Lieke Maas, Annelies Boonen, Nannan Li, Caroline E Wyers, Joop P Van den Bergh, Mickaël Hiligsmann
{"title":"Cost-effectiveness of a multicomponent-adherence intervention in fracture liaison services.","authors":"Lieke Maas, Annelies Boonen, Nannan Li, Caroline E Wyers, Joop P Van den Bergh, Mickaël Hiligsmann","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2366439","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2366439","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aims to assess the lifetime cost-effectiveness of a multi-component adherence intervention (MCAI), including a patient decision aid and motivational interviewing, compared to usual care in patients with a recent fracture attending fracture liaison services (FLS) and eligible for anti-osteoporosis medication (AOM).</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>Data on AOM initiation and one-year persistence were collected from a quasi-experimental study conducted between 2019 and 2023 in two Dutch FLS centers. An individual level, state-transition Markov model was used to simulate lifetime costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) with a societal perspective of MCAI vs usual care. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted including variation in additional FLS and MCAI costs (no MCAI cost in baseline).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MCAI was associated with gain in QALYs (0.0012) and reduction in costs (-€16) and is therefore dominant. At the Dutch willingness-to-pay threshold of €50,000/QALY, MCAI remained cost-effective when increasing costs of the FLS visit or the yearly maintenance cost for MCAI up to +€60. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis demonstrated MCAI to be dominant in 54% of the simulations and cost-effective in 87% with a threshold of €50,000/QALY.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A MCAI implemented in FLS centers may lead to cost-effective allocation of resources in FLS care, depending on extra costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11418902/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141300477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy for HER2-negative advanced gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancer in the Chinese healthcare system.","authors":"Wenwang Lang, Lian Deng, Meijun Lu, Ming Ouyang","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2378983","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2378983","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study compares first-line pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy with chemotherapy alone for patients with HER2-negative advanced gastric cancer (GC) and gastroesophageal junction cancer (GEJC) in China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A Markov state-transition model was developed based on the phase 3 randomized KEYNOTE-859 clinical trial data. The health state utility values and direct medical costs were derived from the KEYNOTE-859 clinical trial, the relevant literature, and local charges. The measured outcomes included quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Probabilistic and one-way sensitivity analyses (OWSA) were performed to assess the uncertainty of the model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the base analysis, the incremental effectiveness and cost of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone were 0.22 QALYs and $16,627.31, respectively, resulting in an ICER of $76,936.60/QALY, which is higher than the willingness-to-pay threshold in China ($35,864.61/QALY). Subgroup analyses revealed that the ICERs of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone were $72,762.68 and $34,813.70 in the populations with PD-L1 CPS of 1 or higher (CPS ≥ 1) and PD-L1 CPS ≥ 10 (CPS ≥ 10), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>As first-line therapy for patients with locally advanced or metastatic HER2-negative GC/GEJC in China, pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy is less cost-effective than chemotherapy alone, however, in the CPS ≥ 10 subgroup is more.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141558485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Perceptions of risk sharing agreements in South Korea from the viewpoints of key stakeholders: a convergent parallel mixed approach.","authors":"Tae-Jin Lee, Kyung-Bok Son","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2410250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2024.2410250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In 2013, South Korea introduced risk-sharing agreements (RSAs) as a new reimbursement mechanism to enhance access to new medicines and to manage pharmaceutical expenditures. This study evaluates RSAs in South Korea from the viewpoints of key stakeholders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In 2022, a survey and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Study participants were recruited from academia (<i>n</i> = 3), domestic (<i>n</i> = 4) and foreign (<i>n</i> = 6) manufacturers, and government agencies (<i>n</i> = 6) using a purposive sampling method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Key stakeholders perceived the objective of RSAs to be 'access to medicines' and understood RSAs to manage uncertainty about 'expenditures.' They responded that financial- and performance-based RSAs address uncertainty about 'expenditures' and 'clinical effectiveness,' respectively. All stakeholders agreed that RSAs have increased the likelihood that new medicines will be listed and have reduced out-of-pocket expenditures for patients. However, foreign manufacturers insisted that the benefits of RSAs are marginal, while the administrative burden on manufacturers is high.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The gaps in perception between stakeholders could be narrowed by conducting a comprehensive evaluation. Financial- and performance-based RSAs need to be clearly distinguished and aligned to address the uncertainties of a new medicine in health systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142344417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanlong Lin, Shiting Chen, Zhiwei Zheng, Xiaobing Song
{"title":"Cost-effectiveness of first-line sintilimab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy for advanced esophageal carcinoma in China.","authors":"Nanlong Lin, Shiting Chen, Zhiwei Zheng, Xiaobing Song","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2410248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2024.2410248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of first-line sintilimab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy for advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) from the perspective of the Chinese health service system.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A partitioned survival model was constructed to simulate quality-adjusted life years and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios over a patient's lifetime based on a phase III clinical trial.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sintilimab plus chemotherapy increased by 0.316 QALY and 0.285 QALY with the additional cost of $5692 and $5269, which led to the ICER of $18000/QALY and $18519/QALY gained in the overall population and the patients with CPS ≥ 10, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Compared with chemotherapy alone, sintilimab may be a cost-effective first-line treatment choice for locally advanced or metastatic ESCC.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142344399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancing pharmacist intervention targeting based on patient clustering with unsupervised machine learning.","authors":"Chi Chun Steve Tsang, Junling Wang","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2406810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2024.2406810","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Adherence to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) Standards of Medical Care is low. This study aimed to assist pharmacists in identifying patients for diabetes control interventions using unsupervised machine learning.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study analyzed the 2021 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and used a k-mode cluster analysis. Patient features analyzed were adherence to a select set of preventive measures from the ADA Standards of Medical Care (HbA1c test, foot examination, blood cholesterol test, dilated eye examination, and influenza vaccination) and some patient characteristics (age, gender, health insurance, insulin use, and diabetes-related complications).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 1,219 patients with self-reported diabetes, and the adherence rate to the ADA standards was 33.72%. Five distinct clusters emerged: (A) moderate-complexity, privately insured male; (B) moderate-complexity, publicly insured female; (C) low-complexity, privately insured female; (D) high-complexity, publicly insured female; (E) moderate-complexity, publicly insured male. Groups B, C, and E exhibited nonadherence.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pharmacists can target publicly insured elderly (Groups B and E) and privately insured middle-aged females (Group C) for interventions. For instance, pharmacists may help patients in Groups B and E locate existing resources in their insurance program and remind those in Group C of the importance of adequate diabetes care.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142282664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ibrahim Alabbadi,Sara Al-Ajlouny,Yazan Alsoud,Ayah Bani Hani,Bayan A Arar,Eman M Massad,Suhaib Muflih,Mays Shawawrah
{"title":"The cost-of-illness of multiple sclerosis in Jordan.","authors":"Ibrahim Alabbadi,Sara Al-Ajlouny,Yazan Alsoud,Ayah Bani Hani,Bayan A Arar,Eman M Massad,Suhaib Muflih,Mays Shawawrah","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2406797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2024.2406797","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDMultiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological autoimmune disease that imposes a significant financial burden on healthcare systems. This study aims to determine the cost of illness for MS in Jordan, a country where data on the economic impact of MS are scarce. The objective of this study is to assess both direct and indirect costs associated with MS care in Jordan's public healthcare system.METHODSData were collected during the year 2020-2021, annual cost of illness was estimated using a cross-sectional snowball sampling design. Eligible patients completed a self-reported questionnaire to provide sociodemographic, physician visit, and diagnostic and laboratory test data. We estimated indirect costs using an adjusted Human Capital Approach.RESULTSThis study included 383 people with MS (PwMS), 73.1% of whom were female and 61.4% between 26 and 45. Nearly 79.6% of PwMS took Disease Modifying Therapies (DMTs), and 40% had relapses in the year 2020-2021. One-third use non-DMTs and equipment for assistance like canes and walkers. The average annual cost per patient was 11,719 USD, with direct costs amounting to 11,252 USD and indirect costs at 467 USD. The total cost for all participants was 748,299 USD. The estimated cost of non-DMT, medical tools, diagnostic tests, and hospitalization per patient was 53 USD, 51 USD, 99 USD, and 235 USD respectively.CONCLUSIONThe high costs for Disease Modifying Therapies (DMTs) state the necessity of resource optimization in Jordan public healthcare facilities. Such findings yield policy-informing actionable insights, suggesting strategic investments in more cost-effective DMTs with potential improvement in accessibility and reduction in the overall economic burden faced by both patients and governments.","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pharmacovigilance and outcomes: experience from Saudi Arabia narrative review.","authors":"Thamir M Alshammari","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2399258","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2399258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pharmacovigilance (PV) plays a central role as a quality benchmark for healthcare systems in any country. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) contribute significantly to patient hospitalization and are major contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Achieving improvements in health infrastructure and employing precise monitoring tools are essential components of drug safety. As reliance on drug therapy increases, patient exposure to potential risks rises, emphasizing the importance of minimizing ADRs.</p><p><strong>Area covered: </strong>A search for studies published from January 2010 to November 2023 was retrieved from PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar databases. We developed the search strategies using the Mesh terms and keywords. Only English-language literature was included.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria and utilized to evaluate the pharmacovigilance and its outcomes. The Saudi 2030 vision outlines an initiative to enhance patient care through a robust, safety- and quality-centered culture, fostering collaboration between drug manufacturers and regulatory authorities. This collaborative approach is expected to result in higher-quality care for the public. Moreover, a unified, simple, and advanced ADR reporting portal, in collaboration with stakeholders, is recommended to enhance the quality of ADR reporting. Also, commitment to training, updating courses, and incorporating PV practices into curricula demonstrates progress in Saudi PV System.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142119276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anjana Mohan, Haluk Damgacioglu, Ashish A Deshmukh, Hua Chen, Matthew Wanat, Ekere James Essien, Rutugandha Paranjpe, Bilqees Fatima, Susan Abughosh
{"title":"Impact of adherence on the cost-effectiveness of apixaban and rivaroxaban in stroke prevention among patients with atrial fibrillation in the United States.","authors":"Anjana Mohan, Haluk Damgacioglu, Ashish A Deshmukh, Hua Chen, Matthew Wanat, Ekere James Essien, Rutugandha Paranjpe, Bilqees Fatima, Susan Abughosh","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2398487","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2398487","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Despite the beneficial effects of DOACs, suboptimal adherence is widely documented, and real-world adherence is lower than in clinical trials. The objective of this study is to compare the cost-effectiveness of apixaban versus rivaroxaban for stroke prevention by incorporating real-world adherence from the US payer's perspective.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We developed a Markov model with three health states to evaluate the total costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALY) at a willingness to pay threshold of $100,000. The population was a hypothetical cohort of 65-year-old patients with moderate to high stroke risk. The transition probabilities of healthy adherent, nonadherent, and stroke were obtained from a Medicare Advantage Plan. The utilities and costs were obtained from prior clinical studies. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Apixaban was cost-effective than rivaroxaban at a willingness to pay threshold of $100,000. Apixaban yielded an additional 0.12 QALYs at a cost of $1904.39, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $16,279.25 per QALY gained. The Monte Carlo simulations indicated that apixaban was cost-effective at 89.67% of simulations. The ICER results were impacted by the medical costs among nonadherent patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>After incorporating adherence, apixaban 5 mg was a cost-effective alternative to rivaroxaban 20 mg for stroke prevention among elderly atrial fibrillation (AF) patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142119262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katrina S Firlik, Vamshi Ruthwik Anupindi, Vincent Hayes, Mitchell DeKoven, Asif Shaikh, Jessica Franchino-Elder
{"title":"Improved medication adherence in COPD patients using tiotropium or tiotropium olodaterol with the HealthPrize digital behavior change program.","authors":"Katrina S Firlik, Vamshi Ruthwik Anupindi, Vincent Hayes, Mitchell DeKoven, Asif Shaikh, Jessica Franchino-Elder","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2023.2296561","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2023.2296561","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the impact of the HealthPrize RespiPoints™ program on treatment adherence and persistence in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective cohort study, program participants and nonparticipants receiving tiotropium bromide (TIO) or TIO and olodaterol between 1 January 2015-31 March 2020 were propensity score matched (PSM), from the linked database of the HealthPrize patient list and IQVIA PharMetrics® Plus. Treatment adherence, persistence, healthcare resource utilization, and costs were compared. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed the odds of adherence (≥80% proportion of days covered [PDC]), adjusted risk of discontinuation, and adjusted total healthcare costs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Program participants (<i>n</i> = 262) demonstrated a 44% greater adherence during followup than nonparticipants (<i>n</i> = 262) (mean [standard deviation] PDC: 0.72 [0.27] vs 0.50 [0.36], <i>p</i> < 0.0001). Participants had higher odds of adherence vs nonparticipants (adjusted odds ratio: 2.51; 95% confidence interval: 1.72-3.66, <i>p</i> < 0.0001) and a lower percentage of participants discontinued their index medication (19.85% vs 33.59%, <i>p</i> = 0.0004). Fewer participants were hospitalized during follow-up (13.74% vs 17.56%, <i>p</i> = 0.23); adjusted total medical costs were 24% lower (<i>p</i> = 0.08). Higher pharmacy costs partially offset lower healthcare costs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Program participants showed improved COPD medication adherence and persistence compared to nonparticipants.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138802005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dalma Hosszú, Alexandra L Dima, Francisca Leiva Fernández, Marie Paule Schneider, Liset van Dijk, Krisztina Tóth, Mark Duman, Wendy Davis, Cristian Andriciuc, Rebecca Egan, Bernard Vrijens, Przemyslaw Kardas, Noemi Bitterman, Iva Mucalo, Cristina Mihaela Ghiciuc, Tamás Ágh
{"title":"Engagement of medication users in the development and implementation of digital medication adherence technologies: a multi-stakeholder study.","authors":"Dalma Hosszú, Alexandra L Dima, Francisca Leiva Fernández, Marie Paule Schneider, Liset van Dijk, Krisztina Tóth, Mark Duman, Wendy Davis, Cristian Andriciuc, Rebecca Egan, Bernard Vrijens, Przemyslaw Kardas, Noemi Bitterman, Iva Mucalo, Cristina Mihaela Ghiciuc, Tamás Ágh","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2373184","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2373184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aims to create a comprehensive framework for the development and implementation of digital medication adherence technologies (DMATech), focusing on critical stages where engagement of medication users (MU) is considered meaningful, i.e. adds significant value, as agreed upon by participating stakeholders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Through a literature review and expert consensus, a framework was outlined covering key DMATech development and implementation phases and steps. An in-person workshop with MU representatives and adherence experts, using the Nominal Group Technique, further refined these stages for MU engagement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The DMATech framework included three phases: 'Innovation,' 'Research and Development,' and 'Launch and Implementation,' each encompassing multiple steps. The workshop, attended by five MU representatives and nine adherence experts, identified critical stages for MU input including context analysis, ideation, proof of concept, prototype creation, DMATech's iteration, critical evaluation, healthcare implementation, real-world assessment, and improvement. Nevertheless, there was a divergence of consensus regarding the importance of MUs engagement in regulatory, financial, and marketing aspects.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides a holistic framework for DMATech development and implementation and underscores the necessity of MU engagement at various stages. Modes of MU engagement cannot be generalized; a case-by-case evaluation of engagement strategies is essential.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141456124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}