Rong Luan , Shuzhan Xu , Manhong Xu, Manqiao Wang, Xinyuan Huang, Jie Wang, Qingbo Li, Yi Gong, Juping Liu, Yan Shao, Xiaorong Li
{"title":"Targeting BMP4 as a therapeutic strategy for neovascularization and fibrosis in age-related macular degeneration","authors":"Rong Luan , Shuzhan Xu , Manhong Xu, Manqiao Wang, Xinyuan Huang, Jie Wang, Qingbo Li, Yi Gong, Juping Liu, Yan Shao, Xiaorong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the role of bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), with a focus on its effects on subretinal fibrosis and choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Using a mouse model of laser-induced CNV, we found that BMP4 expression was significantly elevated in CNV lesions. BMP4 was shown to promote fibroblast proliferation and their differentiation into myofibroblasts, as indicated by increased expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Additionally, BMP4 promoted the transition of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) into endothelial cells (ECs), a process that was modulated by mitochondrial function. Intravitreal administration of Noggin, a BMP4 inhibitor, significantly reduced CNV lesion volume and decreased the expression of CD31 and α-SMA, suggesting a decrease in neovascularization and fibrosis. These findings underscore BMP4's critical role in AMD pathogenesis by driving both angiogenesis and fibrosis. Targeting BMP4 with Noggin presents a promising therapeutic approach for AMD, addressing both neovascularization and fibrosis in a single intervention, and highlights BMP4 as a potential novel target for AMD therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 110348"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143673261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mahbubul H. Shihan , Ramachandran Balasubramanian , Yan Wang , Rabiul Rafi , Adam P. Faranda , Justin Parreno , Kulandaiappan Varadaraj , Junyuan Gao , Richard T. Mathias , Xingju Nie , Melinda K. Duncan
{"title":"CD24 is required for sustained transparency of the adult lens","authors":"Mahbubul H. Shihan , Ramachandran Balasubramanian , Yan Wang , Rabiul Rafi , Adam P. Faranda , Justin Parreno , Kulandaiappan Varadaraj , Junyuan Gao , Richard T. Mathias , Xingju Nie , Melinda K. Duncan","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Genes regulate, maintain, and fine-tune the structural organization and physiological homeostasis of the lens and therefore influence lens transparency. RNAseq profiling of the mouse lens revealed that the Cd24a gene, which encodes the mucin-like GPI-linked membrane protein CD24, is abundantly expressed in the lens. Immunolocalization revealed that CD24 protein is abundant at mouse lens fiber cell membranes from early lens development into adulthood, while in adult human lenses, CD24 protein was detected in both the lens epithelium and fibers. Analysis of mice lacking the Cd24a gene revealed that the lens develops normally and is transparent with normal morphology until 2 months of age. However, older Cd24a null mice have smaller than normal lenses which exhibit abnormal fiber cell structure, actin filament disorganization, and refractive defects that lead to premature cataract development by 1 year of age. By integrating RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence, and magnetic resonance imaging, we found that the aquaporin 1 gene that regulates lens epithelial water transport is downregulated and the protein gradient that mediates the lenses refractive properties is altered in aged Cd24a null lenses that exhibit cataract. However, experiments on intracellular gap junction coupling and hydrostatic pressure in 2 month old lenses found no differences between control and Cd24a null lenses, suggesting that the later lens defects do not arise from primary issues with the lens circulation. Overall, our study found that CD24 plays a key role in maintaining the structural organization and refractive properties of the adult lens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 110347"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143669555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ethan S. Lindgren , Rongshan Yan , Yien-Ming Kuo , Qi Gao , Livia de Souza Goncalves , Feeling Y. Chen , Matilda F. Chan , Alan S. Verkman , Onur Cil , Neel D. Pasricha
{"title":"Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 3 (LPAR3) regulates ocular surface chloride transport via calcium signaling","authors":"Ethan S. Lindgren , Rongshan Yan , Yien-Ming Kuo , Qi Gao , Livia de Souza Goncalves , Feeling Y. Chen , Matilda F. Chan , Alan S. Verkman , Onur Cil , Neel D. Pasricha","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dry eye is a multifactorial disease associated with impaired tear film homeostasis, damaging the ocular surface epithelium. Lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPARs) are G-protein coupled receptors involved in Ca<sup>2+</sup> and cAMP signaling via PLC and adenylyl cyclase activation. LPAR activation is involved in cell proliferation and wound healing in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and in neuropathic pain. This study investigates the expression and functions of LPARs in ocular surface epithelial cells. Functional measurements of ocular surface potential difference (OSPD) were done in mice with topically applied, selective LPAR modulators. LPAR3 immunostaining was performed in mouse and human cornea and conjunctiva, and mouse lacrimal gland. LPAR-induced Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling was studied in primary and immortalized HCECs. The general LPAR agonist, linoleoyl LPA, and the LPAR3 selective agonist, 2S-OMPT, stimulated ocular surface Cl<sup>−</sup> secretion via Ca<sup>2+</sup>-activated Cl<sup>−</sup> channels (CaCCs). LPAR3 was expressed in the corneal and conjunctival epithelia of mice and humans, as well as in mouse lacrimal gland. Activation of LPAR and LPAR3 in HCECs transiently elevated intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> through the G<em>q</em>/PLC signaling pathway. LPAR3 agonists may potentially have therapeutic efficacy in ocular surface diseases, including dry eye disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 110346"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143669559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simon J. Clark , Christine Curcio , Andrew D. Dick , Sarah Doyle , Malia Edwards , Miguel Flores-Bellver , Daniel Hass , Rachel Lennon , Christopher B Toomey , Bärbel Rohrer
{"title":"Breaking Bruch's: How changes in Bruch's membrane influence retinal homeostasis","authors":"Simon J. Clark , Christine Curcio , Andrew D. Dick , Sarah Doyle , Malia Edwards , Miguel Flores-Bellver , Daniel Hass , Rachel Lennon , Christopher B Toomey , Bärbel Rohrer","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110343","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110343","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 110343"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143663106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xueqing Liu , Qiang Xu , Nan Jiang, Wendan Zheng, Ziteng Yuan, Liting Hu
{"title":"Oroxylin A alleviates pyroptosis and apoptosis in human corneal epithelial cells under hyperosmotic stress by activating the SIRT3-SOD2/HIF-1α pathway","authors":"Xueqing Liu , Qiang Xu , Nan Jiang, Wendan Zheng, Ziteng Yuan, Liting Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dry eye disease (DED) is a common ocular surface problem. Ocular surface inflammation and oxidative stress triggered by increased tear osmolarity are crucial pathogeneses of DED. Oroxylin A (OA) extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cell protective properties. The aim of this study was to determine the protective effect and explore the potential mechanisms of OA on hyperosmotic stress-induced human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). In this study, we demonstrated that OA exhibited a marked protective effect on hyperosmolarity-induced HCEC damage, including improving cell viability and decreasing lactate dehydrogenase release. Furthermore, OA reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) and the generation of oxidative stress-related markers (ROS and NO) in hyperosmotic stress-induced HCECs. In addition, OA decreased HCEC pyroptosis by decreasing NLRP3, caspase-1, cleaved-caspase-1, and N-GSDMD levels. OA also decreased HCEC apoptosis by enhancing Bcl-2 expression while simultaneously decreasing caspase-3 and Bax levels. Moreover, OA enhanced SIRT3 expression in hyperosmotic stress-induced HCECs. A SIRT3 inhibitor reversed the alleviation of pyroptosis and apoptosis induced by OA. SIRT3 could promote SOD2 expression and inhibit HIF-1α and ROS expression in hyperosmotic stress-induced HCECs. In conclusion, OA exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and can alleviate the pyroptosis and apoptosis of HCECs under hyperosmotic stimulation by activating the SIRT3-SOD2/HIF-1α signaling pathway. Therefore, OA may be a new treatment target for dry eye disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 110345"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143647655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nayoon Gim , Marian Blazes , Clara I. Sánchez , Luca Zalunardo , Giulia Corradetti , Tobias Elze , Naoto Honda , Nadia K. Waheed , Anne Marie Cairns , M. Valeria Canto-Soler , Amitha Domalpally , Mary Durbin , Daniela Ferrara , Jewel Hu , Prashant Nair , Srinivas R. Sadda , Tiarnan D.L. Keenan , Cecilia S. Lee , the RIMR Consortium
{"title":"Retinal imaging in an era of open science and privacy protection","authors":"Nayoon Gim , Marian Blazes , Clara I. Sánchez , Luca Zalunardo , Giulia Corradetti , Tobias Elze , Naoto Honda , Nadia K. Waheed , Anne Marie Cairns , M. Valeria Canto-Soler , Amitha Domalpally , Mary Durbin , Daniela Ferrara , Jewel Hu , Prashant Nair , Srinivas R. Sadda , Tiarnan D.L. Keenan , Cecilia S. Lee , the RIMR Consortium","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Artificial intelligence (AI) holds great promise for analyzing complex data to advance patient care and disease research. For example, AI interpretation of retinal imaging may enable the development of noninvasive retinal biomarkers of systemic disease. One potential limitation, however, is government regulation regarding retinal imaging as biometric data, which has been recently under debate in the United States. Although careful regard for patient privacy is key to maintaining trust in the widespread use of AI in healthcare, the designation of retinal imaging as biometric data would greatly restrict retinal biomarker research. There are several reasons why retinal imaging should not be considered biometric data. Unlike images of the iris, high quality images of the retina are more difficult to obtain, requiring specialized training and equipment, and often requiring pupil dilation for optimal quality. In addition, retinal imaging features can vary over time with changes in health status, and retinal images are not currently linked to any large identification databases. While the protection of patient privacy is imperative, there is also a need for large retinal imaging datasets to advance AI research. Given the limitations of retinal imaging as a source of biometric data, the research community should work to advocate for the continued use of retinal imaging in AI research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 110341"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Gomez-Maldonado , R. Shovmer , D.M. Inman , R.K. Willits
{"title":"Brain activation following flexible stimulation paradigms of transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES) in a murine model of glaucoma","authors":"D. Gomez-Maldonado , R. Shovmer , D.M. Inman , R.K. Willits","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES) has been shown as a promising treatment for optic neuropathy in DBA/2J glaucoma model mice, however the current knowledge about the most effective application parameters, such as intensity and duration, is limited. In this study, after electrophysiological evaluation and intraocular pressure measurements, a single TES treatment in both eyes was performed and expression of c-Fos in the superior colliculus measured as a response. Groups were formed with 4, 8-month-old mice, 2 male and 2 female, and treated with 1, 10, or 100 μA for 10 or 30 min; a group with no stimulation was used as negative control, and as positive control, a group of mice were injected intraperitoneally with saline solution. As pathophysiology baseline, groups of 3-month-old mice were used to compare the c-Fos expression after injection (positive control), and with no stimulation (negative controls). The 8-month-old mice presented measurable progression of neuropathy compared to young controls. Active c-Fos-labeled cells were detected with TES application as low as 1 μA for 30 min, suggesting that benefits of TES can be harnessed with flexible application paradigms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 110326"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robyn H. Guymer , Philip J. Rosenfeld , Justis P. Ehlers , Mayssa Attar , Hao Chen , Frederick Ferris , James G. Fujimoto , Michael Ip , Maximilian Pfau , Marlene Saßmannshausen , Jie Shen , David N. Zacks , Tavé van Zyl , Zhichao Wu , Glenn J. Jaffe
{"title":"Designing the next generation of clinical trials in intermediate AMD-a consensus driven, pragmatic, proof of concept early intervention study","authors":"Robyn H. Guymer , Philip J. Rosenfeld , Justis P. Ehlers , Mayssa Attar , Hao Chen , Frederick Ferris , James G. Fujimoto , Michael Ip , Maximilian Pfau , Marlene Saßmannshausen , Jie Shen , David N. Zacks , Tavé van Zyl , Zhichao Wu , Glenn J. Jaffe","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A greater understanding of the pathophysiology of AMD has yielded potential therapeutic strategies for slowing vision loss. Structural imaging biomarkers and novel functional outcomes, both under intensive study as surrogate endpoints in AMD clinical trials, are new granular tools needed to assess disease progression and follow response to therapy. These advances have created, for the first time, the possibility to intervene early in AMD, and to measure success in a time frame feasible for clinical trials. At the 2024 Ryan Initiative for Macular Research (RIMR) meeting, a consensus was reached for design of a hypothetical, pragmatic, proof of concept, 24-month, early intervention study to determine the efficacy of an intervention in subjects with intermediate AMD (iAMD). Although further research is needed, using natural history cohorts and intervention trials to validate the proposed trial design and endpoints, this paper presents an AMD expert consensus framework for early AMD clinical trials, that we hope will also be useful for therapeutic developers and regulators. Viable clinical trial strategies are needed to develop treatments that slow the progression of AMD prior to the development of vision-threatening late AMD; this consensus document should aid in reaching this goal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 110340"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shanshan Sun, Wang Zong, Lei Jiang, Juan Chen, De Wu, Zhuo Sun
{"title":"Protective effects and mechanisms of lactoferrin and HIF-1α on dry eye syndrome in mice","authors":"Shanshan Sun, Wang Zong, Lei Jiang, Juan Chen, De Wu, Zhuo Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects and related mechanisms of lactoferrin and HIF-1α on dry eye syndrome (DED) in mice. The expression levels of lactoferrin and HIF-1α in tears of DED patients and normal controls were detected. A DED mouse model received lactoferrin (50 mg/kg dissolved in 2 mL PBS) or DMOG (40 mg/kg dissolved in 2 mL PBS) orally daily for 28 days. DMOG (dimethyloxaloylglycine) is a hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor. Various tests conducted in this study were phenol red thread test, corneal fluorescein sodium staining, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, PAS staining of conjunctiva, TUNEL staining, and Western blotting. Compared to normal controls, DED patients showed significantly decreased expression of lactoferrin and increased expression of HIF-1α in tears (P < 0.05). Compared to normal mice, DED model mice exhibited significantly decreased tear secretion, goblet cell count, Bcl-2, lactoferrin, and STAT3 protein expression levels, and significantly increased corneal fluorescein sodium staining grade, TUNEL positivity rate, Bax, HIF-1α, p21, and p27 protein expression levels (P < 0.05). Treatment with lactoferrin or DMOG significantly increased tear secretion, goblet cell count, Bcl-2, lactoferrin, HIF-1α, and STAT3 protein expression levels, and significantly decreased corneal fluorescein sodium staining grade, TUNEL positivity rate, Bax, p21, and p27 protein expression levels in DED model mice (P < 0.05). Normal mice showed normal corneal morphology. Compared to normal mice, DED model mice exhibited rough surface of corneal epithelial cell layer with vacuolated cells and inflammatory cell infiltration. Treatment with lactoferrin or DMOG significantly alleviated corneal lesions in DED model mice. Lactoferrin and HIF-1α exert protective effects on DED in mice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 110339"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143633547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nayoon Gim , Alina Ferguson , Marian Blazes , Sanjay Soundarajan , Aydan Gasimova , Yu Jiang , Clara I. Sánchez , Luca Zalunardo , Giulia Corradetti , Tobias Elze , Naoto Honda , Nadia K. Waheed , Anne Marie Cairns , M. Valeria Canto-Soler , Amitha Domalpally , Mary Durbin , Daniela Ferrara , Jewel Hu , Prashant Nair , Aaron Y. Lee , Cecilia S. Lee
{"title":"Publicly available imaging datasets for age-related macular degeneration: Evaluation according to the Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable (FAIR) principles","authors":"Nayoon Gim , Alina Ferguson , Marian Blazes , Sanjay Soundarajan , Aydan Gasimova , Yu Jiang , Clara I. Sánchez , Luca Zalunardo , Giulia Corradetti , Tobias Elze , Naoto Honda , Nadia K. Waheed , Anne Marie Cairns , M. Valeria Canto-Soler , Amitha Domalpally , Mary Durbin , Daniela Ferrara , Jewel Hu , Prashant Nair , Aaron Y. Lee , Cecilia S. Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of vision loss among older adults, affecting more than 200 million people worldwide. With no cure currently available and a rapidly increasing prevalence, emerging approaches such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) hold promise for advancing the study of AMD. The effective utilization of AI and ML in AMD research is highly dependent on access to high-quality and reusable clinical data. The Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable (FAIR) principles, published in 2016, provide a framework for sharing data that is easily useable by both humans and machines. However, it is unclear how these principles are implemented with regards to ophthalmic imaging datasets for AMD research. We evaluated openly available AMD-related datasets containing optical coherence tomography (OCT) data against the FAIR principles. The assessment revealed that none of the datasets were fully compliant with FAIR principles. Specifically, compliance rates were 5 % for Findable, 82 % for Accessible, 73 % for Interoperable, and 0 % for Reusable. The low compliance rates can be attributed to the relatively recent emergence of these principles and the lack of established standards for data and metadata formatting in the AMD research community. This article presents our findings and offers guidelines for adopting FAIR practices to enhance data sharing in AMD research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 110342"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143633460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}