Eye and Vision最新文献

{"title":"Corneal backscatter as a biomarker for edema severity in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Maximilian Friedrich, Hyeck-Soo Son, Lasha-Giorgi Turava, Maximilian Hammer, Louise Blöck, Lizaveta Chychko, Timur Mert Yildirim, Gerd Uwe Auffarth, Victor Aristide Augustin","doi":"10.1186/s40662-026-00483-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40662-026-00483-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is characterized by progressive endothelial dysfunction and corneal edema. Reliable objective biomarkers for grading disease severity are currently evolving. Corneal backscatter may reflect edema-related changes in corneal transparency and could serve as an additional objective measure of FECD severity across different edema stages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of corneal backscatter as a biomarker for severity of FECD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective, observational, single-center cross-sectional study, 99 eyes of 67 patients with FECD were divided into three groups depending on the presence of clinical, subclinical or no corneal edema. The corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) was obtained and Scheimpflug tomography was performed. Subclinical corneal edema was diagnosed if more than one of the following criteria were present in Scheimpflug tomography: loss of regular isopachs, displacement of the thinnest point of the cornea, and focal posterior corneal surface depression. Clinical corneal edema was diagnosed by slit-lamp biomicroscopy. The primary outcome was the difference in total corneal backscatter in the central 2-mm zone. Secondary analyses were the correlation of corneal backscatter to CDVA, tomographic parameters such as central corneal thickness (CCT) and thinnest corneal thickness (TCT), as well as their diagnostic accuracy and predictive potential to differentiate between edema severity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The total central corneal backscatter was significantly higher among eyes with high edema severity (P < 0.05). Differences in corneal backscatter between subgroups diminished with increasing depth of corneal layer and towards the periphery. The anterior (Marginal R² = 0.260; P < 0.001) and total (Marginal R² = 0.208; P < 0.001) corneal backscatter in the central 2-mm zone correlated well with CDVA. Corneal backscatter showed a higher correlation with CDVA than CCT (Marginal R² = 0.198; P < 0.001) and TCT (Marginal R² = 0.096; P = 0.004). Central corneal backscatter in the anterior 120 µm demonstrated moderate diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing subclinical corneal edema from no edema (threshold = 31.2 GSU; AUC = 0.73) or clinical edema (threshold = 34.9 GSU; AUC = 0.76).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study corroborates that corneal backscatter values increase with increasing corneal edema stage and therefore present a potential adjunctive biomarker to assess FECD severity in addition to edema status and clinical gradings.</p>","PeriodicalId":12194,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Vision","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13130732/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147766850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-surface aberration-increasing lenses versus single-vision lenses in non-myopic children: a randomized clinical trial.","authors":"Weiwei Lu, Shiqi Zhou, Lihua Yu, Renai Chen, Ruru Chen, Yang Zhao, Lan Wang, Yi Chen, Fan Lu, Jiawei Zhou, Wanqing Jin","doi":"10.1186/s40662-026-00486-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40662-026-00486-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the 1-year preventive efficacy of dual-surface aberration-increasing (DSAI) lenses on axial elongation and refractive change in non-myopic children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a 2-year randomized, controlled, prospective trial with a planned interim analysis at the 1-year follow-up to assess the preliminary efficacy and safety of DSAI lenses. One hundred children aged 6-12 years with cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction between -0.50 diopters (D) and + 2.00 D, classified as non-myopic, were recruited. Participants were randomly assigned to wear either DSAI spectacle lenses or single-vision (SV) spectacle lenses in daily life. The primary outcomes were axial elongation and refractive change relative to baseline measurements, with axial elongation considered the main structural outcome in the results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Enrolment commenced in June 2023. One hundred participants were recruited, and 92 (DSAI group: n = 46, mean ± standard deviation age: 8.15 ± 1.49 years; SV group: n = 46, 8.32 ± 1.62 years) completed the 1-year follow-up. No intervention-related adverse events were observed during the study period. Participants in the DSAI group exhibited significantly less axial elongation (difference: 0.15 mm; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.06 to 0.24 mm; P = 0.002) and refractive change (difference: -0.26 D; 95% CI: -0.50 to -0.02 D; P = 0.032) than those in the SV group. Subgroup analysis showed that emmetropic children, older children (8.1-12.0 years), and those wearing lenses for longer durations (≥ 11 h/day) in the DSAI group had significantly less model-adjusted axial elongation than the corresponding SV subgroups (all P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The 1-year interim results suggest that DSAI lenses help to slow axial elongation and refractive change in non-myopic children, with a relatively greater effect observed in emmetropic children, older children, and those who wore the lenses for longer durations.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>This trial is registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry with trial registration number: ChiCTR2300078464.</p>","PeriodicalId":12194,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Vision","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112723/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147766831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Update and review of the current medical and surgical management of sickle cell retinopathy.","authors":"Carson W Ercanbrack, Sam Karimaghaei, Abdulrahman H Badawi, Moustafa Magliah, Ahmed B Sallam","doi":"10.1186/s40662-026-00484-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40662-026-00484-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sickle cell retinopathy (SCR) is a well-documented and potentially vision-threatening presentation of sickle cell disease (SCD). In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the management options for non-proliferative sickle cell retinopathy (NPSR) and proliferative sickle cell retinopathy (PSR) based on the existing ophthalmic literature.</p><p><strong>Main text: </strong>The mainstay of NPSR treatment focuses on preventing progression to PSR by identifying and altering modifiable risk factors. Once NPSR progresses to PSR, suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression with laser photocoagulation or intravitreal anti-VEGF injections can be considered. While no standard criteria exist for timing and type of intervention, both treatment modalities have been utilized for advanced PSR. In contemporary practice, scatter laser photocoagulation is performed far more commonly than the historically described feeder-vessel photocoagulation. Surgical management typically includes pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), scleral buckle (SB), or combined PPV-SB and are generally indicated in PSR for non-clearing vitreous hemorrhage, tractional or rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD), and epiretinal membrane formation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is currently no consensus on standard guidelines for the management of SCR. Evidence suggests that surgical intervention can improve vision in advanced stages of PSR and that anti-VEGF therapy may have a role in treatment. However, studies in the ophthalmic literature are limited by relatively small sample sizes and difficulty accounting for a patient's prior medical or surgical interventions. Additionally, more robust studies are required to determine the long-term efficacy and safety of anti-VEGF in SCR. A multidisciplinary team approach to SCR and SCD remains the cornerstone of management for this systemic disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":12194,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Vision","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112775/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147766821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From pineal photoreception to optogenetics: functional colour opponency based on a pineal bistable opsin.","authors":"Seiji Wada, Emi Kawano-Yamashita, Mitsumasa Koyanagi, Akihisa Terakita","doi":"10.1186/s40662-026-00485-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40662-026-00485-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most animals sense light through opsins, which are photosensitive G protein-coupled receptors that utilize light information to regulate various physiological functions. In vertebrates, a representative example of such functions is vision, which is based on photoreception by visual opsins expressed in rod and cone photoreceptor cells of the retina. Accumulating photobiological evidence has gradually revealed the significance of the molecular properties of these opsins, as well as those of signal transduction-related molecules such as transducin, rhodopsin kinases, and arrestins, and their collective contribution to the functional characteristics of retinal photoreceptor cells. Furthermore, electrophysiological studies of animal photoreception have demonstrated that pineal-related organs in many vertebrates exhibit photosensitivity. Consequently, these organs are referred to as the \"third eye,\" in addition to the bilateral eyes. Light responses in pineal-related organs have been electrophysiologically described across various vertebrates, from lampreys to birds. In particular, species ranging from lampreys to lizards commonly exhibit two characteristic types of responses: \"achromatic\" and \"chromatic.\" Since the 1990s, genome projects have identified numerous opsin genes in diverse animal species and revealed their remarkable diversity. This has led to rapid advances in the study of \"non-visual\" opsins and their associated physiological functions. Along with these developments, the opsin repertoire in pineal-related organs has been shown to differ from that in the eyes. In this article, we review electrophysiological evidence of photosensitivity in pineal-related organs and describe the molecular basis underlying this sensitivity. Furthermore, we discuss the role of the pineal-specific opsin parapinopsin, which possesses molecular properties distinct from those of visual opsins, in photoreceptor cells, as well as examples of its application in optogenetics. Overall, this review highlights the molecular and physiological significance of pineal opsins and emphasises their emerging potential in optogenetic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12194,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Vision","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13094114/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147722204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation in corneal biomechanical properties following continuous cross-linking treatment.","authors":"ChenHao Zhao, XinYu Yao, YeWei Zhao, HongJiang Wu, JiaHui Zong, XuanYa Tong, Daniela Oehring, Lan Yang, XiaoFei Zhou, Ying Li, YanJie Shen, YuFeng Ye, ShiHao Chen, Jia Qu, QinMei Wang, Ahmed Elsheikh, FangJun Bao","doi":"10.1186/s40662-026-00482-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40662-026-00482-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of transepithelial accelerated corneal cross-linking (transEpi ACXL) when applied separately or combined with phototherapeutic keratectomy (transPTK ACXL) in keratoconic eyes using biomechanical parameters.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included eyes with progressive keratoconus treated with either continuous transEpi ACXL or transPTK ACXL with 6 months follow-up. The following parameters were assessed preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively: biomechanically corrected intraocular pressure (bIOP), maximum and mean keratometry (K_max and K_m), minimum and central corneal thickness (MCT and CCT), corneal coma, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), deformation amplitude ratio at 2 mm nasal/temporal (DAR2), integrated inverse radius (IIR), stiffness parameter at first applanation (SP-A1), highest concavity time (HCT) and two versions of stress-strain index (SSIv1 and SSIv2).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 75 eyes from 72 patients were included (31 in the transEpi ACXL group and 44 in the transPTK ACXL group). The two groups were comparable in age (23.0 ± 5.0 vs. 21.3 ± 5.2 years) and TKC grade distribution (grades 1-4), with no statistically significant between-group differences (P = 0.321 and 0.766, respectively). Both groups exhibited significant reductions in IIR, and increases in SSIv1 and SSIv2 (all P < 0.05). The improvements in K_max, coma, and SSIv2 were greater in the transPTK ACXL group than in the transEpi ACXL group (all P < 0.05). The relative difference in SSIv2 (SSIv2_Rdif) exceeded those of other biomechanical parameters in both groups (transEpi ACXL: SSIv2_Rdif > DAR2_Rdif, IIR_dif; transPTK ACXL: SSIv2_Rdif > DAR2_Rdif, IIR_Rdif, SP-A1_Rdif, HCT_Rdif, and SSIv1_Rdif, all P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>TransPTK ACXL resulted in better biomechanical and visual benefits in comparison with transEpi ACXL 6 months after treatment. SSIv2 demonstrated superior performance in assessing the efficacy of corneal cross-linking.</p>","PeriodicalId":12194,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Vision","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13041107/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147591002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a predictive model based on aqueous cytokines data for response to anti-VEGF therapy in diabetic macular edema.","authors":"Fuhua Yang, Yi Gong, Xiaoying Pan, Jinzhi Zhao, Rongguo Yu, Liangzhang Tan, Emmanuel Eric Pazo, Xiaomin Zhang, Xiaorong Li","doi":"10.1186/s40662-026-00479-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40662-026-00479-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents improve visual acuity in diabetic macular edema (DME). However, resistance, non-response, or recurrence occurs in many patients. Predictive biomarkers for anti-VEGF response are lacking. We aim to identify cytokine markers predictive of anti-VEGF response and elucidate cytokines involved in poor-response DME pathogenesis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A luminex assay was carried out to measure the concentration of cytokines in the aqueous humor. A predictive model based on baseline cytokines was constructed in a discovery set that comprised 46 responders and 20 non-responders. In addition, an analysis of baseline cytokines of 15 responders and 12 non-responders was conducted as a validation set. The performance of the nomogram was determined using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Baseline concentrations of angiogenesis-related cytokines VEGF (P < 0.0001), placenta growth factor (PIGF) (P < 0.0001), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) (P < 0.0001), inflammatory factor interleukin-6 (IL-6) (P < 0.0001), IL-8 (P < 0.0001), chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (P < 0.0001), and adhesion factor intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (P < 0.001) were significantly increased compared to controls. The prediction nomogram model included five baseline cytokines: VEGF, IL-6, Ang-2, MCP-1, and ICAM-1 were constructed. The AUC for the discovery set was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.74-0.96) and for the internal validation was 0.84, indicating that the prediction model has good predictive accuracy. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test showed good model calibration (P = 0.295). The levels of Ang-2 (P = 0.0042), IL-6 (P < 0.0001), IL-8 (P < 0.0001), MCP-1 (P < 0.0001), and PIGF (P < 0.0001) were still significantly increased at the 6-month timepoint after multiple injections of anti-VEGF drugs for non-response group patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The baseline cytokine-based model helped to assess the individual probability of response to anti-VEGF therapy. There are cytokines beyond VEGF that are involved in the pathogenesis of DME, therapeutic regimens targeting these cytokines may improve the visual acuity and reduce macular edema.</p>","PeriodicalId":12194,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Vision","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12983647/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147443008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accelerometer-derived \"weekend warrior\" physical activity pattern and risk of age-related eye diseases: a prospective cohort study.","authors":"Yuze Mi, Jiahui Zong, Shangdong Wang, Qinnan Zhu, Shaokai Lin, Xinni Zheng, Yanggang Hong, Jiawei Zhou, Liang Ye","doi":"10.1186/s40662-026-00480-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40662-026-00480-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>International guidelines recommend at least 150 min of weekly moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), but whether concentrated versus distributed activity patterns differ in their associations with age-related eye diseases remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective cohort study included 86,271 UK Biobank participants free of age-related eye diseases at baseline. Physical activity was assessed using wrist-mounted triaxial accelerometers (Axivity AX3) over seven consecutive days. Two MVPA thresholds were examined: ≥ 150 min/week (primary) and ≥ 300 min/week (secondary). Participants were categorized as: inactive (below threshold), weekend warriors (WW; meeting threshold with ≥ 50% MVPA concentrated within 1-2 days), or regularly active (meeting threshold without WW criteria). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess associations over a median follow-up of 7.9 years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the ≥ 150 min/week threshold, both WW (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.84-0.94, P < 0.001) and regularly active patterns (HR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.87-0.99, P = 0.028) were associated with a reduced risk of cataract compared to inactivity. The WW pattern was also associated with a reduced risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR, HR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.55-0.99, P = 0.043) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD, HR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.75-0.97, P = 0.016). Direct comparisons between the WW and regularly active patterns showed no significant differences for these conditions (all P > 0.05), except for a nominal difference in glaucoma (P = 0.036). At the ≥ 300 min/week threshold, only the WW pattern remained significantly associated with reduced risk of cataract (HR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.86-0.97, P = 0.002) and glaucoma (HR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.75-0.97, P = 0.019).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both the WW and regularly active patterns demonstrate protective associations with age-related eye diseases compared to inactivity, with no statistically significant differences between the two active groups for most outcomes. These findings suggest that the WW approach is a viable and flexible alternative for individuals who find it difficult to maintain daily physical activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12194,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Vision","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12973921/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147431846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual dimorphism in keratoconus: transcriptomic and hormonal mechanisms underlying stromal remodelling.","authors":"Yining Sun, Qixin Li, Xiaoqing Wu, Xintong Yu, Ruoqi Wang, Binjia Sun, Kaisheng Wang, Ye Yu, Shihao Chen, Dan Jiang, Wei Chen","doi":"10.1186/s40662-026-00478-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40662-026-00478-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Keratoconus (KC) is a vision-threatening condition with a higher prevalence and earlier onset in males than in females. The study aims to investigate sex-associated transcriptomic features of KC and assess whether sex hormones modulate stromal remodelling.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed whole-transcriptome sequencing of human corneal tissues from patients with KC and matched controls (n = 20; five males and five females per group), followed by weighted gene co-expression network analysis, Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment, and competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network construction. Our findings were functionally probed in primary human corneal stromal fibroblasts (HCSFs) using testosterone, β-oestradiol, and their antagonists. Key nodes were validated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across 17,496 genes, we identified 3,345 differentially expressed genes (adjusted P < 0.01, |log₂ fold-change|≥ 2). Module analyses highlighted pathways related to intracellular transport, energy metabolism, and hormone responses. Sex-stratified analyses revealed male-specific up-regulation of gonadal development programs and female-specific down-regulation of immune and hormonal processes. In HCSFs, testosterone down-regulated type I collagen but up-regulated type III collagen and α-smooth muscle actin; these effects were mitigated by flutamide. Conversely, oestrogen inhibition reproduced altered stromal remodelling, which was rapidly reversed by β-oestradiol. A female-specific ceRNA axis (circEPB41L2_0001-miR-942-5p-DCP1A) was identified and validated by performing perturbation experiments.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>KC exhibited sex-biased molecular programs consistent with androgen-driven and oestrogen-deficiency-related stromal remodelling. These findings elucidate hormone-driven mechanisms underlying KC and suggest that sex-associated hormonal regulation could inform future personalised therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12194,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Vision","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12955055/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147343948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-term effects of atropine on the retina and choroid in young adults.","authors":"Barsha Lal, Lisa A Ostrin","doi":"10.1186/s40662-026-00477-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40662-026-00477-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Low concentration atropine is widely prescribed to slow myopia progression in children, yet its short-term retinal and choroidal effects remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to evaluate short-term effects of a range of low atropine concentrations on axial length, retinal and choroidal thickness, and microvasculature.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this double-masked, randomized study, twenty healthy adults received a single instillation of placebo, 0.01%, 0.025%, 0.05%, or 0.1% atropine in the right eye across five separate sessions. Retinal and choroidal thickness in the central 1.0 mm diameter and 1.0-3.0 mm annulus, perfusion density in the superficial and deep vascular complex and choriocapillaris in the central 1.0 mm and 1.0-2.5 mm annulus, foveal avascular zone and axial length were assessed at baseline and 1 h and 24 h after instillation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participant mean age was 25.5 ± 3.4 years and mean refraction was - 1.9 ± 2.2 D. No significant changes in retinal or choroidal thickness or axial length were observed for any concentration or time point (P > 0.05). The superficial vascular plexus perfusion density in the 1.0-2.5 mm annulus showed significant decrease (P = 0.02) with time after atropine instillation, but not with concentration (P > 0.05); post hoc analysis showed significant decrease from baseline at 1 h (P = 0.03) compared to 24 h (P = 0.28).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings indicate that a single instillation of 0.01%-0.1% atropine does not alter axial length or retinal or choroidal thickness over 24 h, but may transiently affect superficial retinal perfusion in a time-dependent manner. Characterizing these short-term effects is important for a better understanding of the physiological responses to atropine in clinical and research settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":12194,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Vision","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12950235/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147321553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal and cross-sectional study of retinal phenotypes and visual function in choroideremia carriers: a new grading system.","authors":"Xiaoxu Han, Yang Yu, Jiaqi Ding, Zixi Sun, Hui Li, Xuan Zou, Ruifang Sui","doi":"10.1186/s40662-026-00476-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40662-026-00476-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Choroideremia is an X-linked chorioretinal dystrophy with well-characterized progression in affected males but variable phenotypes in female carriers. Understanding the phenotypic spectrum in female carriers is important for prognosis, monitoring, and trial design. This study aims to delineate the natural history of retinal phenotypes and visual function loss in female choroideremia carriers and establish an improved fundus grading system for disease stratification and prognostic prediction.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This single-center, longitudinal and cross-sectional, retrospective study included 64 genetically confirmed female choroideremia carriers. Clinical data included genotype, age, best-corrected visual acuity, color fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence, visual field testing, and full-field electroretinography. A novel fundus phenotypic grading system was proposed based on fundus autofluorescence and fundus color photographs, which included four types: granular (merged fine/coarse patterns), severe peripapillary atrophy (highlighting severe peripapillary atrophy as a crucial feature), localized atrophy, and widespread atrophy. The agreement between measurement-based grading and visual grading was assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Visual acuity and fundus phenotypes showed moderate interocular symmetry, while visual field and electroretinography metrics showed high interocular symmetry. At baseline, phenotypes included granular (76.3%), severe peripapillary atrophy (7.5%), localized atrophy (10.8%), and widespread atrophy (5.4%). Longitudinally, the granular type remained stable, while other types progressed, with a mean atrophy expansion rate of 3.1 mm²/year. Age did not correlate with visual function decline, and neither age nor genotype was linked to the severe fundus phenotype. Baseline phenotype was the strongest predictor of prognosis. Excellent agreement (weighted κ = 0.93) was observed between the measurement-based and visual grading methods.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We proposed a novel fundus grading system for choroideremia carriers and demonstrated its strong clinical utility and prognostic value. The granular type confers a favorable prognosis, whereas the other three types exhibit progressive deterioration. Baseline phenotypic grading is the best indicator of long-term outcomes, underscoring its value in clinical monitoring and therapeutic trial design.</p>","PeriodicalId":12194,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Vision","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12930767/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147276236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}