Fish & shellfish immunology最新文献

{"title":"Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) macrophages respond to Edwardsiella piscicida infection in vivo","authors":"Xuangang Wang ,&nbsp;Xiangfu Kong ,&nbsp;Zhentao Chen ,&nbsp;Hengshun Li ,&nbsp;Ze Tao ,&nbsp;Quanqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Haiyang Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109999","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109999","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Sebastes schlegelii</em> is an economically significant marine fish that faces serious threats from various pathogens. <em>Edwardsiella piscicida</em> is a pathogenic bacterium that primarily affects fish, including <em>S</em>. <em>schlegelii</em>, leading to severe disease. Although numerous reports have documented the transcriptome sequencing of various fish tissues in response to <em>E. piscicida</em> infection, studies focusing on specific cells remain scarce. In this study, <em>S</em>. <em>schlegelii</em> were infected by intraperitoneal injection of <em>E. piscicida</em>. Severe external clinical signs were observed in <em>E. piscicida</em>-infected <em>S</em>. <em>schlegelii</em> and pathological examination demonstrated structural damage of the head kidney following treatment with <em>E. piscicida</em>. Furthermore, macrophages were isolated from the head kidneys of both the control and <em>E. piscicida</em>-infected groups for RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that the DEGs were closely associated with immune response and oxidative stress. Additionally, Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) was performed based on the data from this study and RNA-seq files of macrophages infected with <em>E. piscicida</em> in vitro, revealing that immune responses, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage were involved in the macrophage response to <em>E. piscicida</em> infection both in vivo and in vitro. This study provides a reference for understanding the mechanisms by which teleost immune cells respond to pathogen invasion and enhances our comprehension of teleost innate immunity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 109999"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142564210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined effects of low pH stress and bacterial infection on the transcriptional changes of hemocytes in Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis","authors":"Yi Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Xu ,&nbsp;Jinbin Zheng ,&nbsp;Zhaoxia Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109995","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water pH is a critical environmental factor for aquaculture. Acidification is a pressing environmental issue that poses significant threats to the aquaculture industry. Since the outbreaks of disease generally accompany with environmental stress, comparative transcriptome analyses were performed to investigate the combined effects of low pH stress and bacterial infection on the transcriptional changes of hemocytes in the economically important crab <em>Eriocheir sinensis</em>. The results revealed that the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway and prophenoloxidase (proPO) system was activated to defense against <em>Vibro parahaemolyticus</em> even when crabs were subjected to low pH stress, whereas low pH stress resulted in the disorder of Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway upon <em>V</em>. <em>parahaemolyticus</em> infection. Moreover, low pH stress might weaken crabs’ defense against <em>V</em>. <em>parahaemolyticus</em> by inhibiting the up-regulation of crustin and suppressing the expression of lysozyme, and disturb the maintaining of protein homeostasis through the transcriptional decrement of a batch of heat shock proteins (HSPs). It is worth noting that both <em>V</em>. <em>parahaemolyticus</em> infection and low pH stress might suppress the energy metabolism in the hemocytes via inhibiting the expression of critical enzymes, dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and fumarase, in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. This study provides novel understandings concerning the transcriptional changes of hemocyte in <em>E</em>. <em>sinensis</em> subjected to a combination of low pH stress and <em>V</em>. <em>parahaemolyticus</em> infection as well as contribute to optimize the management strategies for the prevention and control of diseases in <em>E</em>. <em>sinensis</em> farming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 109995"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142557437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogen-induced apoptosis in echinoderms: A review","authors":"Weitao Tu ,&nbsp;Ming Guo ,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang ,&nbsp;Chenghua Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109990","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109990","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Echinoderms possess unique biological traits that make them valuable models in immunology, regeneration, and developmental biology studies. As a class rich in active substances with significant nutritional and medicinal value, echinoderms face threats from marine pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and parasites, which have caused substantial economic losses in echinoderm aquaculture. Echinoderms counteract pathogen invasion through innate immunity and programmed cell death, in particular, with apoptosis being essential for eliminating infected or damaged cells and maintaining homeostasis in many echinoderm cell types. Despite the importance of this process, there is a lack of comprehensive and updated reviews on this topic. This review underscores that echinoderm apoptotic pathways exhibit a complexity comparable to that of vertebrates, featuring proteins with unique domains that may indicate the presence of novel signaling mechanisms. We synthesize current knowledge on how echinoderms utilize diverse transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms to regulate apoptosis in response to pathogen infections and explore how pathogens have evolved strategies to manipulate echinoderm apoptosis, either by inhibiting it to create survival niches or by inducing excessive apoptosis to weaken the host. By elucidating the primary apoptotic pathways in echinoderms and the host-pathogen interactions that modulate these pathways, this review aims to reveal new mechanisms of apoptosis in animal immune defense and provide insights into the evolutionary arms race between hosts and pathogens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 109990"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142557454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glycerol monolaurate enhances growth performance, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory response in common carp fed high lipid diets","authors":"Xinxin Xu ,&nbsp;Beibei Ji ,&nbsp;Yue Xi ,&nbsp;Yuru Zhang ,&nbsp;Xianglin Cao ,&nbsp;Ronghua Lu ,&nbsp;Guoxing Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109988","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109988","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of glycerol monolaurate (GML) on growth performance, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and related gene expression in common carp fed a high lipid diet. Juvenile common carp were distributed into 18 cages and fed one of six isonitrogenous diets: a normal lipid diet (control diet, CT), a high lipid diet (HL), and high lipid diets supplemented with 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 g kg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; GML (designated as GML-0.5, GML-1, GML-2, and GML-4, respectively), with three replicates per treatment. After 56 days of feeding, the results indicated that the final body weight (FBW) and specific growth rate (SGR) in the GML-1 and GML-2 groups were significantly higher than those observed in the CT, HL, and GML-4 groups (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.05). The crude lipid content in the hepatopancreas of the GML-1 and GML-2 groups was significantly lower than that in the HL group (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.05). Morphological analysis of the hepatopancreas revealed a reduction in vacuole presence with GML supplementation (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.05). Additionally, GML supplementation significantly enhanced the development of intestinal structures of common carp. The inclusion of GML significantly influenced the quality of the fillet, as evidenced by notable increases in hardness, gumminess, chewiness, and shear force compared to the HL group (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.05). Additionally, the dripping loss of raw fillets in the GML groups decreased than that observed in the HL group (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, GML-1 and GML-2 groups exhibiting the lowest serum TG levels among all groups (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.05). Conversely, serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels significantly increased with GML supplementation, with the GML-2 group demonstrating the highest HDL content (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.05). Key genes of lipid synthesis in the hepatopancreas were down-regulated, whereas genes involved in lipolysis were up-regulated in the GML-1 and GML-2 groups relative to the HL group (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.05). KEGG functional annotation analysis of differentially expressed genes in the hepatopancreas of fish fed GML-supplemented diets revealed significant alterations in the PPAR signaling pathway. GML effectively enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activities of hepatopancreas, intestine, spleen, kidney, and serum following high lipid feeding accompanied with the significant up-regulation of antioxidant genes in the hepatopancreas and intestine of the GML-1 and GML-2 groups. Simultaneously, pro-inflammatory factors in these tissues were significantly down-regulated, while anti-inflammatory factors were markedly up-regulated in the GML-1 and GML-2 groups compared to the HL group (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.05). In summary, common carp fed high lipid diets supplemented with 1–2 g kg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; GML exhibited improved growth performance, enhanced fillet quality, regulated lipid metabolism, promoted intestinal structural development, and bolstered b","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 109988"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142568251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunoprotective effect of recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum expressing largemouth bass virus MCP on largemouth bass","authors":"Yong-Lei Yang ,&nbsp;Rong-Rong Zhang ,&nbsp;Jing-Yi Pang ,&nbsp;Jun-Hong Xing ,&nbsp;Tian-Kui Guo ,&nbsp;Chun-Wei Shi ,&nbsp;Gui-Lian Yang ,&nbsp;Hai-Bin Huang ,&nbsp;Yan-Long Jiang ,&nbsp;Jian-Zhong Wang ,&nbsp;Xin Cao ,&nbsp;Nan Wang ,&nbsp;Yan Zeng ,&nbsp;Wen-Tao Yang ,&nbsp;Jia-Yun Yao ,&nbsp;Chun-Feng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Largemouth bass virus (LMBV) is an infectious pathogen that causes high mortality rates in largemouth bass, and outbreaks of this virus can significantly harm the aquaculture industry. Currently, no vaccine has been developed that can effectively prevent the transmission of LMBV. In this study, we constructed a recombinant <em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em> (<em>L</em>. <em>plantarum</em>) strain capable of expressing the MCP gene of LMBV and displaying this protein on its surface; then, we evaluated the immunoprotective effect of this recombinant bacterium on largemouth bass. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry confirmed that MCP was successfully expressed and anchored on the surfaces of NC8 cells. Immunization of largemouth bass with NC8-pSIP409-pgsA′-MCP via the oral feeding route induced CD4, CD8, IL-1β, and IL-6 gene expression. In addition, NC8-pSIP409-pgsA′-MCP at different CFUs increased the survival of largemouth bass after LMBV infection; in particular, NC8-pSIP409-pgsA′-MCP (10⁹ CFU) resulted in approximately 30 % survival. NC8-pSIP409-pgsA′-MCP immunization alleviated the pathological changes in the liver and spleen, exerting a more advantageous protective effect. These data suggest that the recombinant <em>L</em>. plantarum strain NC8-pSIP409-pgsA′-MCP can increase the resistance of largemouth bass to LMBV infection and that this strain is a promising candidate oral vaccine for the prevention of LMBV infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 109986"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142497576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunoglobulin M-based local production in skin-associated lymphoid tissue of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) initiated by immersion with inactivated Edwardsiella tarda","authors":"Yuan Guo ,&nbsp;Xiuzhen Sheng ,&nbsp;Xiaoqian Tang ,&nbsp;Jing Xing ,&nbsp;Heng Chi ,&nbsp;Wenbin Zhan","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109982","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109982","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fish skin, the mucosal site most exposed to external antigens, requires protection by an efficient local mucosal immune system. The mucosal reserve of IgM is recognized as an immune strategy that blocks pathogen invasion to maintain homeostasis, whereas the mechanism of skin-associated local IgM production induced by mucosal antigens is not well know. In this study, we found that the skin of flounder (<em>Paralichthys olivaceus</em>) was equipped with the immune cellular and molecular basis for processing mucosal antigens and triggering local specific responses, i.e., CD4⁺ Zap-70⁺ T cells, CD4⁻ Zap-70⁺ T/NK cells, IgM⁺ MHCII⁺ B cells, PNA⁺ MHCII⁺ antigen-presenting cells, UEA-1⁺ WGA⁺ and UEA-1⁺ WGA⁻ antigen-sampling cells, as well as secreted IgM and pIgR, as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence assay using different antibodies and lectins. After immersion immunization with inactivated <em>Edwardsiella tarda</em>, qPCR assay displayed up-regulation of immune-related genes in flounder skin. Flow cytometry analysis and EdU labeling demonstrated that the mucosal inactivated vaccine induced local proliferation and increased amounts of cutaneous IgM⁺ B cells. Skin explant culture proved the local production of specific IgM in the skin, which could bind to the surface of <em>E</em>. <em>tarda</em>. ELISA, laser scanning confocal microscopy, and Western blot revealed that, in addition to the elevated IgM levels, pIgR protein level was significantly up-regulated in skin tissue and surface mucus containing the pIgR (secretory component, SC)-tetrameric IgM complex, indicating that mucosal vaccine stimulated up-regulation of IgM and pIgR, which were secreted as a complex into skin mucus to exert the protective effects as secretory IgM. These findings deepen the understanding of IgM-based local responses in the mucosal immunity of teleosts, which will be critical for subsequent investigation into the protective mechanism of mucosal vaccines for fish health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 109982"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142497575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characterization and functional analysis of ZAP-like gene in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)","authors":"Yingying Zhang,&nbsp;Cuixia Wang,&nbsp;Dongchun Yan,&nbsp;Lingjun Si,&nbsp;Linrui Chang,&nbsp;Ting Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) is a host antiviral factor that could restrict the replication of various RNA and DNA viruses. To date, the antiviral properties of ZAP gene have been demonstrated in multiple mammals and a few of bird species, while no data is available regarding the immune role of ZAP in fish. In this study, one ZAP-like gene (<em>Cc</em>ZAPL) was identified form common carp and its antiviral role was investigated. Expression analysis showed that <em>Cc</em>ZAPL was widely expressed in multiple fish tissues, with highest level in the head kidney, and confocal microscopy analysis showed the sublocation of <em>Cc</em>ZAPL mainly in the nucleus of Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells. After <em>in vivo</em> stimulation by Spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV), <em>Cc</em>ZAPL was induced in gene expression, and in EPC cells overexpression of <em>Cc</em>ZAPL led to significantly decreased virus load of SVCV and diminished cytopathic effect (CPE). Moreover, after SVCV infection <em>in vitro</em>, expressions of cytokines including IFN, ISG15, PKR, Mx and TNF-α were observed to be up-regulated in <em>Cc</em>ZAPL-overexpressed EPC cells. Our findings indicated that <em>Cc</em>ZAPL played a positive role in the control of SVCV, which will allow us to gain new insights into the immune role of ZAP in fish antiviral immunity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 109981"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142497588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic insights into fish pathogenic bacteria: A systems biology perspective for sustainable aquaculture","authors":"R. Sasikumar ,&nbsp;S. Saranya ,&nbsp;L. Lourdu Lincy,&nbsp;L. Thamanna,&nbsp;P. Chellapandi","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109978","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109978","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fish diseases significantly challenge global aquaculture, causing substantial financial losses and impacting sustainability, trade, and socioeconomic conditions. Understanding microbial pathogenesis and virulence at the molecular level is crucial for disease prevention in commercial fish. This review provides genomic insights into fish pathogenic bacteria from a systems biology perspective, aiming to promote sustainable aquaculture. It covers the genomic characteristics of various fish pathogens and their industry impact. The review also explores the systems biology of zebrafish, fish bacterial pathogens, and probiotic bacteria, offering insights into fish production, potential vaccines, and therapeutic drugs. Genome-scale metabolic models aid in studying pathogenic bacteria, contributing to disease management and antimicrobial development. Researchers have also investigated probiotic strains to improve aquaculture health. Additionally, the review highlights bioinformatics resources for fish and fish pathogens, which are essential for researchers. Systems biology approaches enhance understanding of bacterial fish pathogens by revealing virulence factors and host interactions. Despite challenges from the adaptability and pathogenicity of bacterial infections, sustainable alternatives are necessary to meet seafood demand. This review underscores the potential of systems biology in understanding fish pathogen biology, improving production, and promoting sustainable aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 109978"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142497574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-cell transcriptome profiles and E−64 inhibitor data reveal the essential role of cysteine proteases in the ontogeny of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis","authors":"Weitian Zhou ,&nbsp;Weishan Zhao ,&nbsp;Shiman Yang ,&nbsp;Fanya Nie ,&nbsp;Daji Luo ,&nbsp;Ming Li ,&nbsp;Wenxiang Li ,&nbsp;Hong Zou ,&nbsp;Guitang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109979","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109979","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ichthyophthiriasis (Ich), also known as white spot disease, causes significant economic losses to fish farmers once an outbreak occurs. For fish survival, it is therefore crucial to understand the pathogenic mechanism and find effective prevention methods. In this study, we obtained data for four stages (theront, trophont, protomont and tomont) of <em>Ichthyophthirius multifiliis</em> by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). We found that the invasion-related proteins encoded by highly expressed genes in the theront stage mainly belong to the leishmanolysin family proteins, heat shock proteins, transmembrane proteins and cysteine proteases (CPs). Additionally, the exosome pathway appears to play a significant role in the invasion process of the theront. Since cysteine proteases are expressed at all stages of the <em>I. multifiliis</em>, and five CP-related genes were significantly upregulated at the theront stage of its life cycle — two of which are enriched in the exosome pathway — we incubated <em>I. multifiliis</em> theronts and protomonts with cysteine protease inhibitor (E−64). Our findings revealed that E−64 could kill both stages of the parasite in vitro and affected tomont division and subsequent release. Furthermore, infection experiment showed that E−64 could significantly inhibit the invasion of theronts. Based on our preliminary analysis from the transcriptomic and E−64 experiments, we have confirmed that CPs play a crucial role in <em>I. multifiliis</em>. This research establishes a foundation for future strategies in the prevention and control of Ich.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 109979"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142497590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A coumarin derivative C7 exhibits antiviral activity against WSSV by reducing phosphatidylcholine content in shrimp","authors":"Tian-Xiu Qiu ,&nbsp;Xu Zhang ,&nbsp;Yang Hu ,&nbsp;Lei Liu ,&nbsp;Li-Peng Shan ,&nbsp;Jiong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109977","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109977","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) causes white spot disease (WSD), a severe condition in crustacean aquaculture, leading to significant economic losses. Our previous study demonstrated that C7 is an effective therapeutic agent against WSSV infection in aquaculture. It specifically blocked viral horizontal transmission and reduced shrimp mortality in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Here, we report the potential antiviral mechanism of C7 in shrimp. C7 regulated abnormal glycerophospholipid metabolism caused by WSSV and inhibited phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis by more than twofold, potentially enhancing shrimp resistance to viral infection. As the primary phospholipid in the cell membrane, PC is one of the main reactants in lipid peroxidation. Our results indicated that C7 significantly reduced the levels of lipid peroxidation products 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA) induced by WSSV, whereas PC had the opposite effect. Accumulation of lipid peroxidation products inhibits stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling. Further evidence showed that C7 promoted STING transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, significantly activating the expression of the shrimp interferon analogue <em>Vago4</em> gene. In contrast, PC suppressed <em>Vago4</em> expression. Our results demonstrated that C7 inhibited PC synthesis, reduced the degree of lipid peroxidation, promoted STING translocation, activated <em>Vago4</em> expression, and ultimately exerted antiviral effects. Therefore, C7 exhibits immunoregulatory activity as a preventative agent for enhancing the innate immunity of shrimp, making it potentially useful for future immunomodulatory approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 109977"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142461261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}