Experimental psychology最新文献_第3页

Which Encoding Techniques Facilitate Comprehension? 哪些编码技术有助于理解？

IF 1.1 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000620

Sophia H N Tran, Myra A Fernandes

{"title":"Which Encoding Techniques Facilitate Comprehension?","authors":"Sophia H N Tran, Myra A Fernandes","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000620","DOIUrl":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000620","url":null,"abstract":" Previous work suggests that similar cognitive processes contribute to memory and comprehension. This is unsurprising as both begin with a common process: encoding. Despite this, the investigation of techniques that benefit memory and comprehension has proceeded separately. In the current study, we compared the robust memory techniques of production and drawing to a similarly effective comprehension strategy known as paraphrasing. Depending on the group, participants were asked to either engage in one of the encoding types (read aloud, draw, or paraphrase) or to silently read 20 term-definition pairs (randomly intermixed and counterbalanced). The encoding techniques of drawing and paraphrasing resulted in better performance on a multiple-choice test of concept comprehension, relative to silently reading. By contrast, reading aloud at encoding did not lead to any benefit relative to silently reading. The results suggest that techniques that invoke transformation of the to-be-remembered text into another format, be it into a picture (drawing) or personally relevant summary (paraphrasing), are particularly effective at improving comprehension. By contrast, encoding techniques that mainly provide a perceptual repetition (production and silent reading) are less effective.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":" ","pages":"111-121"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142307411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Does the Effect of Production Influence Memory for Background Context? 制作效果会影响对背景语境的记忆吗？

IF 1.1 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000618

Victoria A J Kavanagh, Kathleen L Hourihan, William E Hockley

{"title":"Does the Effect of Production Influence Memory for Background Context?","authors":"Victoria A J Kavanagh, Kathleen L Hourihan, William E Hockley","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000618","DOIUrl":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000618","url":null,"abstract":" The current study examined whether the benefit of mixed-list production could extend to memory for background contexts using word-background context pairs. Participants studied words presented on background images; words were read aloud or silently. In Experiment 1a, half of the studied items were tested on their studied background image and half were tested on a new image using old-new recognition. Although a production effect in word recognition was observed, context reinstatement had no effect on sensitivity and only a marginal effect on hit rates; it did not interact with production. In Experiment 1b, whether participants encoded the backgrounds and whether that encoding was affected by production was tested using separate recognition tests. A production effect was found in word recognition, but there was no effect in image recognition. Experiment 2 used a cued-recall test, with the studied background images as the cues to directly test whether associations were formed between words and backgrounds at study. A production effect was found but did not interact with the presence of cues during recall. Both the benefit of production and the benefit of context reinstatement appear to be independent of one another, with production not aiding memory for the associations between items nor the context.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":" ","pages":"97-110"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142307409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Effects of Mind-Wandering, Cognitive Load, and Task Engagement on Working Memory Performance in Remote Online Experiments. 在远程在线实验中，思维游离、认知负荷和任务参与对工作记忆表现的影响。

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000599

Kelly Cotton, Joshua Sandry, Timothy J Ricker

{"title":"The Effects of Mind-Wandering, Cognitive Load, and Task Engagement on Working Memory Performance in Remote Online Experiments.","authors":"Kelly Cotton, Joshua Sandry, Timothy J Ricker","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000599","DOIUrl":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000599","url":null,"abstract":" Recent changes in environments from in-person to remote present several issues for work, education, and research, particularly related to cognitive performance. Increased distraction in remote environments may lead to increases in mind-wandering and disengagement with tasks at hand, whether virtual meetings, online lectures, or psychological experiments. The present study investigated mind-wandering and multitasking effects during working memory tasks in remote and in-person environments. In two experiments, participants completed a working memory task with varied cognitive load during a secondary task. After each working memory trial, participants reported their mind-wandering during that trial. Some participants completed the procedures in-person, while others completed the procedures remotely. Overall, remote participants reported significantly more mind-wandering and poorer secondary task performance than in-person participants, but this pattern was not reflected in working memory accuracy. Both groups exhibited similar multitasking effects on performance. Additional analyses found that for remote participants, task engagement better predicted working memory performance than either cognitive load or mind-wandering rates but did not indicate a tradeoff in resources between tasks. Together, these results demonstrate the importance of considering multiple metrics when assessing performance and illustrate that making assumptions about the equivalence of remote and in-person work is a risky proposition.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10915650/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139575027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Are There Age-Related Differences in Effects of Positive and Negative Emotions in Arithmetic? 算术中积极情绪和消极情绪的影响是否存在与年龄相关的差异？

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000595

Camille Lallement, Patrick Lemaire

引用次数: 0

One Link to Link Them All. 一个链接串起所有链接

IF 1.3 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000597

Mrudula Arunkumar, Klaus Rothermund, Carina G Giesen

{"title":"One Link to Link Them All.","authors":"Mrudula Arunkumar, Klaus Rothermund, Carina G Giesen","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000597","DOIUrl":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000597","url":null,"abstract":" A conditioned response to a stimulus can be transferred to an associated stimulus, as seen in sensory preconditioning. In this research paper, we aimed to explore this phenomenon using a stimulus-response contingency learning paradigm using voluntary actions as responses. We conducted two preregistered experiments that explored whether a learned response can be indirectly activated by a stimulus (S1) that was never directly paired with the response itself. Importantly, S1 was previously associated with another stimulus (S2) that was then directly and contingently paired with a response (S2-R contingency). In Experiment 1a, an indirect activation of acquired stimulus-response contingencies was present for audiovisual stimulus pairs wherein the stimulus association resembled a vocabulary learning setup. This result was replicated in Experiment 1b. Additionally, we found that the effect is moderated by having conscious awareness of the S1-S2 association and the S2-R contingency. By demonstrating indirect activation effects for voluntary actions, our findings show that principles of Pavlovian conditioning like sensory preconditioning also apply to contingency learning of stimulus-response relations for operant behavior.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10918695/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139575017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Singing Does Not Necessarily Improve Memory More Than Reading Aloud. 唱歌并不一定比朗读更能提高记忆力。

IF 1.1 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000614

Jedidiah W Whitridge, Mark J Huff, Jason D Ozubko, Paul C Bürkner, Chelsea D Lahey, Jonathan M Fawcett

{"title":"Singing Does Not Necessarily Improve Memory More Than Reading Aloud.","authors":"Jedidiah W Whitridge, Mark J Huff, Jason D Ozubko, Paul C Bürkner, Chelsea D Lahey, Jonathan M Fawcett","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000614","url":null,"abstract":" The production effect refers to the finding that words read aloud are better remembered than words read silently. This finding is typically attributed to the presence of additional sensorimotor features appended to the memory trace by the act of reading aloud, which are not present for items read silently. Supporting this perspective, the production effect tends to be larger for singing (the singing superiority effect) than reading aloud, possibly due to the inclusion of further sensorimotor features (e.g., more pronounced tone). However, the singing superiority effect has not always replicated. Across four experiments, we demonstrate a production effect for items read aloud but observe a singing superiority effect only when items are tested in the same color in which they were studied (with foils randomized to color). A series of meta-analytic models revealed the singing superiority effect to be smaller than previously thought and to emerge only when test items are presented in the same color in which they were studied. This outcome is inconsistent with common distinctiveness-based theoretical accounts.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":"71 1","pages":"33-50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141792290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Production Effect Becomes Spatial. 生产效应成为空间效应。

IF 1.1 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000609

Jean Saint-Aubin, Marie Poirier, James M Yearsley, Dominic Guitard

{"title":"The Production Effect Becomes Spatial.","authors":"Jean Saint-Aubin, Marie Poirier, James M Yearsley, Dominic Guitard","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000609","DOIUrl":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000609","url":null,"abstract":" In the verbal domain, it is well established that words read aloud are better remembered than their silently read counterparts. It has been hypothesized that this production effect stems from the addition of distinctive features, with the caveat that the processing that generates added features interferes with rehearsal. Here, we tested the idea that a similar trade-off is found in the visuospatial domain. In all experiments, a short series of single dots sequentially appeared at various locations on a screen. Participants produced the items by clicking on them at presentation, watched the items appear quietly, or produced an irrelevant click after each item to better even out rehearsal opportunities between produced and control conditions. In Experiment 1, the dots appeared within a visible grid and an order reconstruction task was used. Experiment 2 also called upon reconstruction, but with the grid removed. In Experiments 3, a recall task was used. The results show that producing items hindered performance compared to the control condition. Conversely, production improved performance compared to the control condition where rehearsal was hindered. This is the first demonstration of a visuospatial production effect. The key findings were successfully modeled by the Revised Feature Model (RFM).","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":" ","pages":"14-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141491502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Productions Need Not Match Study Items to Confer a Production Advantage, But It Helps. 产品不一定要与研究项目相匹配才能获得生产优势，但它会有所帮助。

IF 1.1 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000600

Megan O Kelly, Xinyi Lu, Tyler M Ensor, Colin M MacLeod, Evan F Risko

{"title":"Productions Need Not Match Study Items to Confer a Production Advantage, But It Helps.","authors":"Megan O Kelly, Xinyi Lu, Tyler M Ensor, Colin M MacLeod, Evan F Risko","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000600","DOIUrl":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000600","url":null,"abstract":" The production effect is the finding that, relative to silent reading, producing information at study (e.g., reading aloud) leads to a benefit in memory. In most studies of this effect, individuals are presented with a set of unique items, and they produce a subset of these items (e.g., they are presented with the to-be-remembered target item TABLE and produce table) such that the production is both unique and representative of the target. Across two preregistered experiments, we examined the influence of a production that is unique but that does not match the target (e.g., producing fence to the target TABLE, producing car to the target TREE, and so on). This kind of production also yielded a significant effect-the mismatching production effect-although it was smaller than the standard production effect (i.e., when productions are both unique and representative of their targets) and was detectable only when targets with standard productions were included in the same study phase (i.e., when the type of production was manipulated within participant). We suggest that target-production matching is an important precursor to the production effect and that the kind of production that brings about a benefit depends on the other productions that are present.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":" ","pages":"2-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140179560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Feature-Space Theory of the Production Effect in Recognition. 识别中生产效应的特征空间理论

IF 1.1 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000611

Jeremy B Caplan, Dominic Guitard

{"title":"A Feature-Space Theory of the Production Effect in Recognition.","authors":"Jeremy B Caplan, Dominic Guitard","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000611","DOIUrl":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000611","url":null,"abstract":" Mathematical models explaining production effects assume that production leads to the encoding of additional features, such as phonological ones. This improves memory with a combination of encoding strength and feature distinctiveness, implementing aspects of propositional theories. However, it is not clear why production differs from other manipulations such as study time and spaced repetition, which are also thought to influence strength. Here we extend attentional subsetting theory and propose an explanation based on the dimensionality of feature spaces. Specifically, we suggest phonological features are drawn from a compact feature space. Deeper features are sparsely subselected from a larger subspace. Algebraic and numerical solutions shed light on several findings, including the dependency of production effects on how other list items are encoded (differing from other strength factors) and the production advantage even for homophones. This places production within a continuum of strength-like manipulations that differ in terms of the feature subspaces they operate upon and leads to novel predictions based on direct manipulations of feature-space properties.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":"71 1","pages":"64-82"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11296319/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141792287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring the Production Effect in Memory Reveals a Balanced Bilingual Advantage. 探索记忆中的生产效应，揭示平衡的双语优势。

IF 1.1 4区心理学

Experimental psychology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000613

Ronit Schwell, Michal Icht, Julia Reznick, Yaniv Mama

{"title":"Exploring the Production Effect in Memory Reveals a Balanced Bilingual Advantage.","authors":"Ronit Schwell, Michal Icht, Julia Reznick, Yaniv Mama","doi":"10.1027/1618-3169/a000613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000613","url":null,"abstract":" There is evidence suggesting that bilingual individuals demonstrate an advantage over monolinguals in performing various tasks related to memory and executive functions. The characteristics of this bilingual advantage are not unanimously agreed upon in the literature, and some even doubt it exists. The heterogeneity of the bilingual population may explain this inconsistency. Hence, it is important to identify different subgroups of bilinguals and characterize their cognitive performance. The current study focuses on the production effect, a well-established memory phenomenon, in bilingual young adults differing in their English and Hebrew proficiency levels, and the possible balanced bilingual advantage. The aims of this study are (1) to evaluate the production effect in three groups of bilingual participants: English-dominant bilinguals, Hebrew-dominant bilinguals, and balanced bilinguals, and (2) to examine whether memory advantage depends on varying degrees of bilingualism. One hundred twenty-one bilingual young adults who speak English and Hebrew at different levels participated. All learned lists of familiar words, in English and Hebrew, half by reading aloud and half by silent reading, followed by free recall tests. As expected, a production effect (better memory for aloud words than for silent words) was found for all groups in both languages. Balanced bilinguals remembered more words than did dominant participants, demonstrating a memory advantage in both languages. These findings support the hypothesis that the presence of cognitive advantage in bilingualism depends on the acquisition of a good proficiency level in each of the languages, with direct implications for family language policy and bilingual education.","PeriodicalId":12173,"journal":{"name":"Experimental psychology","volume":"71 1","pages":"51-63"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141792288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0