Ann-Cathrine Siefen, Melina Sophie Kurte, Anna Marie Bauer, Oliver A Cornely, Sebastian Wingen-Heimann, Florian Kron
{"title":"A retrospective budget impact analysis of fidaxomicin treatment for <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infections (CDI) in Germany.","authors":"Ann-Cathrine Siefen, Melina Sophie Kurte, Anna Marie Bauer, Oliver A Cornely, Sebastian Wingen-Heimann, Florian Kron","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2352005","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2352005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Clostridioides difficile</i> is the most common cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea. Research suggests that treating <i>C. difficile</i> infections (CDI) with fidaxomicin (FDX) is more effective than vancomycin (VAN), with potential cost savings. The objective was to calculate the budget impact of FDX treatment compared to VAN from a German payer perspective.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>The analysis used real-world data of patients discharged from University Hospital Cologne between Jan-01-2018 and Dec-31-2019. We identified recurrent and non-recurrent CDI cases and calculated direct treatment costs based on G-DRG flat rates. To calculate average costs per treatment and the budget impact, recurrence probabilities for VAN and FDX were taken from published evidence (28-day and 90-day scenarios).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Totally, 475 cases were analyzed, thereof 421 non-recurrent, causing mean costs of €32,901 per case (95% CI: 27.752-38.050). Thirty-two patients experienced a recurrence within 28 days, yielding mean costs of €10,952 (95% CI: 5.627-16.277) for their additional hospital stay. The resulting budget impact was €1,303 (95% CI: 670-1.937) in favor of FDX, ranging from €148.34 to €2,190.30 in scenario analyses.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The analysis indicates FDX treatment can lead to cost savings compared to VAN. Future research should focus on specific patient groups, such as refractory CDI patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140860463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radwa Ahmed Batran, Mohab Kamel, Ayman Bahr, Joseph Waheb, Ahmed Khalil, Mohamed Elsokary
{"title":"Multiple sclerosis: economic burden, therapeutic advances, and future forecasts in the Middle East and North Africa region.","authors":"Radwa Ahmed Batran, Mohab Kamel, Ayman Bahr, Joseph Waheb, Ahmed Khalil, Mohamed Elsokary","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2364832","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2364832","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a persistent condition characterized by immune-mediated processes in the central nervous system, affecting around 2.8 million individuals globally. While historically less prevalent in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, recent trends mirror the global rise in MS.</p><p><strong>Area covered: </strong>The impact of MS is substantial, particularly in the MENA region, with costs per patient surpassing nominal GDP per capita in certain countries. Disease-modifying therapies aim to alleviate MS effects, but challenges persist, especially in managing progressive MS as it shifts from inflammatory to neurodegenerative phases. Limited resources in the MENA region hinder care delivery, though awareness initiatives and multidisciplinary centers are emerging. Contrary to global projections of a decline in the MS market, the MENA region is poised for growth due to increased prevalence, healthcare expenditures, and infrastructure investments.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>This review underscores the urgent necessity for effective treatments, robust disease management, and early diagnosis in tackling MS's repercussions in the MENA region. Bolstering resources tailored to MS patients and elevating the quality of care stand as pivotal strategies for enhancing health outcomes in this context. Taking decisive action holds the key to enhancing the overall well-being of individuals grappling with MS.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141237112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Edimansyah Abdin, Vanessa Seet, Anitha Jeyagurunathan, Sing Chik Tan, Muhammad Iskandar Shah Mohmad Khalid, Yee Ming Mok, Swapna Verma, Mythily Subramaniam
{"title":"Mapping the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale 2.0 to the EQ-5D-5L in patients with mental disorders.","authors":"Edimansyah Abdin, Vanessa Seet, Anitha Jeyagurunathan, Sing Chik Tan, Muhammad Iskandar Shah Mohmad Khalid, Yee Ming Mok, Swapna Verma, Mythily Subramaniam","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2376100","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2376100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The current study aims to develop an algorithm for mapping the WHODAS 2.0 to the EQ-5D-5 L for patients with mental disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Institute of Mental Health and Community Wellness Clinics in Singapore between June 2019 and November 2022. We included four regression methods including the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression, the Tobit regression model (Tobit), the robust regression with MM estimator (MM), and the adjusted limited dependent variable mixture model (ALDVMM) to map EQ-5D-5 L utility scores from the WHODAS 2.0.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 797 participants were included. The mean EQ-5D-5 L utility and WHODAS 2.0 total scores were 0.615 (SD = 0.342) and 11.957 (SD = 8.969), respectively. We found that the EQ-5D-5 L utility score was best predicted by the robust regression model with the MM estimator. Our findings suggest that the WHODAS 2.0 total scores were significantly and inversely associated with the EQ-5D-5 L utility scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides a mapping algorithm for converting the WHODAS 2.0 scores into EQ-5D-5 L utility scores which can be implemented using a simple online calculator in the following web application: https://eastats.shinyapps.io/whodas_eq5d/.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141533980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pembrolizumab combined with chemotherapy versus placebo combined with chemotherapy for HER2-negative advanced gastric cancer in China: a cost-effectiveness analysis.","authors":"Zhiwei Zheng, Xiaobing Song, Hongfu Cai, Huide Zhu","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2378986","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2378986","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of pembrolizumab in combination with chemotherapy for HER2-negative advanced gastric cancer in China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A partitioned survival approach model was constructed to simulate the progression of HER2-negative advanced gastric cancer and evaluate the outcomes of different treatment strategies. We calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) to assess the cost associated with each quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. One-way sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were performed to assess robustness and reliability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis conducted in the base case demonstrated that the ICER associated with pembrolizumab was $177405.83/QALY gained in all population. In the subgroup analysis, it was found that individuals with a PD-L1 CPS ≥ 1 and those with a PD-L1 CPS ≥ 10 had ICERs of $152397.06/QALY and $109534.13/QALY, respectively. All ICER values for both the all population groups and the subgroups exceeded the WTP threshold in China. Our analysis shows the robustness of these results, as they remained consistent when input parameters were varied within a ± 25% range.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings of this cost-effectiveness analysis suggest that pembrolizumab in combination with chemotherapy is not a cost-effective treatment option for HER2-negative advanced gastric cancer in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141558486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raphael Wittenberg, Jacqueline Damant, Amritpal Rehill, Martin Knapp, Tobi Adeyemi, Ian Matthews
{"title":"Estimated value of productivity lost due to childhood chickenpox in the United Kingdom: a survey of parents.","authors":"Raphael Wittenberg, Jacqueline Damant, Amritpal Rehill, Martin Knapp, Tobi Adeyemi, Ian Matthews","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2410257","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2410257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>While medical costs of chickenpox have been researched, little is known about indirect costs. Understanding total costs is important for decisions about vaccination. This study estimated the value of lost productivity of adults missing work to care for children with chickenpox.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>It comprised an international literature review, online survey of 1,526 parents of children aged 1 to 11 years, and computation of indirect costs of chickenpox in the UK. The survey covered chickenpox episodes amongst respondents' children, time children took off school/nursery, and work absenteeism by parents/caregivers caring for them.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Respondents reported on 2,283 children, of whom 52% (1185/2283) experienced chickenpox. Almost half (591/1185) missed days of school/nursery, averaging 5.6 days missed. In 260 cases of 542 adults providing data with such a child, an adult missed work to care for the child. The daily value of this lost productivity was £170. There were approximately 200,000 GP consultations for chickenpox and 625,000 births annually, suggesting annual chickenpox incidence lies between these figures. The estimated annual UK productivity loss due to chickenpox is £20 -£70 million ($25-$90 million).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Annual value of lost productivity due to chickenpox is in range £20 to £70 million.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142344401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ludmila P Gargano, Juliana Alvares-Teodoro, Francisco de A Acurcio, Augusto A Guerra
{"title":"Pharmaceutical innovativeness index: methodological approach for assessing the value of medicines - a case study of oncology drugs.","authors":"Ludmila P Gargano, Juliana Alvares-Teodoro, Francisco de A Acurcio, Augusto A Guerra","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2365985","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2365985","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We propose a framework to assess the value of pharmaceutical innovations, with explicit clinical and methodological parameters, based on the therapeutic value and health needs.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>The study was based on the adaptation of health technology assessment methods documented in the literature, which was applied to a sample of oncological drugs. Difficulties and issues during the application of those tools were identified and addressed to develop a new framework with new and revised domains and clear classification criterion for each domain. Scores were assigned to each level and domain according to their relevance to generate the final score of innovativeness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Pharmaceutical Innovation Index (PII) includes four domains, two related to clinical and social dimensions - Therapeutic Need and Added Therapeutic Value - and other two about methodological features - Study Design and Quality (risk of bias). The scores combined after assigned to each domain results Index of the Innovativeness of the medicines represents the degree of pharmaceutical innovation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This work proposes a transparent methodology with well-defined criteria and script; the algorithm developed with authors' weightings and criteria may be switched to best adjust to other applications, perspective or clinical indications, while keeping the transparency and objectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141300478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Markus Vomhof, Anna C Boersma, Dorijn F L Hertroijs, Matthias Kaltheuner, Michael Krichbaum, Bernhard Kulzer, Andrea Icks, Mickael Hiligsmann
{"title":"Preferences of people with diabetes for diabetes care in Germany: a discrete choice experiment.","authors":"Markus Vomhof, Anna C Boersma, Dorijn F L Hertroijs, Matthias Kaltheuner, Michael Krichbaum, Bernhard Kulzer, Andrea Icks, Mickael Hiligsmann","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2369293","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2369293","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The objective of this study is to elicit health care preferences of people with diabetes and identify classes of people with different preferences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A discrete choice experiment was conducted among people with diabetes in Germany comprising attributes of role division in daily diabetes care planning, type of lifestyle education, support for correct medication intake, consultation frequency, emotional support, and time spent on self-management. A conditional logit model and a latent class model were used to elicit preferences toward diabetes care and analyze preference heterogeneity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 76 people with diabetes, recruited in two specialized diabetes care centers in Germany (mean age 51.9 years, 37.3% women, 49.1% type 2 diabetes mellitus, 50.9% type 1 diabetes mellitus), completed the discrete choice experiment. The most important attributes were consultation frequency, division in daily diabetes care planning, and correct medication intake. The latent class model detected preference heterogeneity by identifying two latent classes which differ mainly with respect to lifestyle education and medication intake.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While the majority of people with diabetes showed preferences in line with current health care provision in Germany, a relevant subgroup wished to strengthen lifestyle education and medication intake support with an aid or website.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141316928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Accounting for planetary boundaries in health economic evaluation.","authors":"Wolf Rogowski","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2364047","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2364047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Health economic evaluation (HEE) provides guidance for decision-making in the face of scarcity but ignores ecological scarcities as long as they involve external costs only. Following the imperative to account for planetary health, this study explores how this blind spot can be addressed.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>The study is based on a critical review of relevant work, particularly in the fields of HEE and life cycle assessment (LCA). LCA can provide information on a technology's environmental impacts which can be accounted for on both the effect and cost sides of HEE. Cost-benefit analyses can incorporate environmental impacts in case vignettes used for eliciting consumers' willingness to pay. Existing LCA impact models can be used to estimate human health risks associated with environmental impacts and add them to the health benefits in cost-utility analyses. Many jurisdictions offer lists of shadow prices that can be used to incorporate environmental impacts on the cost side of HEE. Also, environmental impacts can be reported in a disaggregated manner.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Accounting for planetary boundaries is likely to become a key field of methodological innovation in HEE. Decision relevance is likely to be highest for technologies with similar cost-effectiveness but different ecological impacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141431695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aziz Rezapour, Hanie Gholampour, Mohammad Barzegar, Kamran Irandoust, Somayeh Afshari, Jalal Arabloo, Razieh Mahmoodi, Ali Sarabi Asiabar, Pezhman Atefimanesh, Mohammad Hossein Ghafoori
{"title":"Economic evaluation of stereotactic radiotherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery technologies in the treatment of cancers: a systematic review.","authors":"Aziz Rezapour, Hanie Gholampour, Mohammad Barzegar, Kamran Irandoust, Somayeh Afshari, Jalal Arabloo, Razieh Mahmoodi, Ali Sarabi Asiabar, Pezhman Atefimanesh, Mohammad Hossein Ghafoori","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2353727","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2353727","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This systematic review study investigated the cost-effectiveness of stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for treatment of various types of cancers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched from 30 December 1990 to 1 January 2023. The entered studies were screened in accordance with the inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria encompassed all types of economic evaluation studies that investigated SRT/SRS technologies in the treatment of various cancers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 47 articles were included in the review. The findings suggest that the use of Linear accelerator technology for the treatment of lung cancer (8 out of 12 studies) and prostate cancer (4 out of 5 studies) was a cost-effective strategy. Linear accelerator was found to be cost-effective in the treatment of liver metastases and liver cancer (2 out of 5 studies). All of the included studies that used Gamma Knife technology in brain metastases reported Gamma-Knife was a cost-effective treatment. Furthermore, in the treatment of prostate and liver cancer, proton therapy was identified as a cost-effective option than other treatments.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study confirms that SRT/SRS is a cost-effective procedure for the treatment of various types of cancers. Therefore, it is recommended to use SRT/SRS technology for optimal use of resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140910916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Svenn Alexander Kommandantvold, Annabelle Lemenuel-Diot, Chris Skedgel, Richard Pitman, Peter Rouse, Hassan Zaraket, Hao Zhou, Marie-Helene Blanchet Zumofen
{"title":"A cost-effectiveness analysis of reduced viral transmission with baloxavir marboxil versus oseltamivir or no treatment for seasonal and pandemic influenza management in the United Kingdom.","authors":"Svenn Alexander Kommandantvold, Annabelle Lemenuel-Diot, Chris Skedgel, Richard Pitman, Peter Rouse, Hassan Zaraket, Hao Zhou, Marie-Helene Blanchet Zumofen","doi":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2365421","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14737167.2024.2365421","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Baloxavir marboxil is an oral, single-dose, cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor that reduces the duration of influenza symptoms and rapidly stops viral shedding. We developed a susceptible, exposed, infected, recovered (SEIR) model to inform a cost-effectiveness model (CEM) of baloxavir versus oseltamivir or no antiviral treatment in the UK.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>The SEIR model estimated the attack rates among otherwise healthy and high-risk individuals in seasonal and pandemic settings. The CEM assumed that a proportion of infected patients would receive antiviral treatment. Results were reported at the population level (per 10,000 at risk of infection).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The SEIR model estimated greater reductions in infections with baloxavir. In a seasonal setting, baloxavir provided incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of £1884 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained versus oseltamivir and a dominant cost-effectiveness position versus no antiviral treatment in the total population; ICERs of £2574/QALY versus oseltamivir and £128/QALY versus no antiviral treatment were seen in the high-risk population. Baloxavir was also cost-effective versus oseltamivir or no antiviral treatment and reduced population-level health system occupancy concerns during a pandemic.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Baloxavir treatment resulted in the fewest influenza cases and was cost-effective versus oseltamivir or no antiviral treatment from a UK National Health Service perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":12244,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141293232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}