{"title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of point-of-care A1C tests in the primary care setting of Iran.","authors":"Abdoreza Mousavi, Mehdi Raadabadi, Ali Darvishi","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2026.2650163","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2026.2650163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Given the critical role of timely monitoring in diabetes management, effective and accessible testing strategies are increasingly vital. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of point-of-care A1c (POC-A1c) testing compared with traditional laboratory-based A1c testing in primary care settings in Iran.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>A lifetime (40 year) Markov model was developed to estimate expected costs (valued in 2023 PPP-adjusted US dollars), quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for the two strategies. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to assess uncertainty in key model parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>POC-A1C was associated with an incremental cost of US$1,647.76 and a 0.15 QALY gain versus traditional laboratory testing, yielding an ICER of US$10,717.27 per QALY. Consequently, it was cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold equal to Iran's 2023 per capita GDP. Also, based on probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the probability of POC-A1C being cost-effective was 58%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that integrating POC-A1c testing into primary care may represent a valuable strategy for strengthening diabetes management in Iran. While associated with higher direct costs, its potential to improve glycemic control and long-term health outcomes supports consideration by policymakers, particularly in the context of expanding access to timely diabetes monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":" ","pages":"549-556"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147493713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prevention, artificial intelligence, and mathematics in health economics: a framework for dynamic value modeling under long-term uncertainty.","authors":"Lieke Maas, Ayshe Yaylali, Mickael Hiligsmann","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2026.2642648","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2026.2642648","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":" ","pages":"465-467"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147364629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cost of care and budget impact of novel first-line treatments in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma from the Colombian healthcare system perspective.","authors":"Pieralessandro Lasalvia, Paola Jaramillo, Maycos Zapata, Martin Zapata, Leonor González, Verónica Hernández, Juliana Restrepo","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2026.2660759","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2026.2660759","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (la/mUC) imposes substantial clinical and economic burden. Novel first-line (1L) therapies have expanded treatment options but may significantly increase healthcare expenditures. Economic evidence in Colombia remains limited, warranting cost and budget impact analyses of 1L therapies from the national payer perspective.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>Direct healthcare costs of the first year of treatment were estimated for patients with la/mUC starting 1L treatment: chemotherapy (CT) followed by avelumab+best supportive care (BSC); CT+BSC; nivolumab+CT (NIV+CT); and enfortumab vedotin+pembrolizumab (EV+PEM). Efficacy and safety data were obtained from JAVELIN Bladder 100, CheckMate 901, and EV-302. Costs (Colombian pesos; COP, and United States dollars; USD) were estimated for medication acquisition and administration, disease management, severe adverse events (grade ≥3), and subsequent treatments. Drug costs were obtained from SISMED (2024) and Suficiencia. Budget impact compared a base-case scenario (CT+avelumab+BSC) versus an alternative scenario incorporating EV+PEM and NIV+CT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CT+avelumab+BSC was associated with a total annual cost of COP 271,530,508 (US$ 66,693), 66% less than EV+PEM and 24% less than NIV+CT. Budget impact analysis showed an increase of COP 160,067,748,642 (US$ 39.32 million) (+42.8%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CT+avelumab+BSC had the lowest annual cost, suggesting it is affordable versus EV+PEM and NIV+CT.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":" ","pages":"477-488"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147670633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yedhu Harikumar, Muthumeenakshi Muralikrishna, Prakasam Muralikrishna, Andrew Adewale Alola
{"title":"Climate-related risk and pharmaceutical market dynamics in India and USA: evidence from transfer entropy, BEKK GARCH, and coherence wavelet.","authors":"Yedhu Harikumar, Muthumeenakshi Muralikrishna, Prakasam Muralikrishna, Andrew Adewale Alola","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2026.2642658","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2026.2642658","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Greenhouse gas emissions, especially the atmospheric trapping of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), are widely linked to increased weather variability, thereby affecting other aspects of human activity and nature. The increased occurrence of intense rainfall, heat waves, flooding, and droughts worsens the volatility of financial markets.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>The present study aims to investigate the cross-impacts of climate change and pharmaceutical sector activities, particularly in the United States (US) and India. Climate risks are predominant in emerging economies such as India, which lack sufficient resources for climate change mitigation and adaptation. In this context, we employ transfer entropy, BEKK GARCH (Baba, Engle, Kraft, and Kroner Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity), and coherence wavelet approaches to examine the relationship between the two aspects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>India's pharmaceutical index contributes more to climate risk. Interestingly, US pharmaceutical market co-movements with climate risks are high despite low volatility spillover. This suggests developed nations like the US possess superior resources to manage climate risks compared to developing economies like India.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While this outcome is limited to the contexts of India and the US, it offers insights to decision-makers, investors, and relevant portfolio managers on the vulnerability of essential sectors to climate-related risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":" ","pages":"523-535"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147364490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Duration changes and decision-making in DCE<sub>TTO</sub>: evidence from SF-6Dv2.","authors":"Hosein Ameri, Thomas G Poder","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2026.2642655","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2026.2642655","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study investigated the impact of changes in health state duration in a discrete choice experiment where duration is an attribute (DCE<sub>TTO</sub>).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A sample of the general population in Quebec, Canada, completed DCE<sub>TTO</sub> in two phases using SF-6Dv2. In the first phase (DCE<sub>original</sub>), participants were presented with binary choice sets, each containing two health states and associated durations. In the second phase (DCE<sub>changed</sub>), they completed the same choice sets as before, but with modified durations. Adjustments were made based on participants' initial responses. Durations were 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 20 years. McNemar's Test was used to evaluate the change in respondents' choices before and after the duration modification.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 411 participants were included. Significant increases in duration of the option not chosen (by a factor of two or more) led it to become the preferred option (<i>p</i> < 0.05). A decrease in the duration of the option chosen could still lead to its acceptance. Overall, participants showed a strong anchoring effect of their initial choice, while changes in duration had a moderate positive effect on the likelihood of switching choices.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings highlight non-linear effects of time on preferences and have important implications for the design of DCE<sub>TTO</sub> studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":" ","pages":"501-510"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147364647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Net benefits of investing in pulse oximetry and oxygen for childhood pneumonia in high burden countries.","authors":"Tim Colbourn, Carina King","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2026.2650165","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2026.2650165","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":" ","pages":"473-476"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147497948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of tucatinib plus trastuzumab versus pertuzumab plus trastuzumab for chemotherapy-refractory, HER2-positive, RAS wild-type unresectable or metastatic colorectal cancer.","authors":"Mengmeng Liu, Lu Zhong, Mei Dong, Tong Liu","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2026.2642646","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2026.2642646","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of tucatinib plus trastuzumab compared to pertuzumab plus trastuzumab for chemotherapy-refractory, HER2-positive, RAS wild-type unresectable or metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) from the perspective of healthcare payers in China.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>An economic evaluation utilizing a 3-state partitioned survival model assessed the cost-effectiveness of tucatinib plus trastuzumab versus pertuzumab plus trastuzumab.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When the price of tucatinib was based on that of lapatinib in China, the estimated cost for tucatinib plus trastuzumab was higher than that of pertuzumab plus trastuzumab (29,130.32 USD vs 12,160.58 USD). The estimated utility was also greater compared to that of pertuzumab plus trastuzumab (2.07 QALYs vs 1.07 QALYs). The ICER was calculated at 17,075.25 USD/QALY, suggesting the tucatinib plus trastuzumab treatment was cost-effective compared to pertuzumab plus trastuzumab for chemotherapy-refractory, HER2-positive, RAS wild-type unresectable or metastatic CRC at a WTP threshold of 40,000 USD/ QALY.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Tucatinib plus trastuzumab was cost-effective if its price was the same as lapatinib for chemotherapy-refractory, HER2-positive, RAS wild-type unresectable or metastatic CRC from the perspective of healthcare payers in China. Our exploratory result could provide a reference for clinical application of tucatinib plus trastuzumab when they are correctly interpreted.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":" ","pages":"537-547"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147364585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cristina Carias, Danielle Riley, Amanda L Eiden, Ashley L Enstone, Isabelle J Whittle, Deanna B Marshall, Charlotte W Oswald, J Mick Tilford
{"title":"Burden Tree - a conceptual framework for the burden associated with pediatric infectious diseases: a Delphi approach.","authors":"Cristina Carias, Danielle Riley, Amanda L Eiden, Ashley L Enstone, Isabelle J Whittle, Deanna B Marshall, Charlotte W Oswald, J Mick Tilford","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2026.2650164","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2026.2650164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Accurate economic evaluations require capturing the full value of health interventions, yet broader impacts are often inconsistently represented. This study developed and validated the 'Burden Tree'- a conceptual framework to comprehensively capture the burden of pediatric infectious diseases on patients and families.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A double-blind modified-Delphi panel was conducted with 21 experts from the US and Europe in pediatric infectious diseases. The process, informed by targeted literature review and expert input, involved two rounds of online surveys and a virtual consensus meeting to elicit and validate categories, elements, and sub-elements of the Burden Tree.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Burden Tree categories included direct medical and non-medical costs, productivity losses, and impact on quality of life, each differentiating elements before, during, and after the episode. Validated sub-elements covered costs related to hospitalizations, drugs, visits, tests, healthcare transport, caregiver bereavement or exhaustion; housing modifications, special accommodations and resources for sequelae; caregiver and patient absenteeism and presenteeism, caregiver employment termination; caregiver and patient changes in health-related quality of life, and discrimination following the episode. The panel agreed the Burden Tree categories were comprehensive, mutually exclusive, and customizable.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This modified-Delphi panel validated a comprehensive and mutually exclusive framework for economic evaluation inclusion.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":" ","pages":"511-522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147591189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Concerns on methodological assumptions in the health economic evaluation of return-to-work interventions.","authors":"Afschin Gandjour","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2026.2629352","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2026.2629352","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>High sickness absence and disability claims create major societal and budget pressures, making return-to-work (RTW) interventions a central policy priority. Because decisions often hinge on whether productivity gains are counted, robust long-horizon economic models are influential - but also vulnerable to strong extrapolation assumptions.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This Key Paper Evaluation examines a recent modeling study of RTWinterventions comparing a 3½-week inpatient multimodal occupational rehabilitation (I-MORE) with outpatient Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). The authors link a randomized trial to 7 years of registry follow-up and project costs and effects over a 25-year horizon from healthcare and societal perspectives.</p><p><strong>Expert commentary: </strong>The analysis is transparent and well executed, but the study's headline finding - lifetime dominance of I-MORE when productivity is counted - hinges on structural assumptions that effectively extend a 3½-week inpatient program into persistent productivity gains over a 25-year horizon: transition intensities are frozen beyond 4 years, and within-state absence-day differences are held constant thereafter, generating persistent productivity gains even after state prevalences converge. Health-related quality of life is observed only to 14 months and then modeled as state-specific constants, compressing incremental quality-adjusted life years and leaving the healthcare-only incremental cost-effectiveness ratio unfavorable. We argue that lifetime savings should be treated as upper-bound estimates and that decision relevance would be strengthened by waning-effect scenarios, mid-term horizons, and tests of the absorbing disability state. We also highlight the need for diagnosis-by-treatment analyses and stepped-care sequences given the heterogeneous population and fixed-dose ACT comparator.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":" ","pages":"313-316"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146124346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sonia Santos-Lasaosa, Beatriz Armada, Carlota Moya-Alarcón, Darío Rubio-Rodríguez, Carlos Rubio-Terrés, Pablo Irimia
{"title":"Cost of rimegepant and lasmiditan associated adverse events, for acute treatment in migraine in Spain.","authors":"Sonia Santos-Lasaosa, Beatriz Armada, Carlota Moya-Alarcón, Darío Rubio-Rodríguez, Carlos Rubio-Terrés, Pablo Irimia","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2026.2615680","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2026.2615680","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare the cost of adverse events (AEs) associated with the acute treatment with rimegepant (RIM) versus lasmiditan (LAS) for migraine in Spain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A probabilistic modeling analysis was performed, using second-order Monte Carlo simulations, from the perspective of the Spanish National Health System (SNHS). The cost per patient of all AEs described with RIM or LAS in 12 clinical trials, obtained through a systematic review, was analyzed. Several sensitivity analyzes (among them, a matching adjusted indirect comparison -MAIC- of the two long-term studies) were also performed. The cost of AEs management (€ 2024) was obtained from Spanish sources.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The probabilistic model estimated that RIM compared to LAS would generate savings of €612.79 (95% CI €159.49-1339.43) per treated patient with migraine, in a treatment period of 6.11 ± 3.25 months, €98.54 per month. In the MAIC analysis, a saving per patient of €697.04 (95% CI: €514.44-879.04) was obtained in a treatment period of 12.4 months. The probability of RIM saving in all analysis was 100%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In accordance with this model, the favorable safety profile of RIM compared to LAS would generate savings for the SNHS in health-care resources in all the scenarios considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":" ","pages":"361-368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145933014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}