Field Crops Research最新文献

{"title":"Rapeseed-pea intercrop outperforms wheat-legume ones in land-use efficiency in Mediterranean conditions","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Intercropping has gained attention as a strategy to diversify cereal-based systems and enhance sustainability. However, its performance in Mediterranean conditions, especially in non-organic farming, remains less explored.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Assess the performance of intercropping under contrasting nitrogen (N) fertilisation levels to enhance productivity in the Mediterranean region.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Three intercropping (IC) systems were compared with their respective sole crops under on-farm irrigated conditions in the Ebro Valley (NE Spain). The mixtures included rapeseed/pea (IC-RP) and durum wheat/pea (IC-WP) over three seasons from 2021 to 2023, and durum wheat/faba bean (IC-WF) in 2022 and 2023. A row intercropping design was set at a 50/50 replacement ratio, with two N fertilisation treatments: 0 N (no mineral N) and +N (75 kg mineral N ha⁻¹, with additional pre-sowing fertilisation with pig slurry applied at 165 kg N ha⁻¹ in 2023 only). Key variables included grain yield, land equivalent ratio (LER), overyielding index, biomass and N concentration.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The IC-WP and IC-WF showed reduced legumes yields due to competition, with no overyielding or increased land use efficiency (LER=0.94 and 0.86, respectively). In contrast, IC-RP exhibited increased land use efficiency (LER=1.43), though with high variability, and achieved overyielding (+9 %) in only one out of the three years.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Intercropping productivity in Mediterranean areas depends heavily on species selection. Pairing species with different physiology, like rapeseed and pea, promotes temporal niche differentiation and compensation mechanisms. Conversely, closer-matched species like wheat and legumes tend to intensify competition, reducing benefits.</div></div><div><h3>Implications or significance</h3><div>Several indicators are necessary to assess intercropping performance. Rapeseed-pea intercropping warrants deeper exploration in Mediterranean conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142433701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen input strategies impact fertilizer nitrogen saving by intercropping: A global meta-analysis","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Several meta-analyses have demonstrated that intercropping increases land use efficiency and fertilizer use efficiency of grain-producing crop species, but no overarching synthesis has been made on the effects of fertilizer management on fertilizer use efficiency.</div></div><div><h3>Research questions</h3><div>Here we assess the relative N use efficiency of species mixtures compared to sole crops under different N input strategies using global data.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We built a global database of yield and fertilizer N input with 600 data records representing the results of 136 independent experiments from 80 publications with four main types of species functional combinations (SFCs), based on key traits that were found relevant in previous intercropping studies: C3-cereal/legume, maize/legume, C4-non-maize/legume and maize/C3-cereal.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We found that the literature reports results for four main N input strategies in the intercrop and sole crops: (1) zero fertilizer N input (N_ic=N₁=N₂=0), (2) equal fertilizer N input (N_ic=N₁=N₂&gt;0), (3) intermediate fertilizer N input (N₁≥N_ic≥N₂ and N₁&gt;N₂), and (4) transgressive fertilizer N input (N_ic&gt;N₁≥N₂), where N₁, N₂ and N_ic represent the N input in sole crop 1, sole crop 2 and the intercrop. With zero N input, high land equivalent ratio was found in cereal/legume intercrops but not in maize/C3-cereal intercrops. Intermediate N input (strategy 3) resulted in high LER (land equivalent ratio) and FNER (fertilizer N equivalent ratio) because of the high intercropping advantage of cereals in C3-cereal/legume, maize/legume, and C4-non-maize/legume intercrops and maize in maize/C3-cereal intercrops. Equal N input in the sole crops and the intercrops resulted in LER and FNER being equal and N saving was entirely due to land saving, regardless of SFCs. Transgressive N input resulted in high LER but low FNER.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The study confirms that cereal/legume intercropping increases LER at zero N input. Strategies that tailor N input in intercropping to species demand (strategy 3) pair high productivity and LER to high fertilizer N use efficiency. The transgressive N input strategy maximizes LER at the expense of FNER, thus potentially generating high N losses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crop establishment and nutrient management options: Optimizing productivity, maximize profitability and mitigating adverse climatic conditions in the maize-based production system of Northwest India","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poor fertilizer management and intensive tillage have increased production costs, lowered productivity, and significantly depleted soil nutrients. Although nutrient management options (NMOs) within crop establishment options (CEOs) based maize production system (MPS) is seldom explored, CEOs is increasingly advocated to tackle problems with soil health, food security, and climate change. Developing and implementing effective NMOs is needed for improving system sustainability, profitability, and productivity. We evaluated the effects of CEOs and NMOs on nutrient acquisition, profitability, and maize productivity in the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGPs) of India during 2018–2019. In this study, four CEOs treatment [(i) conventional tillage without residue {CT–R}, (ii) conventional tillage with residue {CT+R}, (iii) permanent raised bed without residue {PRB–R}, and (iv) permanent raised bed with residue {PRB+R}], were kept in the main plot and three NMOs [(i) soil test-based recommendation {STBR}, (ii) nutrient expert-based recommendation {NE}, and (iii) NE with GreenSeeker {NE+GS} were tested in subplots. The results showed that the crop growth metrics, including plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, and crop growth rate, were significantly greater at PRB+R comparing to treatments. Additionally, PRB+R resulted in the shortest time to 50 % and 75 % silking, indicating enhanced crop development. NMOs significantly improved crop growth parameters. The NE+GS treatment recorded higher plant height (145.8–149.2 cm and 222.3–224.8 cm), dry matter accumulation (195.5–198.4 g/m² and 408.4–412.0 g/m²), leaf area index (2.45–2.48 and 3.24–3.30), and crop growth rate (6.50 and 7.10 g/m²/day). PRB+R showed the shortest silking times (60.5 and 62.2 days). PRB+R also attained the maximum maize yield (6.23 and 6.26 t/ha), by a 17.82 % and 17.57 % increase over CT–R in 2018 and 2019. The NE+GS treatment resulted in the highest maize productivity, with additional yield gains over NE alone and STBR. The lowest cultivation cost ($513.87/ha and $513.97 /ha), highest net return ($1028.91/ha and $1083.60/ha), and best benefit-cost ratio (2.00 and 2.11) were observed with PRB–R, while gross returns ($1573.78/ha and $1630.42/ha) had highest in PRB+R. The NE+GS option achieved higher gross returns ($1544.73/ha and $1599.37/ha), net returns ($918.29/ha and $977.30/ha), and benefit-cost ratios (1.47 and 1.57) with lower cultivation costs ($626.43/ha and $622.06/ha) compared to NE and STBR. The PRB+R and NE+GS combination had found highest nutrient uptake (N, P, K) in grain and straw, highlighting their effectiveness in nutrient management. Overall, our findings recommend adopting PRB+R and NE+GS to optimize maize production system productivity and profitability, ensuring agricultural sustainability and resilience to adverse climatic conditions in Northwest India.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining satellite-sensed and ground data and the BASGRA model to predict grass yield in high-latitude regions","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109610","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>In high-latitude regions, variable weather conditions during the growing season and in winter cause considerable variation in forage grass productivity. Tools for predicting grassland status and yield, such as field measurements, satellite image analysis and process-based simulation models, can be combined in decision support for grassland management. Here, we calibrated and validated the BASic GRAssland (BASGRA) model against dry matter and Leaf area index data from temporary grasslands in northern Norway.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The objective of this study was to compare the performance of model versions calibrated against i) only region-specific ground data, ii) both region-specific ground and Sentinel-2 satellite data and, iii) field trial data from other regions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Ground and satellite sensed data including biomass dry matter, leaf area index, and autumn and spring ground cover from 2020 to 2022 were acquired from 13 non-permanent grassland fields at four locations. These data were input to BASGRA calibrations together with soil and daily weather data, and information about cutting and nitrogen fertilizer application regimes. The effect of the winter season was taken into account in simulations by initiating the simulations either in autumn or in early spring.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Within datasets, initiating the model in spring resulted in higher dry matter prediction accuracy (normalised RMSE 22.3–54.0 %) than initiating the model in autumn (normalised RMSE 41.1–93.4 %). Regional specific calibrations resulted in more accurate biomass predictions than calibrations from other regions while using satellite sensing data in addition to ground data resulted in only minor changes in biomass prediction accuracy.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>All regional calibrations against data from northern Norway changed model parameter values and improved dry matter prediction accuracy compared with the reference calibration parameter values. Including satellite-sensed data in addition to ground data in calibrations did not further increase prediction accuracy compared with using only ground data.</div></div><div><h3>Implications</h3><div>Our findings show that regional data from farmers’ fields can substantially improve the performance of the BASGRA model compared to using controlled field trial data from other regions. This emphasises the need to account for regional diversity in non-permanent grassland when estimating grassland production potential and stress impact across geographic regions. Further use of satellite data in grassland model calibrations would probably benefit from more detailed assessments of the effect of grass growth characteristics and light and cloud conditions on estimates of grassland leaf area index and biomass from remote sensing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes of rice canopy structure under global dimming","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109605","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Global dimming reduces incident radiation, and thus affects rice yield. Canopy structure is closely related to light interception, internal light distribution, photosynthesis and radiation use efficiency (RUE). However, less attention is paid to the effects of global dimming on rice canopy structure. Whether weak light leads to poor canopy structure and thus affects light distribution and RUE, thereby reducing dry matter accumulation and grain yield remains unknown.</div></div><div><h3>Objective and methods</h3><div>The objectives of this study were to explore the effects of global dimming on canopy structure, and its relationships with canopy light distribution and RUE under artificially simulated weak light in hybrid rice. Field experiments with two rice hybrids (Y-liangyou900, YLY900; Chuanyou6203, CY6203) were conducted under no shading (CK), 40 % shading at booting stage (S) and 40 % shading at grain-filling stage (SS) in 2021 and 2022.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The effects of shading on the growth characteristics and yield of rice varied with different varieties. Shading at booting stage resulted in larger basal, opening and drooping angles of the top three leaves of both varieties. This rise in leaf angles increased the light extinction coefficient (K_L) of YLY900, but it had no significant effect on CY6203. Shading significantly reduced RUE during the total growth period, with reductions of 24.3 % and 16.8 % under S, and 11.1 % and 8.9 % under SS for YLY900 and CY6203 in two years, respectively. The total dry weight of YLY900 under S and SS was 34.6 % and 22.8 % lower than that under CK in both years, accordingly, the total dry weight of CY6203 was 27.0 % and 21.6 % lower, respectively. Ultimately, shading resulted in a significant decrease in grain yield compared with CK, and the effect of S on yield was greater than that of SS because of the significantly lower spikelet differentiation under S. In terms of varieties, shading had a greater effect on canopy structure, light distribution and RUE of YLY900 than that of CY6203, which explained yield advantage of CY6203 over YLY900 under shading.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Shading increased leaf angles of the top three leaves and caused a draped canopy structure. This change affected the canopy light distribution and RUE. Therefore, the varieties with slightly draped upper leaves might be better able to adapt to the global dimming and reduce yield loss.</div></div><div><h3>Implications or significance</h3><div>Understanding the changes of canopy structure, light distribution and RUE under shading were highly significant for the breeding and cultivation of climate-dependent varieties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Greenhouse gas emissions during alfalfa cultivation: How do soil management and crop fertilisation of preceding maize impact emissions?","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109602","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109602","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Context&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The use of alfalfa in rotation with intensive crops is common practice to mitigate the physical and chemical issues arising from intensive farming practices. However, there is a dearth of studies on this practice. Given the current concern regarding climate change and the significant impact agriculture has on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, understanding the emissions associated with this practice, as well as the most suitable soil and crop management techniques for their mitigation, is of paramount importance.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Objective&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The present study aimed to (i) quantify emissions of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; in an alfalfa crop following a maize cropping scenario; (ii) to determine which tillage system generates the lowest GHG emissions, and; (iii) to determine how N fertilisation from a preceding intensive maize crop affects GHG emissions during alfalfa cropping period.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;A three-year field experiment (2019, 2020 and 2021) was conducted to assess the emissions of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; from alfalfa cultivation following a three-year period of irrigated maize. Two soil management practices (no-tillage and conventional tillage) were implemented during both the maize cropping period and the alfalfa establishment. Additionally, the nitrogen (N) fertilisation rates applied to the preceding maize crop were included as a treatment (0, 200, and 400 kg N ha⁻¹, corresponding to zero, medium, and high fertilisation levels, respectively) in a randomized block design with two factors.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Emissions of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O in alfalfa ranged from 0.05 to 0.32 mg N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O-N m⁻² day⁻¹, being significantly higher only during first month of sampling in the treatments that had received fertilisation. CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions ranged from 1158 to 4258 mg CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-C m⁻² day⁻¹. Year-average CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes were −0.27 g C ha⁻¹ day⁻¹. The average total dry matter produced by alfalfa was 17700 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, being higher for the no-tillage treatment, though significantly so only during first month of sampling.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Under Mediterranean conditions, the tillage system and mineral N fertilizer rates have a relative effect on greenhouse gas emissions during the alfalfa cropping period. Plots without N fertilization initially produced lower N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions and higher total dry matter, resulting in the lowest scaled emissions. For the tillage treatment, no significant differences were found in emission dynamics, which may be due to the fact that alfalfa does not involve soil disturbance, leading to a homogenization of the treatments. However, the NT treatment showed lower scaled emissions due to higher yields in the first year. Therefore, alfalfa cultivation is characterized by low GHG emissions, high yields, and a notable capacity to mitigate the negative effec","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing nitrogen application patterns and amounts to improve maize yield and water-nitrogen use efficiencies in the Loess Plateau of China: A meta-analysis","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context or problem</h3><div>There is an urgent need to address the contradiction between maize production and soil nutrient shortages to achieve efficient maize production with minimum fertilizer, labor and environmental costs. Determination of rational Nitrogen (N) application patterns is the key to solving this problem.</div></div><div><h3>Objective or research question</h3><div>N application is an effective strategy to improve maize N uptake (NU), yield and water use efficiency (WUE). However, the effects of different N application patterns on maize NU, yield and WUE vary greatly, and it is difficult to determine the great-yield and high-efficiency N application pattern for maize in the Loess Plateau region according to a single experimental study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We synthesized 102 studies (102 sites) in the Loess Plateau region of China to evaluate the effects of different N application patterns (BU: basal urea; TU: basal and topdressing urea; S/C: slow/controlled release urea; S/CU: slow/controlled release urea mixed with normal urea) on maize NU, yield, WUE, and N use efficiency (NUE), and explored their responses to different climates, soil physicochemical properties, and field management practices.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>N application significantly increased the maize NU, yield and WUE. S/CU pattern significantly improved maize NU, yield and WUE the most with 110.74 %, 83.13 % and 86.21 %, respectively, compared to non-N application. S/C pattern showed the greatest increase in NUE of maize (3.47 %). Random forest analysis showed that growing season precipitation (GSP) was the most important determinant of the impact of N fertilizer application on maize NU, yield and WUE, while soil total nitrogen (TN) content was the most important determinant of maize NUE. The greatest increase in S/CU pattern yield and WUE enhanced when GSP and MAT were 200–400 mm and ≤ 10 °C, respectively. N application was more effective in increasing maize yield and WUE when the soil texture was clay loam and SOM &lt; 10 g kg⁻¹. Film mulching also further increased maize NU, yield, and WUE. In addition, variety of “Xianyu 335” had higher effect sizes for NU, yield and WUE than “Zhengdan 958”.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>S/CU pattern obtained greater maize yield and WUE with lower fertilizer and labor costs, the suitable rate of nitrogen application was determined to be 165.20 kg ha⁻¹ and the urea mix ratio was 65 %.</div></div><div><h3>Implications or significance</h3><div>The results would provide theoretical support and technical guidance for great-yield and high-efficiency green production of maize in the Loess Plateau of China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternate wetting and drying maintains rice yield and reduces global warming potential: A global meta-analysis","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Rice production systems are significant sources of anthropogenic emissions of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) i.e., methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O). Practicing alternate wetting and drying (AWD) in rice substantially affects rice yield as well as CH₄ and N₂O emissions from rice fields. However, it is difficult to determine global impacts from individual experiments as these studies differ in practice, experimental design, locations, nature of soil, and agro-ecological regions.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The objectives of this article include (i) to conduct a global and comprehensive analysis to clarify the effects of AWD on rice yield, GHGs emissions, global warming potential (GWP), and greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI) in the context of a variety of climatic conditions and initial soil properties, and (ii) to explore the effects of different agronomic measures on rice yield and emissions of GHGs under AWD.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>In this study, we analyzed 72 peer-reviewed studies worldwide that provide insights into the effects of climate, initial soil conditions, and agricultural management practices on rice yields, GHGs, GWP, and GHGI under AWD conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results found that AWD led to 1.52 % increase in rice yield with a 42.59 % increase in N₂O emissions, however, CH₄, GWP, and GHGI were reduced by 43.23 %, 36.84 %, and 38.57 %, respectively. Moreover, regional climatic factors and soil properties substantially affects the rice yield and GWP e.g., low mean annual temperature (≤ 15℃) and precipitation (≤ 1000 mm) are conducive for emission reduction potential of CH₄ and GWP. In addition, AWD reduced GWP highest in soils having pH ≤ 6.5, organic carbon content ≤ 12 g kg⁻¹, total nitrogen ≥ 2 g kg⁻¹, and high available N, P and K contents. Overall, rice yield improvements with decreased GHGs, GWP and GHGI were observed at 100–150 kg hm⁻² N fertilizer application rate, and the use of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers, deep fertilization, and biochar application. Furthermore, AWD increased economic benefits and energy use efficiency through the reduction of costs and energy losses associated with irrigation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Thus, appropriate agronomic measures should be taken according to the local conditions for sustainable rice production with minimum emissions of GHGs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated deep banding and fertigation of phosphorus improves cotton yield by regulating root spatial distribution and growth","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context or problem</h3><div>Traditionally, 100 % phosphorus (P) fertilizer application as a band at various depths before sowing significantly influenced crop root growth and yield by reducing P fixation and optimizing its spatial distribution. However, with the advent of drip fertigation in Xinjiang, China, P fertilization practices have shifted from 100 % basal to a combination of basal and fertigation for enhanced P nutrition in cotton. Despite this, the impact of pre-sowing P band application on cotton growth under drip fertigation remains unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Objective or research question</h3><div>This study aimed to determine the optimal P fertilizer banding depth for cotton under a drip fertigation system.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Field trials were conducted comparing different basal P fertilizer application depths (5 cm, 15 cm, and 25 cm, denoted as D5, D15, and D25, respectively) with 50 % of the P rate and the remaining 50 % applied as topdressing via drip fertilization. A control (CK) involving 50 % broadcasted P fertilizer and 50 % topdressed P was included. The study focused on the effects of P application depth on soil P availability, root growth patterns, P utilization, and cotton yield.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At the boll opening stage, the D15 treatment exhibited a significant 18.69 %-49.76 % increase in available phosphorus in the 10–40 cm soil layer compared to the CK. During the peak boll to boll opening stage, the D15 treatment significantly outperformed the CK in terms of total root biomass density (11.62 %-17.54 %), total root length (16.75 %-24.81 %), total root surface area (23.07 %-37.59 %), and total root volume (20.69 %-26.23 %). Moreover, root activity and growth parameters were notably higher in the D15 treatment within the 10–40 cm soil layer.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Applying 50 % of the P fertilizer as a band at a 15 cm depth before planting drip-irrigated cotton is optimal. This practice enhances soil P availability, stimulates root growth and distribution, and ultimately improves P utilization and cotton yield.</div></div><div><h3>Implications or significance</h3><div>Banding P fertilizer at a 15 cm depth in combination with drip fertigation demonstrates superior yield benefits. This technology offers a novel approach to fertilizer application, enhancing nutrient use efficiency and crop productivity in drip-irrigated systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing transplanting densities for lowland rice production under low-yielding environments in the Madagascar highlands","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Rice yield is low at 2.1 t ha⁻¹ in sub-Saharan Africa. Increased yield is a critical challenge to food security and environmental conservation in this region. However, smallholder farmers have limited access to irrigation, mineral fertilizers, and improved crop varieties. One approach that even resource-limited farmers can easily manipulate is to optimize planting densities. However, there is limited empirical evidence to provide technical recommendations under such low-yielding conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to identify the effect of dense transplanting on lowland rice yields under low-yielding conditions, with a target range below 5 t ha⁻¹.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Multi-field trials were implemented with transplanting densities of a regular rate at 25–26.7 hills m⁻², a doubled rate at 50–53.3 hills m⁻², and a tripled rate at 88.9 hills m⁻² in the central highlands of Madagascar, where rice yields are limited by nutrient deficiency and low temperature. Canopy coverage and cumulative intercepted radiation (CIR) were monitored from transplantation to maturity using digital imagery analysis. Field observations (n=306) and four-year household surveys (n=356) were combined to calculate the costs and benefits of changing transplanting densities.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Doubling densities from 25.0–26.7 hills m⁻² to 50.0–53.3 hills m⁻² had a consistent yield advantage by approximately 0.4 t ha⁻¹ across a yield range of 1.8 t ha⁻¹–4.4 t ha⁻¹. The yield was further increased by tripling the transplanting densities to 88.9 hills m⁻² when the yield range was 1.9–2.3 t ha⁻¹. The yield advantage of higher transplanting densities was attributed to a greater CIR at the initial growth stages and a significantly greater panicle number. Household surveys and field observations indicated that the benefit of yield gain was more than three times greater than the additional cost of doubling the seed amounts. No significant yield differences were observed by changing the transplanting densities when the yield level was higher than 5 t ha⁻¹ or lower than 1.3 t ha⁻¹ where substantial reductions in grain fertility occurred owing to low-temperature stress.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A relatively high transplanting density of 50–53.3 hills m⁻² or even higher is recommended to ensure initial canopy development and panicle number in low-yielding conditions where individual plant growth is stagnant, except in fields with high risks of grain set failure.</div></div><div><h3>Implications</h3><div>This study provides an easy-to-use opportunity for smallholder farmers to increase their rice yield. Further studies are required to determine whether these findings apply to warmer climatic conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}