Fish & shellfish immunology最新文献

{"title":"Synergistic effects of polystyrene microplastics and 17α-methyltestosterone on immune and oxidative stress responses in the gill and liver of Gobiocypris rarus","authors":"Yibo Jia ,&nbsp;Lu Cao ,&nbsp;Tongyao Li ,&nbsp;Haiyan Zhao ,&nbsp;Gen Chen ,&nbsp;Zijun Xiong ,&nbsp;Weiya Rong ,&nbsp;Qing Liu ,&nbsp;Weiwei Wang ,&nbsp;Jing Song ,&nbsp;Xianzong Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Liu ,&nbsp;Shao-Zhen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the individual and combined effects of Polystyrene microplastics (PS) and 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) on the gill and liver of <em>Gobiocypris rarus</em>.Exposure to PS (0.5 mg/L) and MT (50 ng/L) induced significant histopathological alterations and immunotoxicity. Tissues exhibited inflammatory infiltration, nuclear dissolution, and cytoplasmic vacuolation, with the most severe lesions observed under combined exposure. Gene expression analysis revealed significant upregulation of immune and oxidative stress-related genes, including caspase 6 (<em>CASP6</em>), interleukin-1 receptor type I (<em>IL-1RI</em>), NADPH oxidase 1 (<em>NOX1</em>), Toll-like receptor 2 (<em>TLR-2</em>), and C-C motif chemokine receptor 7 (<em>CCR7</em>), while antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were disrupted, indicating enhanced oxidative stress. Transcriptomic analysis of gills further revealed enrichment of ECM-receptor interaction, cell adhesion molecules, and leukocyte transendothelial migration pathways, suggesting that PS and MT may compromise immune function by interfering with extracellular matrix-related signaling, thereby exacerbating tissue damage and posing combined ecological risks in aquatic organisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111143"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146043532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) exposure induces apoptosis and inflammation of gill in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","authors":"Dianyang Zhou ,&nbsp;Jianming Chen ,&nbsp;Tianyu Zheng ,&nbsp;Tianwei Hao ,&nbsp;Ping Han ,&nbsp;Yadong Xue ,&nbsp;Mingzhe Yuan ,&nbsp;Xubo Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), a short-chain perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS), has been widely adopted as an alternative to regulated long-chain PFAS; however, its chronic ecotoxicological effects remain poorly understood. Herein, an integrated analysis combining transcriptomic, histopathological, and molecular approaches was performed to investigate the impacts of environmentally relevant PFBA exposure (1000 ng/L) on the gill tissue of zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) over a 63 days post-exposure (dpe). A total of 120 zebrafish were randomly assigned to 4 groups (control, 7 dpe, 35 dpe, and 63 dpe groups), with 3 biological replicates (10 fish per tank) per group. The 1000 ng/L exposure concentration was selected based on published environmental PFBA monitoring data and preliminary dose-response trial results. Histopathological observations revealed progressive gill impairment, characterized by epithelial hyperplasia and tissue disintegration, with prolonged PFBA exposure. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated sustained dysregulation of genes associated with the nucleotide excision repair pathway, p53 signaling pathway, and apoptotic pathway throughout the exposure period. Molecular assays indicated that PFBA exposure significantly inhibited the expression of key DNA repair proteins (<em>tyms</em>, <em>fen1</em>, and <em>rad51b</em>); in silico molecular docking analyses predicted that PFBA may bind to the active sites of these proteins. Meanwhile, PFBA exposure coordinately upregulated the expression of <em>atm</em>, <em>p53</em>, <em>bax</em>, and <em>casp3</em> genes, while suppressing <em>bcl-2</em> expression, thereby activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Additionally, PFBA exposure induced the activation of inflammatory factors, which further exacerbated gill tissue damage. TUNEL assays confirmed a time-dependent increase in apoptotic signals, which were strongly correlated with cumulative DNA damage. Collectively, our findings suggest a potential mechanistic link between chronic PFBA exposure and gill injury in zebrafish, mediated through the DNA damage-p53-apoptosis cascade. These results underscore the previously underestimated ecological risks posed by short-chain PFAS in aquatic ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111164"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two interleukin-1β types reinforce innate immune response modulation in Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes","authors":"Mizanur Rahman Washim ,&nbsp;Natsuki Morimoto ,&nbsp;Takechiyo Sumiyoshi ,&nbsp;Aki Nishihara ,&nbsp;Siva Nallaperumal ,&nbsp;Tomoya Kono ,&nbsp;Jun-ichi Hikima","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interleukin-1β is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with pluripotent roles in mediating immune response. In fish, IL-1β plays a major role in inflammatory responses to pathogenic infections, though its immunological functions through direct stimulation have not been studied in detail. In this study, two IL-1β genes (<em>il1b1</em> and <em>il1b2</em>) from the Japanese medaka (<em>Oryzias latipes</em>) were identified and characterized. The broad immunostimulatory effects of recombinant IL-1β (OlrIL-1β) from Japanese medaka were explored using embryonic fibroblast-like cell line (OLHdrR-e3) and primary cultured kidney cells. Recombinant proteins were produced via prokaryotic expression based on predicted mature isoforms IL-1β1_Asp⁹⁵ (type II) and IL-1β2_Asp¹²¹ (type I) to investigate their distinct functional characteristics. Then, their immune-related gene expression, phagocytosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production ability were evaluated <em>in vitro</em> and <em>ex vivo</em>. rIL-1β triggers the expression of not only pro-inflammatory cytokines such as <em>il1b</em>, <em>tnfa</em>, <em>il6</em>, <em>il8</em>, <em>mcp1b</em>, and <em>csf1b</em><em>,</em> but also the antimicrobial peptide, <em>def1b</em>. Additionally, they upregulate the expression of cell specific markers, including macrophage- and granulocyte-specific genes <em>mpeg1.1</em>, <em>mpx2</em>, and <em>epx</em>, and nitric oxide synthase (NO) gene <em>nos1</em>. Moreover, medaka OlrIL-1β proteins exhibited robust phagocytosis and superoxide anion production ability than those in unstimulated control. In all evaluations, the OlrIL-1β proteins corresponding to the predicted cleavage sites exhibited strong immune activation, with type I OlIL-1β2_Asp¹²¹ demonstrating more potent response than type II. To our knowledge, this is the study to reveal the immunomodulatory functions of Japanese medaka IL-1β, highlighting its potential in immunotherapy for disease prevention and control in aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111157"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and efficacy of autogenous multivalent vaccine to prevent Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS) and Bacillary Necrosis of Pangasius (BNP) in striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)","authors":"Le Minh Khoi ,&nbsp;Thea Aldiano ,&nbsp;Nguyen Bao Trung ,&nbsp;Tran Thi Tuyet Hoa ,&nbsp;Tu Thanh Dung","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vaccines are central to disease prevention in farmed fish and help reduce antimicrobial use in aquaculture. Autogenous vaccines represent a practical solution for managing pathogens with high genetic variability, particularly in urgent outbreaks. In this study, 28 bacterial strains were isolated from striped catfish (<em>P. hypophthalmus</em>) suffering from Motile Aeromonas Septicaemia (MAS) and Bacillary Necrosis of Pangasius (BNP). Strains were identified using specific primers, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and DNA fingerprinting, followed by virulence gene screening and pathogenicity testing. Two strains of <em>Aeromonas</em> VH31, VH74, and two strains of <em>Edwardsiella ictaluri</em> VH83, VH116 were selected to formulate injectable autogenous oil-emulsion vaccines. Experimental trials included four groups of bivalent vaccines (VC-VH31/83, VC-VH31/116, VC-VH74/83, VC-VH74/116), one multivalent vaccine (VC-VHMix), and a PBS control, evaluated over 60 days. The multivalent vaccine conferred the highest relative percent survival (91.7%), while VC-VH31/83 and VC-VH31/116 showed moderate protection (66.7% and 70.8%, respectively). In contrast, VC-VH74/83 and VC-VH74/116 yielded minimal protection (12.5%). Serum IgM antibody analysis showed that the fish had an immune response to <em>Aeromonas</em> and <em>Edwardsiella</em> antigens after 15–30 days of vaccination in the vaccine injection treatments. The concentration of total WBCs, lymphocytes, and granulocytes in the blood of the fish increased and peaked after 45 days. Overall growth performance in the most effective vaccine groups (VC-VHMix, VC-VH31/83, VC-VH31/116) was not significantly affected compared to the control. These results demonstrate that autogenous vaccines are a promising approach to control dual infections of MAS and BNP in striped catfish and highlight their potential role in sustainable aquaculture disease management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111177"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146104477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the immunoprotective effects of two Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus (ISKNV) oral vaccines on largemouth bass","authors":"Xuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yunshang Ning ,&nbsp;Zengjian Liang ,&nbsp;Jinqiao Cao ,&nbsp;Tao Xu ,&nbsp;Jiayi Luo ,&nbsp;Zemiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yingjing Chen ,&nbsp;Jingguang Wei ,&nbsp;Qiwei Qin ,&nbsp;Sumei Xiao ,&nbsp;Sheng Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high pathogenicity and mortality rate of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) have significantly threatened the development of largemouth bass aquaculture in China. Oral vaccines are urgently needed in the aquaculture industry. This study successfully constructed recombinant strains EBY100/pYD1-ISKNV and WB600/pEB03-CotC-ISKNV that can express ISKNV MCP using surface display platforms of <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> and <em>Bacillus subtilis</em>. Oral immunization of largemouth bass was conducted to evaluate the protective efficacy of both oral vaccines. Following oral immunization, the relative expression levels of <em>IFN-γ</em>, <em>TNF-α</em>, <em>IL-1</em>, <em>CD8α</em>, <em>MHC-Ⅰ</em>, <em>IgM</em>, and <em>IgT</em> in the spleen and head kidney tissues of largemouth bass and serum-specific antibody levels in the E-I and W-I groups were significantly higher compared to the PBS group. Following ISKNV challenge, the survival rate of the E-I group and W-I group were 53.3 % and 50.0 %, respectively, with the relative percent survival (RPS) of 30.0 % and 25.0 %. Viral load detection revealed significantly lower viral loads in the E-I and W-I groups compared to the PBS group. Histopathological examination of tissue sections revealed that no obvious lesions were observed in the liver, spleen, and head kidney of largemouth bass immunized with either oral vaccine compared to the PBS group that exhibited severe lesions in the liver, spleen, and head kidney. In summary, oral administration of EBY100/pYD1-ISKNV and WB600/pEB03-CotC-ISKNV activated both innate and adaptive immune responses in largemouth bass, demonstrating efficacy in preventing ISKNV infection. The two oral vaccines developed in this study provide novel strategies for controlling ISKNV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111189"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146131518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zebrafish as a translational model for Bitis arietans envenomation: Integrative proteomic and histopathological insights","authors":"Dayanne Carla Fernandes ,&nbsp;Silas Fernandes Eto ,&nbsp;Leo Kei Iwai ,&nbsp;Monica Lopes-Ferreira ,&nbsp;Isabela de Oliveira Cavalcante Pimentel ,&nbsp;Luiz Roberto Sardinha ,&nbsp;Ismael Feitosa Lima ,&nbsp;Denise V. Tambourgi","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The genus Bitis, especially the species <em>Bitis arietans</em>, significantly contributes to snakebite incidents in Africa, causing a range of serious medical conditions. This study aimed to explore the pathological mechanisms underlying envenomations by <em>B. arietans</em> using zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) as a model organism. Blood samples were collected at 3- and 6-h post-envenomation, followed by plasma analysis through mass spectrometry. Key findings indicated that <em>B. arietans</em> venom caused a hemolytic effect leading to acute severe anemia by 6 h post-envenomation. A hematopoietic response was also observed, characterized by an increase in precursor blood cells and leukocytosis with elevated myelomonocytic cell counts. Mass spectrometry analysis identified 558 plasma proteins with differential abundance between the experimental groups, many of which play crucial roles in biological processes such as immune response, hemostasis, coagulation cascade, complement system activation, neutrophil degranulation, and oxidative stress regulation. Additionally, proteins associated with cellular extravasation and regulatory functions were detected, correlating with histopathological lesions observed locally and indicating systemic effects of envenomation affecting vital organs such as the kidneys, heart, liver, and gills. Our results suggest that the plasma protein profile identified may serve as potential biomarkers for assessing lesions resulting from <em>B. arietans</em> envenomation. Overall, these findings enhance our understanding of the toxic impacts of <em>B. arietans</em> venom and underscore the utility of zebrafish as a model for further research into snakebite pathophysiology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111141"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146017845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Umifenovir protects Procambarus clarkii against white spot syndrome virus by suppressing viral replication and modulating innate immunity","authors":"Cheng Chen ,&nbsp;Bo-Han Li ,&nbsp;Chao-Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Er-Long Wang ,&nbsp;Tian-Qiang Liu ,&nbsp;Zhe Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) remains one of the most destructive viral pathogens in crustacean aquaculture, yet effective antiviral agents are still lacking. Umifenovir is a clinically approved broad-spectrum antiviral drug with a favorable safety profile and immunomodulatory properties; however, its antiviral potential in aquatic invertebrates has not been explored. In this study, we systematically evaluated the antiviral efficacy and immunological mechanisms of umifenovir against WSSV infection in the crayfish <em>Procambarus clarkii</em>. Toxicity assessment and ADMET predictive analysis confirmed a wide safety window of umifenovir in crayfish. <em>In vivo</em> infection experiments demonstrated that umifenovir significantly suppressed WSSV replication in a dose-, tissue-, and time-dependent manner, achieving up to 97.26% inhibition at 30 mg/kg after 24 h. The treatment also reduced the transcription of viral genes from immediate-early to late stages and improved the survival rate of infected hosts. Both preventive and therapeutic administration conferred robust antiviral protection. Mechanistically, umifenovir inhibited the transcription of key viral genes required for WSSV replication and disrupted the virus-mediated manipulation of innate immune signaling pathways. Umifenovir further enhanced antioxidant capacity, alleviated oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, and attenuated virus-induced apoptosis. In addition, umifenovir reduced abnormal protein accumulation associated with viral replication while increasing lysosomal enzyme activity, indicating restoration of protein homeostasis and strengthened innate immune function. Collectively, these findings provide the first evidence that umifenovir exerts potent anti-WSSV activity in crustaceans by coordinately suppressing viral replication and modulating host immune responses, offering new mechanistic insights into its immunomodulatory effects. Given its favorable safety profile and feasibility for industrial synthesis, umifenovir represents a promising antiviral candidate for immunological intervention and provides a potential translational basis for future disease control strategies in aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111206"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic potential of intraperitoneal miconazole nitrate against Saprolegnia parasitica in Labeo rohita under feeding refusal conditions","authors":"Mukta Singh ,&nbsp;Ratan Kumar Saha ,&nbsp;Himadri Saha","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fungal infections caused by <em>Saprolegnia parasitica</em> are a major concern in freshwater aquaculture, particularly during advanced stages of disease when affected fish often exhibit feeding refusal, rendering oral medication ineffective. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of intraperitoneally administered miconazole nitrate (MCZ) in <em>Labeo rohita</em> fingerlings under such critical conditions. The 96-h LD₅₀ of MCZ was determined to be 0.20 ± 0.13 mg kg⁻¹ body weight (BW). Three sub-lethal doses (0.01, 0.02, and 0.04 mg MCZ kg⁻¹ BW) were evaluated alongside a DMSO control over eight time points (0–240 h), analyzing haematological and immuno-biochemical parameters including erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), glucose, plasma ion concentrations, lysozyme activity, total protein, and respiratory burst activity. A dose-dependent physiological response was observed, with lower doses (especially 0.01 mg MCZ kg⁻¹ BW) exhibiting minimal adverse effects while enhancing immune indicators such as lysozyme and respiratory burst activity. Challenge trials with <em>S. parasitica</em> zoospores further confirmed higher survival and recovery in the low-dose group. These findings highlight the efficacy of injectable MCZ as a vital therapeutic alternative during feeding suppression, offering a targeted strategy for managing saprolegniasis in aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111167"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146100079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fish Meteorin-like factor promotes migration, proliferation and phagocytic activity of monocytes/macrophages","authors":"Yueshuang Ji ,&nbsp;Yinghao Huang ,&nbsp;Shengbin Lu ,&nbsp;Weihua Zhao ,&nbsp;Liwen Zhu ,&nbsp;Wa Gao ,&nbsp;Jianhua Feng ,&nbsp;Gaoliang Yuan ,&nbsp;Jun Zou ,&nbsp;Junya Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Meteorin-like (Metrnl) is a cytokine known to play multifunctional roles in mammalian immunity, yet its immunoregulatory role in teleost remains largely unexplored. In the present study, we systematically investigate the effects of Metrnl on primary monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Mφ) in grass carp (<em>Ctenopharyngodon idella</em>). <em>In vitro</em>, Metrnl significantly increased the viability of primary Mo/Mφ, with increases of 12.7% on day 3 and 7.9% on day 6, as determined by flow cytometric quantification of MCSFR⁺ cells across multiple biological replicates. Furthermore, Metrnl stimulation promoted Mo/Mφ proliferation and phagocytic activity, resulting in absolute increases of 12.43% and 16.86%, respectively, calculated as the proportion of EdU⁺MCSFR⁺ or Beads⁺MCSFR⁺ cells within the total MCSFR⁺ population. Consistent with these findings, <em>in vivo</em> experiments using a Metrnl-expressing plasmid demonstrated enhanced Mo/Mφ proliferation and phagocytosis. Moreover, Metrnl also significantly upregulated the mRNA levels of the chemokines <em>Cxcl8</em> and <em>Cxcl11.1b</em>, indicating its ability to recruit Mo/Mφ to target sites by activating chemokine-mediated chemotactic signaling. Importantly, neutralization of Metrnl with a specific antibody markedly impaired the enhanced Mo/Mφ recruitment, proliferation and phagocytosis, confirming that the effect is specifically mediated by Metrnl. Our results demonstrate that Metrnl acts as an important regulatory factor that activates and enhances Mo/Mφ-mediated innate immune response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111193"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146131527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robigenin in combating largemouth bass ranavirus: Investigating the antiviral potency and underlying mechanisms","authors":"Wenyu Liao ,&nbsp;Lin Huang ,&nbsp;Jieying Yu ,&nbsp;Mingzhu Liu ,&nbsp;Nijia Xue ,&nbsp;Junxiang Lai ,&nbsp;Ermeng Yu ,&nbsp;Fei Ling ,&nbsp;Shuyu Han ,&nbsp;Ying Pan ,&nbsp;Pengfei Li ,&nbsp;Qing Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The largemouth bass ranavirus (LMBV) represents a significant pathogen causing severe damage to the aquaculture industry, for which specific prevention and control measures are currently lacking. This study systematically evaluated the anti-LMBV activity of the natural flavonol compound robigenin and elucidated its underlying molecular mechanisms through both in <em>vitro</em> cell experiments and in <em>vivo</em> infection models. The results demonstrated that robigenin at concentrations ≤6.25 μg/mL exhibited no significant cytotoxicity to the fathead minnow cells (FHM). Within this concentration range, its anti-LMBV efficacy increased in a dose-dependent manner. Robigenin was found to inhibit LMBV infection by blocking viral entry and replication phases without interfering with virus-receptor binding. Additionally, the results revealed that robigenin upregulated the expression of interferon-related genes, including <em>IRF3</em>, <em>IRF7</em>, <em>IFN</em>, <em>ISG15</em>, and <em>MAVS</em>, thereby enhancing cellular immune responses. In <em>vivo</em> experiments further confirmed that robigenin significantly alleviated LMBV-induced symptoms in juvenile <em>Micropterus salmoides</em> and markedly improved survival rates. In conclusion, this study provides the first evidence that robigenin effectively suppresses LMBV infection, offering both a promising candidate compound and theoretical foundation for the eco-friendly control of aquatic viral diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111163"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146085051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}