Experimental eye research最新文献

{"title":"Experimental validation of the molecular mechanism of phlorizin in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy","authors":"Lulu Xie ,&nbsp;Ru Zhang ,&nbsp;Chunjie Hu ,&nbsp;Ting Li ,&nbsp;Zhao-Peng Zhang ,&nbsp;Mei-Ying Jin ,&nbsp;Rui Gao ,&nbsp;Zhi-Run Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei Zheng ,&nbsp;Yuan Ju ,&nbsp;Jun-Peng Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study conducted an experiment to scrutinize the effect of phlorizin (Phl) on diabetic retinopathy (DR) and to delve into the related molecular mechanisms. Within this investigation, DR was induced in rats with diabetes mellitus (DM) by subjecting them to a regimen involving a high-fat and high-sugar diet, coupled with intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (STZ) at a dosage of 45 mg/kg. Retinal damage in DR rats was assessed by means of hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The serum levels of inflammatory and angiogenic factors were also measured. Additionally, the levels of tight junction proteins, angiogenic proteins, and inflammatory proteins in the retinas of DR model rats were assessed using Western blot (WB),immunohistochemistry(IHC) and immunofluorescence(IF). Moreover, bioinformatics and network pharmacology methodologies were utilized to pinpoint intersecting genes linked to DR and to elucidate the mechanism of action of Phl. This involved screening with Venny, conducting Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)analyses, constructing a Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network, and performing molecular docking analysis. The results of this study demonstrated that Phl significantly normalized fasting glucose levels and reduced body weight, thereby alleviating obesity in DR rats after 12 weeks. Furthermore, the serum levels of inflammatory and angiogenic factors were considerably reduced in the drug-treated rats. WB, IHC and IF revealed increased expression of the tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1(ZO-1) and occludin in the retinas of drug-treated DR rats, validating the observed findings. Molecular biology validation experiments based on the predictions by network pharmacology indicated a substantial decrease in the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), notch homolog 1 (Notch1), and hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α) in the retina upon treatment with Phl. This reduction resulted in the inhibition of neovascularization. Furthermore, Phl exhibited inhibitory effects on inflammatory pathways, leading to a decrease in cytokine release. The overexpression of VEGF was identified as a factor diminishing brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) expression while increasing the expression levels of inflammatory proteins. Therefore, the results of this research demonstrate that Phl has the potential to protect the retina of DR rats by inhibiting VEGF expression. This protective effect may be associated with the modulation of the VEGF/BDNF/NF-κB signaling pathway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 110329"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143585112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SIRT3 mitigates dry eye disease through the activation of autophagy by deacetylation of FOXO1.","authors":"Di Zhang, Qi Liang, Jiaxuan Jiang, Wei Liu, Yiran Chu, Zeying Chen, Boda Li, Taige Chen, Jia-Ruei Tsao, Kai Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2025.110328","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex ocular condition characterized by oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. An increasing number of studies suggest that Sirtuin3 (SIRT3), a mitochondrial deacetylase, may offer protection against related pathologies. Despite these indications, the precise function and underlying mechanisms of SIRT3 in the context of DED have not been fully elucidated. Here, we observed a decline in SIRT3 expression in human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-Ts) and the corneal conjunctiva of mice as the disease advanced. Overexpression of SIRT3 in HCE-Ts reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammatory cytokines, and the rate of apoptosis, while its inhibition had the opposite effect. Importantly, the function of SIRT3 was exerted through the enhancement of autophagic flux. Further studies have shown that chloroquine-induced inhibition of autophagy neutralized the beneficial effects of SIRT3. In our in vivo experiments, the application of eye drops containing a SIRT3 agonist ameliorated the symptoms of DED and increased corneal autophagy in mice. Mechanistically, our study identified that the deacetylation and nuclear translocation of FOXO1 (Forkhead box O1) are pivotal for the SIRT3-mediated enhancement of autophagic flux. These findings posit that SIRT3 as an encouraging therapeutic target for DED, offering new insights into the disease's underlying mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":" ","pages":"110328"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143596520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Color vision-associated environmental and biological factors in the development of myopia","authors":"Dongjie Song ,&nbsp;Qianjie Yang ,&nbsp;Jiayun Ge ,&nbsp;Kuangqi Chen ,&nbsp;Jianping Tong ,&nbsp;Ye Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a global public health problem, myopia has attracted more and more attention for its high prevalence and severe visual impairment. Although extensive research on the risk factors for myopia has been conducted, the underlying pathogenesis is still unclear. Color vision, mediated by retinal cone cells, is a fundamental and important component of human visual functions. Indeed, numerous studies implicate color vision-associated environmental and biological factors in myopia pathogenesis, indicating that related interventions may delay myopia progression. Studies have shown that color vision can induce different accommodation responses under near work conditions and exert opposite effects in different light environments to influence myopia advancement. Besides, color vision-related genes and metabolites are proven to be correlated with myopia. This review aims to make detailed elaborations on the role of color vision in myopia and its potential interaction mechanism, hoping to provide new ideas for myopia prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 110324"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Loss of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 reduced monocyte recruitment and preserved retinal ganglion cells in a mouse model of hypertensive glaucoma","authors":"Michelle Guo,&nbsp;Turner D. Schwartz,&nbsp;Emily C.N. Lawrence,&nbsp;Jingwen Lu,&nbsp;Anny Zhong,&nbsp;Jie Wu,&nbsp;Jacob K. Sterling,&nbsp;Sergei Nikonov,&nbsp;Joshua L. Dunaief,&nbsp;Qi N. Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)/CCL2, a potent chemokine for myeloid cells, has been associated with disease progression in glaucoma. We examined whether genetic knockout (KO) of MCP-1 affected RGC density and function, retinal myeloid cell density, and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the setting of microbead induced hypertensive glaucoma. Adult wildtype (WT) C57BL/6J or MCP-1 KO mice received bilateral injections of either magnetic microbeads to elevate intraocular pressure (IOP) or balanced salt solution (BSS) as normotensive controls. After 8 weeks, immunolabeling of retina flat mounts for RBPMS and Iba1 quantified RGC and myeloid soma density in the retina, respectively. Axon density was quantified in optic nerve thin sections, while <em>in vitro</em> multi-electrode array recordings characterized RGC function. Quantitative PCR assessed expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines C1q, IL-1α, and TNF-α in macrophage/microglia-enriched retinal cellular populations. Results demonstrated lower RGC soma and axon density, and higher myeloid cellular density, in bead vs. BSS-injected eyes of WT mice. In contrast, RGC soma and axon density, as well as myeloid cellular density did not differ between bead and BSS-injected eyes of MCP-1 KO mice. Aspects of RGC firing rates were also preserved in KO compared to WT mice after IOP elevation. Interestingly, expressions of C1q, IL-1α, and TNF-α, cytokines previously shown to be cytotoxic to RGCs, did not differ between WT and KO mice. In summary, genetic ablation of MCP-1 rescued RGCs and decreased myeloid density in the retina without altering pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, supporting a pathogenic role for monocyte recruitment in hypertensive glaucoma.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 110325"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143585115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regeneration of retinal ganglion cell-like cells and reconstruction of visual neural circuits in mice with glaucoma","authors":"Zhenhao Zhang ,&nbsp;He Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Li ,&nbsp;Ya Liu ,&nbsp;Lin Xu ,&nbsp;Jianjun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glaucoma is an irreversible blinding eye disease characterized by apoptosis of mature neurons-retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), visual field defect and vision loss. Regeneration of RGCs and reconstruction of the neural connections between the retina and the brain is considered an effective strategy to promote visual restoration in patients with glaucoma. However, there are currently no effective methods for regenerating RGCs to restore vision in clinical practice. Microglia are a type of glial cells that regulate the immune response in the retina and central nervous system (CNS), whether they have pluripotency and be reversed into RGCs remains unclear and challenging. This study revealed that the ectopic expression of multiple genes (<em>Brn3b</em>, <em>Sox2</em>, <em>Cbln1</em>, and <em>NP1</em>, referred to as <em>BSCN</em>) in microglia can promote their conversion into RGC-like cells by microglia fate lineage tracing <em>in vivo</em>. The regenerated RGC-like cells project axons to the distant brain and reconstruct the visual neural circuit, restoring the impaired vision in adult mice with acute glaucoma induced by retinal ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury. Furthermore, the regenerated RGC-like cells could survive stably for up to one year, and the same regeneration strategy was performed in older mice with acute glaucoma, which confirmed the effectiveness of the <em>BSCN</em> reprogramming to regenerate RGC-like cells. In summary, we have identified the microglia as a new type of reprogramming seed cells, and four key genes were found to be involved in regenerating RGC-like cells to restore vision. These findings highlight a new strategy of RGC-like cell regeneration and provide a theoretical basis for treatment of glaucoma in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 110327"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143585232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phosphoglycerate mutase and methionine synthase act as adhesins of Candida albicans to the corneal epithelium, altering their expression during the tissue adhesion process","authors":"Helena Ordiales ,&nbsp;Carlos Olano ,&nbsp;Carla Martín ,&nbsp;Noelia Blanco-Agudín ,&nbsp;Ignacio Alcalde ,&nbsp;Jesús Merayo-Lloves ,&nbsp;Luis M. Quirós","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The yeast form of <em>Candida albicans</em> uses glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), primarily heparan sulfate, as adhesion receptors for corneal epithelial cells. However, during the transition to the hyphal form, the fungus shifts to using alternative receptors. This study aims to identify fungal adhesins involved in GAG binding and examine their expression dynamics during tissue adhesion.</div><div>Using chromatography, three proteins from the <em>C. albicans</em> cell wall with high affinity for heparin were identified: methionine synthase, phosphoglycerate mutase, and cytochrome <em>c</em>. These proteins were overexpressed in <em>Escherichia coli</em> and tested in adhesion assays. Methionine synthase and phosphoglycerate mutase partially inhibited yeast adhesion to corneal epithelial cells in a concentration-dependent manner, while cytochrome <em>c</em> enhanced adhesion.</div><div>Transcriptional analysis of the genes encoding these proteins (<em>MET6</em>, <em>GMP1</em>, and <em>CYC1</em>), along with other genes related to adhesion and yeast-to-hypha transition (<em>ALS3</em>, <em>HWP1</em>, and <em>INT1</em>), revealed that exposure to exosomes or GAGs increased <em>GMP1</em>, <em>CYC1</em>, and <em>ALS3</em> expression, while reducing <em>HWP1</em> and <em>INT1</em>. In contrast, direct contact with epithelial cells decreased <em>MET6</em> and <em>GMP1</em> expression, but increased <em>HWP1</em> expression.</div><div>These results suggest that methionine synthase and phosphoglycerate mutase act as adhesins for GAGs, with their expression modulated by GAG or exosome interaction to promote adhesion. However, epithelial cell contact alters the expression of adhesins and molecules linked to hyphal formation, highlighting their dynamic role in corneal adhesion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 110322"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rutin resists Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis by activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, inhibiting Dectin-1/p-Syk pathway and affecting fungal structures","authors":"Yuqi Li ,&nbsp;Xue Tian ,&nbsp;Lina Zhang,&nbsp;Jing Lin,&nbsp;Qian Wang,&nbsp;Lingwen Gu,&nbsp;Hong Li,&nbsp;Bing Yu,&nbsp;Ziyi Wang,&nbsp;Menghui Chi,&nbsp;Guiqiu Zhao,&nbsp;Cui Li","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fungal keratitis (FK) is a severe vision-threatening eye disease. The fungal invasiveness and excessive inflammatory response contribute to corneal tissue damage. Rutin (RT) possesses anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and improved wound-healing characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and therapeutic effects of RT in FK. The results showed that RT exerted antifungal effects by inhibiting fungal growth, altering hyphal morphology, destroying biofilm, and disrupting fungal cellular structures. RT exhibited anti-inflammatory benefits by suppressing the Dectin-1/p-Syk pathway, activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, and decreasing the expression of inflammatory factors in vivo and in vitro. RT demonstrated therapeutic effects by reducing clinical scores, fungal load, macrophage recruitment, and neutrophil activity. In conclusion, RT exhibited anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and therapeutic effects in <em>Aspergillus fumigatus</em> keratitis, and has the potential to become a novel therapeutic strategy for FK.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 110323"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143585236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Riboflavin-UV crosslinking of the cornea: Wound healing and biomechanics","authors":"Brecken Blackburn ,&nbsp;Barbara A.L. Dutra ,&nbsp;Bassel Hammoud ,&nbsp;Giuliano Scarcelli ,&nbsp;William J. Dupps ,&nbsp;J.Bradley Randleman ,&nbsp;Steven E. Wilson","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The corneal wound healing response to Riboflavin-ultraviolet-crosslinking (RIB-UV-CXL) depends on the specific method used in treatment. The predominance of clinical evidence supports the classical “epithelium-off” RIB-UV-CXL method being more effective in halting ectasia progression than various “epithelium-on” methods, where the corneal epithelium is maintained intact. Corneal transparency results from the precise organization of collagen fibrils and extracellular matrix, along with transparent keratocytes. The mild and transient stromal opacity seen after standard RIB-UV-CXL is linked to changes in hydration, cellularity, and matrix composition. As hydration normalizes, opacity arises from the development of corneal fibroblasts and their secretion of disordered extracellular matrix materials including collagens. Over months, as the epithelial basement membrane regenerates, transitioning stromal cells either undergo apoptosis or revert to keratocan-positive keratocytes, restoring stromal transparency. In normal healing after standard RIB-UV-CXL, the stroma is eventually repopulated predominantly by keratocytes without significant persisting fibroblasts, immune cells, or myofibroblasts. Biomechanical studies have extensively explored how CXL strengthens corneal tissue, providing insight into its therapeutic mechanisms. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the wound healing response and biomechanical changes in the cornea following RIB-UV-CXL.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 110321"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why has evolution selected for the human eye lens to use an extremely high cholesterol content as a protective mechanism against opacification?","authors":"W.K. Subczynski ,&nbsp;R.F. Collery ,&nbsp;J. Widomska","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110320","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 110320"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143552861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation and validation of genes associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetic retinopathy using various machine learning algorithms","authors":"Limin Zheng ,&nbsp;Yaodan Cao ,&nbsp;Jinqi Hao ,&nbsp;Yanqin Yu ,&nbsp;Wuyun Lu ,&nbsp;Tianqi Guo ,&nbsp;Songtao Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exer.2025.110317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes, with Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) playing a key role in cellular adaptation, injury, or apoptosis, impacting disease pathology. This study aimed to identify early diagnostic markers for personalized DR treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>DR and healthy control (HC) samples were collected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed ERS-related genes (DE-ERSRGs) were identified, and machine learning algorithms were used to pinpoint DR-specific feature DE-ERSRGs (FDE-ERSRGs). Diagnostic accuracy was assessed using ROC curve analysis. Further analyses included differential expression, co-expression, GO functional, KEGG pathway enrichment, and immune cell infiltration profiling in DR.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 55 DE-ERSRGs were initially identified, and after further analysis, two key FDE-ERSRGs, SELENOS and heat shock protein family A member 5 (HSPA5), were highlighted due to their robust differential expression patterns between DR and healthy controls. Both genes exhibited high diagnostic potential, with AUC values of 0.792 and 0.799, respectively, indicating their promise as biomarkers for DR. Additionally, we examined the differential and co-expression patterns of DE-ERSRGs between high- and low-expression groups. We investigated the molecular functions and biological pathways associated with DR, analyzed immune cell infiltration differences between DR and HC groups, and assessed their correlation with FDE-ERSRGs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways involved in DR, potentially paving the way for the identification of novel diagnostic and immunotherapeutic biomarkers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12177,"journal":{"name":"Experimental eye research","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 110317"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143566522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}