Fire Safety Science最新文献_第10页

The Characteristics of Blind and Visually Impaired People Evacuation in Case of Fire 火灾中盲人和视障人员疏散的特点

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1160

D. Samoshin, R. Istratov

引用次数: 7

Soot Deposition and Gravitational Settling Modeling and the Impact of Particle Size and Agglomeration 烟尘沉降和重力沉降模型及粒径和团聚的影响

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-376

J. Floyd, K. Overholt, O. Ezekoye, Hughes Associates

引用次数: 14

Analysis of Ignitions Following 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Using Kawasumi Model 用Kawasumi模型分析2011年东北地震火源

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-704

K. Himoto, M. Yamada, Tomoaki Nishino

{"title":"Analysis of Ignitions Following 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Using Kawasumi Model","authors":"K. Himoto, M. Yamada, Tomoaki Nishino","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-704","url":null,"abstract":"Ignitions following the Tohoku earthquake (2011) can be divided either into earthquake-generated ignitions or tsunami-generated ignitions. This study analyzed the behavior of the earthquake-generated ignitions. Ignition records of 698 municipalities of eastern Japan was collected by a questionnaire survey and found that 191 ignitions were either directly or indirectly caused by seismic motion. These records of earthquakegenerated ignition were analyzed using the statistical model proposed by Kawasumi (Kawasumi model). Kawasumi model is a simple one-parameter model which formulates the relationship between the ignition probability p and the scale of seismic intensity θ. Seismic indices θ used in this analysis were (a) collapse ratio of houses, (b) JMA (Japan Meteorological Association) seismic intensity, (c) PGA (peak ground acceleration), (d) PGV (peak ground velocity), (e) PGD (peak ground displacement), (f) acceleration response and (g) SI (Spectral Intensity). Obtained adjusted determination coefficients were higher than 0.7 for most of the seismic indices θ except for (a) collapse ratio of houses and (e) PGD. After normalization with regard to time and season of its occurrence, the results were further compared with that of various earthquakes (1927-1968), and the Kobe earthquake (1995). Ignition probability p of the Tohoku earthquake (2011) was substantially lower than that of the various earthquakes (1927-1968). On the other hand, the difference of ignition probability p between the Tohoku earthquake (2011) and Kobe earthquake (1995) was relatively small.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"704-717"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84937100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

Required Travel Distance and Exit Width for Rooms Determined by Risk-Based Evacuation Safety Design Method 基于风险的疏散安全设计方法确定房间所需的移动距离和出口宽度

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-919

Y. Ikehata, I. Yamaguchi, Daisaku Nii, Takeyoshi Tanaka

{"title":"Required Travel Distance and Exit Width for Rooms Determined by Risk-Based Evacuation Safety Design Method","authors":"Y. Ikehata, I. Yamaguchi, Daisaku Nii, Takeyoshi Tanaka","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-919","url":null,"abstract":"Introducing fire risk concept in performance-based fire safety design of building is beneficial in many aspects of evacuation safety. In this study, the risk-based evacuation safety design method developed based on fire risk concept was applied to simplify the procedure of performance-based evacuation safety verification of rooms of which the fire risk is relatively low. The critical travel distance to room exit and required exit width derived from this method are found to be dependent on room area but the critical travel distance becomes to be relatively insensitive to room area as the area increase. The particular advantage of this method is that engineers can easily develop the evacuation safety standards for safe room evacuation and designers can check the evacuation safety performance of a large number of rooms in a building efficiently using the developed standards. The comparison of the derived standards for travel distance and exit width with the travel distances and exit widths in actual building rooms revealed that the method in this paper is reasonable and practicable in actual verification practices of evacuation safety of rooms.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"919-932"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72805221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

An Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding Elderly Dwelling Fire Fatalities and the Barriers to Implementing Fire Safety Strategies among this Group 长者住宅火灾死亡情况及实施消防安全策略的障碍调查

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1144

A. P. Harpur, Karen Boyce, N. McConnell

{"title":"An Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding Elderly Dwelling Fire Fatalities and the Barriers to Implementing Fire Safety Strategies among this Group","authors":"A. P. Harpur, Karen Boyce, N. McConnell","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1144","url":null,"abstract":"Examination of real-fire data has indicated that, globally, the elderly, particularly elderly males are those most at risk of becoming a dwelling fire fatality. This paper presents an analysis of the circumstances surrounding elderly dwelling fire fatalities gleaned from coronial reports. The analysis indicated that many elderly fatalities were involved in ignition and had existing health conditions that played a role in the fire. The most common fire scenario (which started in home furnishing located in the living room by carelessly discarded smokers’ materials) accounted for a quarter of elderly fatalities. The risk factors associated with elderly fatalities were similar to other adult fatalities. However, there were some statistically significant differences. The elderly were less likely to have alcohol play a role in their death, more likely to be involved in fires where their clothing was the seat of the fire, have physical illness play a role, and have burn injuries as their primary cause of death. The fire risk to elderly householders was frequently identified by members of the community; however, many felt it was inappropriate to intervene to negate the risk although there were some examples of fatalities that occurred even where fire safety measures had subsequently been adopted. The most concerning result from this study is the minimal attention given to how elderly householders, especially those with poor mobility, would escape in the event of a fire.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"82 1","pages":"1144-1159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76208252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 22

Radiation Characteristics of Corrugated Cardboard Flames 瓦楞纸板火焰的辐射特性

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-97

D. Zeng, M. Chaos, M. M. Khan, S. Dorofeev

{"title":"Radiation Characteristics of Corrugated Cardboard Flames","authors":"D. Zeng, M. Chaos, M. M. Khan, S. Dorofeev","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-97","url":null,"abstract":"The relation between flame radiation, smoke yield, and smoke point of a practical solid fuel, namely corrugated cardboard, is studied experimentally. Experiments are performed using an ASTM E 2058/ISO 12136 Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA). Corrugated cardboard flames are established in the FPA under external heat fluxes representative of those found in a large-scale fire scenario. The heat release rates for these flames are on the order of 7 to 10 kW based on calorimetry analyses. Radiation is measured using a heat flux gage located in the near field of the flame. In order to better interpret calorimetry data, effort is placed on the characterization of the chemical composition and thermodynamics of the corrugated cardboard used both in its virgin and charred states. A novel smoke point measurement system based on the FPA is also described and demonstrated. It is shown that the specific heat of combustion of volatiles released from the pyrolysis process increases with pyrolysis progress. Furthermore, flame radiant fraction, smoke point, and smoke yield are also shown to vary during pyrolysis and combustion. The variations of both the smoke point and radiant fraction with pyrolysis progress at different heating rates indicate that the volatile chemical composition continuously varies during pyrolysis. These observations are explained by faster release rates of fuel oxygen and hydrogen than that of carbon during pyrolysis.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"97-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75184343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Fire Performance of Full-Scale Building Subjected to Earthquake Motions: Fire Test Program and Outcomes 全尺寸建筑在地震运动下的防火性能:防火测试程序和结果

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-746

Haejun Park, B. Meacham, Jin-Kyung Kim

引用次数: 6

Numerical Simulations of Strong-Plume Driven Ceiling Flows 强羽流驱动天花板流动的数值模拟

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-458

P. Chatterjee, K. Meredith, B. Ditch, H. Z. Yu, Yi Wang, F. Tamanini

{"title":"Numerical Simulations of Strong-Plume Driven Ceiling Flows","authors":"P. Chatterjee, K. Meredith, B. Ditch, H. Z. Yu, Yi Wang, F. Tamanini","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-458","url":null,"abstract":"Large eddy simulations (LES) of ceiling flow driven by strong-plumes of rack-storage fires have been simulated for a range of convective heat release rates (HRR) and ceiling heights. An actual delivered density (ADD) apparatus plume generator burner setup has been modeled using buoyant diffusion flames and with the inclusion of an upstream airflow vent producing the higher plume velocities observed in rack-storage fires. Computed results for plume centerline excess temperature and velocity have been compared against experimental data. In addition to the modeled burner setup, an alternate volumetric HRR source has also been applied in the simulations. Flows under ceilings located at different heights above the ADD apparatus have been simulated. Various convective HRR plumes have been used and the resulting ceiling flow radial distributions of computed excess temperature and velocity have been compared against experimental measurements. Predicted temperature and radial velocity profiles have also been shown to agree favorably with experimental data at two depths below the ceiling heights. Comparison of ceiling layer depths have also shown good comparison with an empirical correlation.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"458-471"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81841738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Numerical Simulation of Sprinkler Suppression of Rack Storage Fires 喷淋灭火火灾的数值模拟

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1170

Yi Wang, K. Meredith, Xiangyang Zhou, P. Chatterjee, Y. Xin, M. Chaos, N. Ren, S. Dorofeev

{"title":"Numerical Simulation of Sprinkler Suppression of Rack Storage Fires","authors":"Yi Wang, K. Meredith, Xiangyang Zhou, P. Chatterjee, Y. Xin, M. Chaos, N. Ren, S. Dorofeev","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1170","url":null,"abstract":"Fire suppression tests with ceiling sprinkler protection in a rack storage fuel configuration are simulated using a Computational Fluid Dynamics tool. The fuel is arranged in a double-row, six pallet-load wide and three-tier high (2×6×3) rack storage array. Each pallet load consists of three nested double-wall corrugated cardboard boxes surrounding a metal liner. Two types of ceiling sprinklers are used in this study: a pendent quick response sprinkler designated as K14, and an upright standard response sprinkler designated as K11.2. The tests are simulated using FireFOAM, which couples necessary sub-models for fire growth, sprinkler response, and fire suppression. Numerical results are compared with experiments for both free burn tests under a 20-MW calorimeter and sprinkler suppression tests under a 7.6 m high ceiling. For the free burn case, the model results show good quantitative agreement of heat release rates in all three phases, from ignition to fire growth and steady burning. For the suppression cases, the model reproduces the suppression effectiveness of the two sprinkler protection designs: K14 sprinklers suppress the fire rapidly with only one sprinkler activation, while with K11.2 sprinklers, both in the tests and simulation, the fire spreads to the pallets on the end of the fuel array with multiple sprinkler activations. The modeled sprinkler activation times are within the estimated experimental uncertainty following three repeat tests. Quantitative results characterizing sprinkler suppression performance obtained from the simulations, such as the actual delivered density (ADD) and water evaporation rate, are also reported.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"1170-1183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77930823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 38

Pre-Detection of Kitchen Fires due to Auto-Ignition of Cooking Oil and LPG Leakage in Indian Kitchens 印度厨房因食用油自燃和液化石油气泄漏引起的厨房火灾的预检测

Fire Safety Science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1285

A. Jain, P. Nyati, N. Nuwal, A. Ansari, C. Ghoroi, P. Ghandi

引用次数: 8