Experimental eye research最新文献

{"title":"Loss of trabecular meshwork stem cells is correlated with open angle glaucoma","authors":"Sarah Brumley ,&nbsp;Shuyu Xian ,&nbsp;Markus H. Kuehn","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The trabecular meshwork (TM) of the eye is critical in maintaining aqueous humor outflow and intraocular pressure (IOP). The cellular density in the TM decreases with age and is particularly low in eyes with glaucoma. TM cells are thought to be derived from a population of stem cells, referred to as TM stem cells (TMSCs). To investigate the relationship between TM cellular density and TMSCs, the number of TMSCs and TM cells was compared in human eyes obtained from young donors, individuals with glaucoma, and age-matched controls. Findings obtained confirm that eyes of younger donors contain the largest number of TM cells, while those of older healthy donors contained more TM cells than glaucomatous eyes of the same age (p = 0.0007). Likewise, we detected the largest number of TMSCs in young eyes, significantly higher than in healthy older eyes (p &lt; 0.0001). Again, eyes from glaucomatous patients contained fewer TMSC than those of healthy donors (p &lt; 0.0001). Together the data indicate a clear decline in the number of TMSCs with age and a further reduction in eyes with glaucoma. Although this study does not establish causality, our finding is consistent with the notion that the degeneration or loss of stemness of TMSCs is the cause of reduced TM cellularity which, in turn, is associated with TM dysfunction and the development of elevated IOP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 110296"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Palmitic acid exacerbates experimental autoimmune uveitis by activating T helper 17 cells via regulating STING signaling","authors":"Xiaojie Feng ,&nbsp;Hongmiao Wang ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Zhong,&nbsp;Shiyao Tan,&nbsp;Weiting Liao,&nbsp;Peizeng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110283","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110283","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent studies found that palmitic acid (PA), the most abundant fatty acid in human body, was increased in uveitis patients. However, its exact effect on uveitis has not been clarified. In this study, experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), an animal model of human uveitis, was successfully induced with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) 651–670 and pertussis toxin. The immunized mice were treated with daily intragastric PA or vehicle from day 1–14. The results showed that PA could aggravate EAU activities and increase the proportion of T helper (Th) 17 cells as well as mRNA expression level of Il17a. There were no significant changes in Th1/Treg cell responses between these two groups. In vitro experiments showed that PA treatment could promote IRBP-specific Th17 cell response in association with increased proportion of Th17 cells as well as up-regulated expression of IL-17A. Proteomics showed an increased expression of stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING) in PA-treated mice as compared to vehicle-treated mice. H-151, a potent antagonist of STING, attenuated the activities of EAU and Th17 cell responses induced by PA. Moreover, NF-κB/IL-6 signaling pathway was found to be downregulated after H-151 treatment. Collectively, PA could exacerbate EAU severity possibly through the activation of Th17 cells mediated by up-regulating STING.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 110283"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143432682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of streptozotocin-induced type 1 and type 2 diabetes on ocular surface microbial signatures in C57BL/6J mice","authors":"Xinwei Jiao ,&nbsp;Zhijie Li","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110282","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ocular surface (OS), like other mucosal sites, hosts a diverse microbiome. However, the impact of hyperglycemia associated with diabetes on OS microbial composition remains poorly understood. In this study, we established type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) models in C57BL/6J mice by administering high-dose streptozotocin (STZ) for T1DM and low-dose STZ combined with a high-fat diet for T2DM. The OS microbiome was characterized and analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. The results showed that neither T1DM nor T2DM significantly affected microbial richness compared to normal mice; however, T2DM led to a significant reduction in microbial diversity. This reduction in microbial diversity in T2DM is consistent with known microbial dysbiosis in diabetes, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of ocular complications such as dry eye disease and diabetic retinopathy. Community composition analysis identified <em>Proteobacteria</em>, <em>Pelagibacterium</em>, and <em>Aliihoeflea</em> as the core OS bacteria in normal mice. Diabetes significantly altered the OS microbial composition at various taxonomic levels. Specifically, T1DM was associated with 9 signature bacterial species, including <em>Oceanospirillales</em>, <em>Bacillales</em>, <em>Halomonas</em>, <em>unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae</em>, and <em>Anoxybacillus</em>. T2DM exhibited 17 bacterial markers, including <em>Firmicutes</em>, <em>Staphylococcus</em>, <em>Corynebacterium</em>, and <em>Parasutterella</em>. Functional prediction of the microbiota using PICRUSt2 indicated potential impairments in carbohydrate metabolism due to diabetes. In conclusion, diabetic mice exhibit severe dysregulation of their OS microbiota, and restoring microbial balance in diabetic patients may represent a promising strategy for preventing and treating diabetic OS pathologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 110282"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Daily proteome variations highlight sustained metabolic activity in cone cells of Nrl knockout mice","authors":"Cristina Sandu ,&nbsp;Supitcha Pannengpetch ,&nbsp;Prasong Khaenam ,&nbsp;Montri Yasawong ,&nbsp;Piyada Na Nakorn ,&nbsp;Sarawut Lapmanee ,&nbsp;Marie-Paule Felder-Schmittbuhl ,&nbsp;Prapimpun Wongchitrat","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vision is a highly rhythmic function adapted to daily changes in light intensity. Rhythms disruption is known to compromise retinal health and visual function. This study investigates expression patterns of cone proteins over the 24-h daily cycle in order to understand the molecular bases of cone cyclic physiology. Cones were isolated by vibratome-sectioning from <em>Nrl</em> knockout mice at four time points across the 24-h LD (Light-Dark) cycle and protein extracts were quantified by label-free LC-MS/MS. The resulting protein data was then submitted to MetaCycle analysis to identify proteins with rhythmic expression patterns and associated functions. Cyclic profiles were further validated by SWATH-MS analysis. A total of 1208 proteins were identified. Rhythmic expression patterns were found for 319 proteins, categorized into four clusters based on intensity variation. SWATH-MS analysis validated the approach. Functional enrichment analysis revealed proteins critical for photoreceptor function, including those involved in phototransduction, oxidative phosphorylation, RNA processing, proteostasis, transport, synaptic function and cilia biogenesis. These findings provide a unique dataset of rhythmic cone proteins, potentially crucial for elucidating cone cell physiology and visual function. This knowledge can empower future research on preventing and treating vision impairment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 110284"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of lens crystallins aggregation on cataract formation","authors":"Yue Wang ,&nbsp;Kai Cao ,&nbsp;Zhao-Xing Guo ,&nbsp;Xiu-Hua Wan","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cataracts represent one of the leading causes of blindness globally. The World Health Organization's 2019World Report on Vision indicates that approximately 65.2 million individuals worldwide experience varying degrees of visual impairment or blindness attributable to cataracts. The prevalence of this condition is significantly increasing, largely due to the accelerated aging of the global population. The lens of the eye is primarily composed of crystallins, which are categorized into three families: α-, β-, and γ-crystallins. The highly ordered structure and interactions among these crystallins are crucial for maintaining lens transparency. Disruptions in the interactions within or between crystallins can compromise this delicate architecture, exposing hydrophobic surfaces that lead to crystallin aggregation and subsequent cataract formation. Currently, surgical intervention is the sole treatment for cataracts, and the cataract surgery rate in China remains considerably lower than that of developed nations. Investigating the mechanisms of crystallins interaction and aggregation is essential for understanding the molecular pathogenesis of cataract formation, which may inform the development of targeted therapies and preventative strategies. This paper reviews recent scientific advancements in the research field of lens crystallins aggregation and cataract formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 110288"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic responses of rabbit corneas to normoxic and hypoxic conditions in the Ex Vivo Eye Irritation Test: An alternative to animal experimentation","authors":"Gallego Beatriz Isabel ,&nbsp;Glaudo Markus ,&nbsp;Urbach Marc ,&nbsp;Schrage Norbert","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cornea relies on oxygen for its physiological function and therefore for proper vision. Hypoxia induces significant metabolic and structural changes in <em>in vivo</em> corneal models, which underscore the importance of oxygenation in maintaining corneal function and transparency. This study investigates the impact of hypoxia on corneal metabolism using the live-animal-free Ex Vivo Eye Irritation Test (EVEIT) system. New Zealand white rabbit corneas, sourced from the slaughter industry, were incubated in an EVEIT bioreactor for 5 h under normoxic (20–21% oxygen) or hypoxic conditions (5–7% oxygen induced by argon). Macroscopic assessment and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) analyzed corneal transparency and central thickness respectively. The metabolic activity was assessed by quantifying lactate concentrations in both the culture medium within the bioreactor and the corneal tissue, employing photometric techniques for measurement. Significant lactate accumulation was observed in corneas under hypoxic conditions, accompanied by increased corneal thickness compared to normoxic conditions. These corneal metabolic changes observed under short-term hypoxic conditions in our <em>ex vivo</em> live-animal-free EVEIT system align closely with those previously recorded <em>in vivo</em>. Considering that the EVEIT system is consistent with <em>in vivo</em> models and that corneal metabolic changes may contribute to various corneal pathologies and dystrophies, EVEIT presents a promising tool and a viable alternative to animal experimentation in corneal ophthalmologic research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 110289"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nintedanib and ranibizumab attenuates pathological neovascularization in a rat model of oxygen induced retinopathy","authors":"Ece Basaran Emengen ,&nbsp;Dilara Pirhan ,&nbsp;Yusufhan Yazir ,&nbsp;Gokhan Duruksu ,&nbsp;Selenay Furat Rencber ,&nbsp;Ahmet Ozturk ,&nbsp;Kamil Can Kılıc","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110285","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 110285"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial heterogeneity of corneal biomechanical properties in myopia at nanoscale: A preliminary study","authors":"Shu Yang ,&nbsp;Haiqiong Deng ,&nbsp;Jing Zhang ,&nbsp;Tong Zhang ,&nbsp;Chao Xue ,&nbsp;Xin Wang ,&nbsp;Yan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To investigate the spatial heterogeneity of the corneal biomechanical properties in individuals with non-high and high myopia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Atomic force microscopy was used to quantify the region-dependent elastic modulus (E) of 34 corneal lenticules from keratorefractive lenticule extraction surgery. The local E values of the central region, as well as the superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal points at the pericentral region, were measured. Differences between non-high myopia (−6.0 D &lt; spherical equivalent [SE] ≤ −0.5 D) and high myopia (SE ≤ −6.0 D) were compared.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>E was significantly higher in the non-high myopia group than in the high myopia group (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001). In non-high myopia, the central cornea exhibited a higher E than its pericentral counterpart (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001), and the pericentral region E was higher in the horizontal direction than in the vertical direction (<em>P</em> = 0.0393). However, these values converged to be similar in high myopia (<em>P</em> = 0.5973, <em>P</em> = 0.7799). No significant differences in E were found between the superior and inferior pericentral corneas, nor between the nasal and temporal in both non-high (<em>P</em> = 0.0931, <em>P</em> = 0.1800) and high myopia (<em>P</em> = 0.5154, <em>P</em> = 0.1007). The E values of central and pericentral cornea were positively correlated with the mean radius of the posterior corneal surface (<em>r</em> = 0.3747, <em>P</em> = 0.0290; <em>r</em> = 0.3961, <em>P</em> = 0.0204).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In non-high myopia, region-dependent corneal biomechanics revealed higher stiffness centrally than pericentrally, with pericentral cornea stiffer horizontally than vertically. High myopia exhibited a reduced E and a gradual loss of spatial heterogeneity. Emphasizing spatial heterogeneity is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the biomechanical behavior in myopia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 110277"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-dependent variations of retinal function and architecture in a neurofibromatosis type I mouse model with normal vision","authors":"Francisco M. Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Joana Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Luís Coelho ,&nbsp;Miguel Castelo-Branco ,&nbsp;João Martins","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We aimed to characterize the structure and function of the early visual system of the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) mouse model, a syndromic model of autism spectrum disorders (ASD).</div><div>We used <em>Nf1</em>^{<em>+/−</em>} mice and WT littermates and performed retinal structural analysis by optical coherence tomography (OCT), and functional assessment by electrophysiological recordings. We then performed behavioral visual tests using optomotor response (OMR) and sensitivity to visual stimulus familiarity.</div><div>From the structural analysis, we found increased thickness for ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL) and outer nuclear layer (ONL) in male <em>Nf1</em>^{<em>+/−</em>} mice compared with WT littermates. Regarding retinal electrophysiology, female <em>Nf1</em>^{<em>+/−</em>} mice exhibited increased amplitudes for the second oscillatory potential (OP2) compared with WT littermates. Nevertheless, both <em>Nf1</em>^{<em>+/−</em>} and WT mice presented normal visual acuity as measured by OMR and were able to exhibit regular visual stimulus familiarity responses.</div><div>While structural sex-dependent changes are in line with previous results for brain anatomic measures, the subtle sex-dependent changes in oscillatory activity may relate to GABAergic neurotransmission changes found in NF1. Overall, these structural and functional changes do not seem to translate into visual behavioral alterations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 110279"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic association of MIR-449B, GCLC, eNOS, SORD, and ENPP1 with diabetic retinopathy","authors":"Huijuan Xu ,&nbsp;Lin Fan ,&nbsp;Huaichao Luo ,&nbsp;Xueming Ju ,&nbsp;Huan Li ,&nbsp;Shisong Rong ,&nbsp;Ye Yuan ,&nbsp;Jialing Xiao ,&nbsp;Ruifan Zhang ,&nbsp;Kaifang Wang ,&nbsp;Rong Zou ,&nbsp;Fang Hao ,&nbsp;Yi Shi ,&nbsp;Yu Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhenglin Yang ,&nbsp;Yijun Liu ,&nbsp;Bo Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110287","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110287","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Identifying the genetic risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is essential for discovering the potential pathogenesis of DR. This study determined the association of DR with five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) specifically in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, including rs10061133(&lt;em&gt;MIR-449B)&lt;/em&gt;, rs17883901(&lt;em&gt;GCLC)&lt;/em&gt;, rs2070744(&lt;em&gt;eNOS&lt;/em&gt;), rs3759890 (&lt;em&gt;SORD)&lt;/em&gt; and rs7754561 (&lt;em&gt;ENPP1).&lt;/em&gt; A total of 1433 individuals were enrolled in this study, comprising healthy controls (ctrls = 480), individuals with diabetes mellitus without retinopathy (DNR = 480), non-proliferative DR(NPDR = 378), and proliferative DR(PDR = 95). The five SNPs were genotyped utilizing Mass ARRAY MALDI-TOF technology. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for the risk of genotype and allele. We performed a literature search in PubMed published before July 16, 2023. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the overall quality of the case-control studies. &lt;strong&gt;Consequently,&lt;/strong&gt; we found that there were statistically significant differences between PDR cases and healthy controls for rs10061133 (P = 0.007, OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.32–2.23) and rs17883901 (P = 0.020, OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.08–2.57), rs17883901 was significantly associated with NPDR (P = 0.023, OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.05–1.85), there was a significant association between DR cases and healthy controls (P = 0.048, OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.00–1.48) for rs3759890 in the allelic model. DR show no relationships with the other two SNPs compared to healthy controls. In multivariate analyses comparing the DR and DNR groups, rs7754561(A), rs10061133(G), and rs17883901(A) were identified as risk loci for DR in individuals with a duration of diabetes of ≥5 years (P = 0.0023, P = 0.0037, and P = 0.0376, respectively). Furthermore, individuals carrying rs10061133(G) exhibited a higher risk of DR in the hyperglycemic group (glucose ≥8 mmol/L). Secondly, we showed that one polymorphism in &lt;em&gt;eNOS&lt;/em&gt; (rs2070744, T &gt; C) showed a suggestive association with DR in the meta-analysis (allelic model:P &lt; 0.05, OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.07–1.30, Z = 3.46, I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 34%). Subsequently, including studies that used either healthy subjects or diabetic subjects without DR as controls, the association of &lt;em&gt;eNOS&lt;/em&gt; rs2070744 with DR was consistently significant (P = 0.002) and exhibited intermediate heterogeneity (I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 48%). Furthermore, polymorphisms in &lt;em&gt;GCLC&lt;/em&gt; (rs17883901) and &lt;em&gt;SORD&lt;/em&gt; (rs3759890) were also associated with DR, with P-values of 0.004 (I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 93%) and 0.03 (I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 3%), respectively, suggesting their potential involvement in the disease. &lt;strong&gt;In conclusion,&lt;/strong&gt; this study documented that rs10061133(G), rs17883901(A), and rs3759890(G) could be the independent risk factors fo&lt;u&gt;r&lt;/u&gt; retinopathy in Chinese patients with T2DM, offering a foundation for genetic risk assessment in clinica","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 110287"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}