral bodies, arches, and zygapophysial (facet) joint was noted by the examining radiologist, with marked narrowing of the intervertebral foramen. Furthermore, a second anatomical variation in the form of the complete bilateral arcuate foramen was identified superior to the groove for the VA on the upper surface of the posterior arch of the atlas.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>To the best knowledge of the authors, this case report is the first to present a co-existing block vertebra and bilateral complete arcuate foramen. The common presence of at least 2 anatomical variations that could have a synergistic clinical effect could possibly be termed 'tandem anomaly'. Notwithstanding, identification of a single anomaly explaining a patient's symptoms does not absolve the medical professionals from searching for any other potential variations that could also be present and could further influence the clinical picture.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"256-262"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139930754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomy of the lymphatics in normal stomach and gastric carcinomas.","authors":"Dimosthenis Chrysikos, Panagiotis Kanavaros, Alexandra Barbouti, Ameer Shehade, Dimitrios Liatsos, Alexandros Samolis, Thoedore Troupis","doi":"10.5603/fm.101667","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.101667","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The lymphatic system is composed of lymphoid organs/tissues and a complex network of lymphatic vessels that transport interstitial fluid, antigens, lipids, immune cells, and other materials in the body. There is growing evidence that lymphatic vasculature is associated with many pathological conditions such as lymphoedema and cancer progression and metastasis. Thus, improved understanding of the anatomical features, the molecular profile, and the function of the lymphatic vasculature may provide innovative approaches for disease prevention and treatment. This article aims to present a comprehensive review of the gastric lymphatic anatomy and its importance in the pathology, treatment, and prognosis of gastric carcinomas.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"37-47"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142282697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical analysis of the radial nerve and arcade of Frohse in the cubital fossa using human cadavers.","authors":"Tomasz Lepich, Radosław Karaś, Kamil Kania, Konrad Barszczewski, Grzegorz Bajor","doi":"10.5603/fm.100891","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.100891","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The radial nerve (RN) is a peripheral nerve that originates from the posterior bundle of the brachial plexus and carries C5-Th1 fibres. In the cubital fossa, the radial nerve divides into a superficial branch of the radial nerve (SBRN) and a deep branch of the radial nerve (DBRN). Next, the DBRN enters under the arcade of Frohse (AF) and changes its name to posterior interosseous nerve of antebrachii (PIN). The AF, first described in 1908 by Frohs and Frankel, is the superior proximal part of the supinator muscle, which can be tendinous or membranous.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Eight dissected upper limbs were examined to measure the distances and characteristics of the RN, DBRN, SBRN and AF, using a precise electronic caliper.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average distance from the point of branching of the RN into its terminal branches to the AF was 54.64 mm. In half of the cases, the DBRN divided before entering the AF. The average distance from the point of branching of the DBRN to the AF in these cases was 13.88 mm. The average width of the AF was 8.60 mm. Five tendinous AF and three membranous AF were identified.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A thorough understanding of the anatomy of the radial nerve and its branches in the cubital fossa, as well as the AF, is important for the proper understanding of anatomy, and may also contribute to the reduction of surgical complications during procedures in this area.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"71-75"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141751487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foramina and canals of skull base in Holstein cattle: a computed tomography study.","authors":"Nimet Turgut, Sadullah Bahar, Abidin Kılınçer, Hamza Yavuz Selim Can","doi":"10.5603/fm.100461","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.100461","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this study was to describe the comprehensive morphological and morphometric features of the foramina and canals at the base of the cranial cavity in Holstein cattle using CT images.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The study was performed on 14 adult Holstein cow head cadavers. Images taken with MSCT were transferred to the DICOM Viewer program. The MPR and 3D reconstructive tools of the program were used to analyse the foramina and canals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Although they varied in shape and size, foramina and canals were found bilaterally in all animals. It was observed that the orbitorotund foramen, jugular foramen and oval foramen had a canalicular structure, with the distance between the extra-intra cranial openings measured as being 15.0 mm, 5.9 mm and 6.2 mm, respectively. The hypoglossal canal, which was found to be single in 43%, double in 50% and triple in 7% in each body half, was the canal with the most variation in number and shape. The orbitorotund foramen, a canal with an area of 180.6 mm² and a diameter of 18.1 × 12.4 mm, was widest at the skull base, while the optic canal was the narrowest and longest opening with an area of 33.4 mm², a diameter of 8.4 × 5.5 mm, and a length of 17.5 mm.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study shows that our knowledge of skull base morphometry in animals is still extremely limited. Although our study was conducted on a limited number of materials, it could be of benefit to both regional anatomy knowledge in terms of the data presented, and to veterinary anatomists, radiologists and clinicians in terms of methodology.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"216-230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141295839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The complete anatomy of the azygos vein: a meta-analysis with clinical implications.","authors":"Dawid Plutecki, Michał Bonczar, Patryk Ostrowski, Bernard Solewski, Karolina Brzegowy-Solewska, Jerzy A Walocha, Mateusz Koziej","doi":"10.5603/fm.101166","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.101166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The azygos vein (AV) plays a crucial role in the mediastinal region, exhibiting considerable variability in its anatomy and relationship with surrounding structures. This study aims to assess the morphometry and anatomy of the AV through a comprehensive meta-analysis of studies reporting extractable data on this vessel.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Major online medical databases such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, SciELO, BIOSIS, Current Content Connect, Korean Journal Database, and Wiley Online Library were searched to gather all relevant studies regarding the anatomical characteristics of the AV.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of the present meta-analysis comprised 40 studies, categorised into 8 groups for data analysis. The mean AV diameter at its origin was set at 3.86 mm (SE = 0.84). The most prevalent was type IIB, with a prevalence of 40.23% (95% CI: 29.06-51.92%). The pooled prevalence of the right subcostal and right ascending lumbar veins forming the AV was 73.82% (95% CI: 55.77-88.67%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The AV exhibits a high degree of variability regarding its origin, trajectory, and connections with the hemiazygos system. The most prevalent type of AV, according to the Anson and McVay classification [4], was Type II (transitional type). Moreover, the vein was found to be formed by the right subcostal and the right ascending lumbar veins in most of the cases. This is the most comprehensive and current assessment of AV morphometry and anatomy to date. The findings are a valuable resource for physicians, especially surgeons performing various procedures in the mediastinum.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"22-36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142282702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}