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Before assessing a novel muscle in the hand, please be very careful. 在评估手部新肌肉之前，请务必小心谨慎。
IF 1.2 4区 医学
Folia morphologica Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-05 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2023.0028
Georgi P Georgiev
{"title":"Before assessing a novel muscle in the hand, please be very careful.","authors":"Georgi P Georgiev","doi":"10.5603/FM.a2023.0028","DOIUrl":"10.5603/FM.a2023.0028","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9403175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A very rare case report: accessory head of the sartorius muscle. 一份非常罕见的病例报告：萨尔图里肌附属头。
IF 1.2 4区 医学
Folia morphologica Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-22 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2023.0014
Nicol Zielinska, Richard Shane Tubbs, Adrian Balcerzak, Łukasz Olewnik
{"title":"A very rare case report: accessory head of the sartorius muscle.","authors":"Nicol Zielinska, Richard Shane Tubbs, Adrian Balcerzak, Łukasz Olewnik","doi":"10.5603/FM.a2023.0014","DOIUrl":"10.5603/FM.a2023.0014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The sartorius muscle belongs to the anterior compartment of the thigh. Morphological variations of this muscle are very rare, few cases being described in the literature. An 88-year-old female cadaver was dissected routinely for research and teaching purposes. However, an interesting variation was found during anatomical dissection. The proximal part of the sartorius muscle had the normal course, but the distal part bifurcated into two muscle bellies. The additional head passed medially to the standard head; thereafter, there was a muscular connection between them. This connection then passed into the tendinous distal attachment. It created a pes anserinus superficialis, which was located superficially to the distal attachments of the semitendinosus and gracilis muscles. This superficial layer was very wide and attached to the medial part of the tibial tuberosity and to the crural fascia. Importantly, two cutaneous branches of the saphenous nerve passed between the two heads. The two heads were innervated by separate muscular branches of the femoral nerve. Such morphological variability could be clinically important.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10763972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Autophagy exerts a protective role in cervical spinal cord injury by microglia inhibition through the nuclear factor kappa-B pathway. 自噬通过核因子卡巴-B途径抑制小胶质细胞，从而在颈脊髓损伤中发挥保护作用。
IF 1.2 4区 医学
Folia morphologica Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-15 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2023.0036
Baicheng Yang, Xinming Yang
{"title":"Autophagy exerts a protective role in cervical spinal cord injury by microglia inhibition through the nuclear factor kappa-B pathway.","authors":"Baicheng Yang, Xinming Yang","doi":"10.5603/FM.a2023.0036","DOIUrl":"10.5603/FM.a2023.0036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious trauma to the central nervous system. M1/M2 microglial polarization as well as the following neuroinflammatory response are crucial factors in SCI. Autophagy plays an important role in SCI, but its neuroprotective or neurodegenerative role remains controversial.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Here, we majorly examined the properties of autophagy in SCI and uncovered the regulatory relationship between autophagy and microglial polarization in SCI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In our study, the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) score was declined in SCI. The cervical contusion SCI stimulated a sustaining neuropathic pain-linked phenotype characterized by thermal hyperalgesia as well as mechanical allodynia. It was revealed the structural damage to the spinal cord in SCI. Besides, the expression of microglia markers as well as inflammatory factor were promoted in SCI. Cervical contusion SCI induced autophagy inhibition and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activation in mice. More importantly, enhanced autophagy induced by rapamycin suppressed the NF-κB pathway and alleviated cervical contusion SCI-induced neurological function damage in mice. Additionally, rapamycin promoted microglia M2 polarization and improved microglia-mediated inflammatory response.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In conclusion, our study demonstrated that autophagy played a protective role in cervical SCI by promoting microglia polarization toward M2 through the NF-κB pathway. Our study may provide a novel sight for SCI treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9816437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Analysis of the regional anatomy of the retro-oesophageal right subclavian artery and surrounding structures. 食道后右侧锁骨下动脉及其周围结构的区域解剖分析。
IF 1.2 4区 医学
Folia morphologica Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-10 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2023.0017
Shigeyuki Esumi, Yoshihiro Kumagai, Yoshikazu Koba, Takaichi Fukuda
{"title":"Analysis of the regional anatomy of the retro-oesophageal right subclavian artery and surrounding structures.","authors":"Shigeyuki Esumi, Yoshihiro Kumagai, Yoshikazu Koba, Takaichi Fukuda","doi":"10.5603/FM.a2023.0017","DOIUrl":"10.5603/FM.a2023.0017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The retro-oesophageal right subclavian artery (RRSA) is a congenital anomalous branching of the arch of the aorta. Because its incidence is very low, it has not been fully understood how the RRSA develops during embryogenesis, and thus accumulation of observed findings in newly found cases is important to elucidate the aetiology of the RRSA.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We encountered a case of the RRSA during the course of gross anatomy dissection for medical students.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The main findings in the present observations are that (a) the RRSA arose from the right side wall of the arch of the aorta as its last branch; (b) the detected RRSA was directed to the right and upward between the oesophagus and vertebral column; (c) the right vertebral artery branched from the RRSA and entered the sixth cervical foramen transversarium; (d) the suprema intercostal artery branched from the costocervical trunk on both sides and its distal branches were distributed to the first and second intercostal spaces; and (e) both sides of bronchial arteries originated from the thoracic aorta.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The present study gives further information about the morphological details of the RRSA leading to better understanding of its developmental process.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9435204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Two variant muscles in the gluteal region. 臀部的两块变异肌肉
IF 1.2 4区 医学
Folia morphologica Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-22 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2023.0012
Nicol Zielinska, Richard Shane Tubbs, Piotr Łabętowicz, Łukasz Olewnik
{"title":"Two variant muscles in the gluteal region.","authors":"Nicol Zielinska, Richard Shane Tubbs, Piotr Łabętowicz, Łukasz Olewnik","doi":"10.5603/FM.a2023.0012","DOIUrl":"10.5603/FM.a2023.0012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The short lateral rotators of the thigh found in the gluteal region can have morphological variations. During anatomical dissection of a right lower limb, two variant structures were found in this region. The first of these accessory muscles originated from the external surface of the ramus of the ischium. Distally, it was fused with the gemellus inferior muscle. The second structure comprised tendinous and muscular parts. The proximal part originated from the external part of the ischiopubic ramus. It inserted on the trochanteric fossa. Both structures were innervated by small branches of the obturator nerve. The blood supply was via branches of the inferior gluteal artery. There was also a connection between the quadratus femoris and the superior part of the adductor magnus. These morphological variants could be clinically important.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10757966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lung segments from anatomy to surgery. 从解剖到手术的肺部切片。
IF 1.2 4区 医学
Folia morphologica Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-22 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2023.0011
Jakub Wąsik, R Shane Tubbs, Nicol Zielinska, Piotr Karauda, Łukasz Olewnik
{"title":"Lung segments from anatomy to surgery.","authors":"Jakub Wąsik, R Shane Tubbs, Nicol Zielinska, Piotr Karauda, Łukasz Olewnik","doi":"10.5603/FM.a2023.0011","DOIUrl":"10.5603/FM.a2023.0011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bronchopulmonary segments are of increasing interest to clinicians because surgical procedures are emerging that maintain as much pulmonary function as possible. The conventional textbook borders between these segments, their many anatomical variations, and their numerous lymphatic or blood vessels, make them challenging for surgeons, especially thoracic surgeons. Fortunately, because imaging techniques such as three-dimensional-computed tomography are developing further, we can see the anatomical structure of the lungs in detail. Moreover, segmentectomy is now seen as an alternative to a more radical lobectomy, especially for lung cancer. This review explores the connection between the anatomical structure of the lungs, especially their segments, and surgical procedures. Further research on minimally invasive surgical procedures is timely as we can diagnose lung cancer and other diseases ever earlier. In this article, we will look at the latest trends in thoracic surgery. Importantly, we propose a classification of lung segments in reference to surgery difficulties due to their anatomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10763971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Anatomical review of internal jugular vein cannulation. 颈内静脉插管解剖回顾。
IF 1.2 4区 医学
Folia morphologica Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2023.0008
Natalie Kosnik, Taylor Kowalski, Lorraine Lorenz, Mercedes Valacer, Sumathilatha Sakthi-Velavan
{"title":"Anatomical review of internal jugular vein cannulation.","authors":"Natalie Kosnik, Taylor Kowalski, Lorraine Lorenz, Mercedes Valacer, Sumathilatha Sakthi-Velavan","doi":"10.5603/FM.a2023.0008","DOIUrl":"10.5603/FM.a2023.0008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The internal jugular veins (IJV) are the primary venous outflow channels of the head and neck. The IJV is of clinical interest since it is often used for central venous access. This literature aims at presenting an overview of the anatomical variations, morphometrics based on various imaging modalities, cadaveric and surgical findings, and the clinical anatomy of IJV cannulation. Additionally, the anatomical basis of complications, techniques to avoid complications, and cannulation in special instances are also included in the review. The review was performed by a detailed literature search and review of relevant articles. A total of 141 articles were included and organized into anatomical variations, morphometrics, and clinical anatomy of IJV cannulation. The IJV is next to important structures such as the arteries, nerve plexus, and pleura, which puts them at risk of injury during cannulation. Anatomical variations such as duplications, fenestrations, agenesis, tributaries, and valves, may lead to an increased failure rate and complications during the procedure, if unnoticed. The morphometrics of IJV, such as the cross-sectional area, diameter, and distance from the skin-to-cavo-atrial junction may assist in choosing the appropriate cannulation techniques and hence reduce the incidence of complications. Age, gender, and side-related differences explained variations in the IJV-common carotid artery relationship, cross-sectional area, and diameter. Accurate knowledge of anatomical variations in special considerations such as paediatrics and obesity may help prevent complications and facilitate successful cannulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9282183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes are beneficial to suppressing inflammation and promoting autophagy in intervertebral disc degeneration. 间充质干细胞衍生的外泌体有利于抑制炎症和促进椎间盘变性中的自噬。
IF 1.2 4区 医学
Folia morphologica Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2023.0021
Baicheng Yang, Xinming Yang
{"title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes are beneficial to suppressing inflammation and promoting autophagy in intervertebral disc degeneration.","authors":"Baicheng Yang, Xinming Yang","doi":"10.5603/FM.a2023.0021","DOIUrl":"10.5603/FM.a2023.0021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Intervertebral disc degenerative diseases is one the main causes of lumbago, and its main pathological mechanism is intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). As shown in previous reports, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-exosomes can slow down or even reverse degenerated nucleus pulposus (NP) cells in IDD. Thus, we attempted to clarify the specific role of MSC-exosomes underlying IDD progression.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In the present study, the harvested particles were identified as MSC-exosomes. MSC-exosomes facilitated activation of autophagy pathway in AGE-treated NP cells. MSC-exosomes repressed inflammatory response in AGE-treated NP cells. Autophagy pathway activation enhanced inflammatory response in AGE-stimulated NP cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mesenchymal stem cell-exosomes facilitated autophagy pathway activation and repressed inflammation in IDD rats. Autophagy inhibition exerted a protective role against inflammatory response in IDD rats.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In conclusion, MSC-exosomes represses inflammation via activating autophagy pathway, which provides a potential novel insight for seeking therapeutic plans of IDD.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9177267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Morphometry of the heart orifices and morphometry and topography of the coronary ostia in the goat. 山羊心脏口的形态测量以及冠状动脉口的形态和地形图。
IF 1.2 4区 医学
Folia morphologica Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2023.0020
Karolina Barszcz, Olga Szaluś-Jordanow, Michał Buczyński, Michał Czopowicz, Agata Moroz-Fik, Marcin Mickiewicz, Wojciech Mądry, Jarosław Kaba
{"title":"Morphometry of the heart orifices and morphometry and topography of the coronary ostia in the goat.","authors":"Karolina Barszcz, Olga Szaluś-Jordanow, Michał Buczyński, Michał Czopowicz, Agata Moroz-Fik, Marcin Mickiewicz, Wojciech Mądry, Jarosław Kaba","doi":"10.5603/FM.a2023.0020","DOIUrl":"10.5603/FM.a2023.0020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The coronary vessels have been described in various species of domestic and wild ruminants. However, no studies on the detailed morphology and morphometry of heart orifices and coronary ostia in the Polish goat are available.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The study was carried out on 112 female, adult dairy goats belonging to Polish Fawn Improved and Polish White Improved breed, closely related to French Alpine and Saanen, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In all examined individuals, all heart orifices and heart valves were of normal structure. There was no significant difference between diameter of the aortic and pulmonary orifice. The right atrioventricular opening was significantly wider than the left atrioventricular opening. The dimension of the left coronary ostium ranged from 1.0 to 5.5 mm with the arithmetic mean (± standard deviation [SD]) of 4.3 ± 0.8 mm. The dimension of the right coronary ostium ranged from 0.5 to 5.0 mm with the arithmetic mean (± SD) of 2.8 ± 0.7 mm. Both coronary artery ostia were located under the sinotubular junction. Out of 112 examined goats, 39 (34.8%) had variations in the structure of the coronary ostia such as the lack of main trunk or the presence of additional coronary ostia. They were observed in one (in 34/39 goats) or both coronary arteries (5/39 goats).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In goats, the dimensions of aortic and pulmonary orifices are similar while the right atrioventricular opening outsizes the left one. On the other hand, the left coronary ostium is wider than the right one. Morphological variations in the coronary ostia occur in approximately one third of goats, more often in the right than in the left ostium.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9170233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Two-headed extensor digitorum longus with coexisting additional tendinous slips. 趾长伸肌两头并存，并伴有额外的肌腱滑动。
IF 1.2 4区 医学
Folia morphologica Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2023.0019
Andrzej Węgiel, Nicol Zielinska, Łukasz Gołek, Łukasz Olewnik
{"title":"Two-headed extensor digitorum longus with coexisting additional tendinous slips.","authors":"Andrzej Węgiel, Nicol Zielinska, Łukasz Gołek, Łukasz Olewnik","doi":"10.5603/FM.a2023.0019","DOIUrl":"10.5603/FM.a2023.0019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The extensor digitorum longus is a source of much anatomic variation, mostly related with extra tendinous slips or their unusual insertions. This report describes a new configuration of the extensor digitorum longus with two heads and two main tendons which bifurcate into five slips. These slips undergo further divisions and establish connections between the each other. Our findings provide a greater insight into the intricacies of human morphology.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9170234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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