Fish & shellfish immunology最新文献

{"title":"Evolution of immunoglobulin M (IgM) structure and function in vertebrates: A comprehensive review.","authors":"Shun Yang, Lu-Chuan Zhao, Fu-Zhen Guo, Hong-Sen Xu, Meng-Meng Huang, Hui Fei","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110635","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immunoglobulin M (IgM), one of the most ancient and conserved antibody classes in vertebrates, plays a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immunity. As the first antibody isotype to emerge in jawed vertebrates, IgM has undergone sophisticated structural and functional adaptations throughout its 500-million-year evolutionary history. This review systematically examines the evolutionary trajectory of IgM from cartilaginous fish to mammals through integrated structural and functional perspectives, elucidating the intrinsic relationship between its multimeric structural variations and functional specialization. Building upon comprehensive synthesis of existing knowledge, we propose a novel hypothesis explaining how IgM multimerization patterns co-evolved with functional specialization, and outline promising future research directions. Understanding IgM's evolution provides insights into the origins of adaptive immunity and the development of novel therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":" ","pages":"110635"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144793858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network-based investigation of norfloxacin-induced nasal immune-related inflammatory responses in carp (Cyprinus carpio) and its cross-species implications for olfactory immune disturbance.","authors":"Jia-Ming Zhang, Ping Li, Cheng-Zhuang Chen, Bin Liu, Ling Liu, Zhi-Hua Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110623","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Norfloxacin (NOR), a widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotic, has raised environmental concerns due to its persistent presence in aquatic ecosystems. This study integrates a common carp (Cyprinus carpio) model, network toxicology, and molecular docking to investigate the potential mechanisms of NOR-induced nasal inflammation. Common carp were exposed to environmentally relevant NOR concentrations, and histopathological, biochemical, and molecular analyses were conducted. Results revealed significant olfactory epithelial damage, including increased mucin secretion, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Network toxicology analysis identified key target genes, including TNF, GSK3B, NFKB1, and HIF1A, associated with NOR-induced inflammatory responses. Molecular docking confirmed strong binding affinities between NOR and these targets, suggesting potential cross-species toxicity mechanisms. The predictions made by the ECOSAR software indicate that the toxicity of NOR degradation products is generally higher than that of the parent compound. This study highlights the immunotoxic and inflammatory effects of NOR on fish olfactory tissues and suggests implications for human health. The findings provide insights into the environmental risk assessment of fluoroquinolone antibiotics and underscore the necessity for stricter regulations on their use in aquaculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":" ","pages":"110623"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144793859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ISGylation of zebrafish STING at lysines 221 and 276 activates innate immunity.","authors":"Hongying Zhang, Xuefeng Liu, Zijia Yin, Kaiwen Zhao, Quanling Zhang, Tingting Yu, Jiwei Liu, Binchao Zhang, Menglei Hu, Zeyin Jiang, Meifeng Li, Shanghong Wang, Chengyu Hu, Xiaowen Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110640","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110640","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The interferon gene stimulator (STING) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein that plays a crucial role in the immune response to microbial infections. ISGylation, a form of post-translational modification, regulates innate immunity in mammals. However, the regulatory mechanism of ISGylation on STING in fish remains largely unknown. In this paper, we identified that ISG15-assembled ISGylation is critical for the STING-mediated innate immune response in zebrafish. Upon screening lysine sites, we discovered that ISGylation of STING was catalyzed at lysine residues 221 and 276. When these lysines were mutated to arginine (forming STING^K221R or STING^K276R), the oligomerization of STING and the STING-mediated innate immune response were diminished. This evidence suggests that by reducing the phosphorylation of STING, interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), there is ultimately a decrease in the induction of type I interferon (IFN I). Moreover, the inhibition of STING ISGylation individually promoted its K48-linked ubiquitination, decreased its K63-linked ubiquitination, and phosphorylation. These results suggest that ISGylation can protect STING from ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. STING is primarily colocalized with the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum, ensuring its normal function. However, mutations in STING, such as STING^K221R or STING^K276R, impair its accurate localization and oligomerization. This study, to our knowledge, provides novel insights into the role of ISGylation in STING-mediated innate immune responses in fish.</p>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":" ","pages":"110640"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144803942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SHP-1 regulates T cell-mediated early adaptive immunity in Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) infected with Mycobacterium marinum.","authors":"Muyuan Wang, Suxu Tan, Jin Liu, Mengyang Chang, Ningning Wang, Hongning Liu, Weijun Zhang, Jinqi Xia, Yu Yang, Wenting Huang, Zhenxia Sha","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110624","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110624","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) is a vital negative regulator of immune cell signaling, yet its role in teleost early adaptive immune response remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the regulatory role of SHP-1 in early adaptive immune response and the potential underlying mechanisms in Chinese tongue sole (10 ± 2 g and 10 ± 1 cm) infected with Mycobacterium marinum. In this study, SHP-1 expression was artificially manipulated by overexpression and inhibition following bacterial infection, and the former reduced mortality by 33.36 % and attenuated histopathological damage (e.g., vacuolar degeneration and inflammatory hemorrhage) compared with the negative control. Transcriptomic profiling of liver tissues uncovered SHP-1-mediated suppression of immune-related pathways, particularly T cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway. Furthermore, analysis of T cell differentiation marker genes in the liver, intestine and spleen tissues at six time points were examined in each experimental group, demonstrating that SHP-1 overexpression induced a cytokine profile shift characterized by significant downregulation of Th1/Th17-associated markers (il-2, IFN-γ, T-bet, il-17) and upregulation of anti-inflammatory il-10. SHP-1 associated immunomodulatory reprogramming effectively restrained excessive T cell activation/differentiation, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis during adaptive immune responses. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of SHP-1-mediated T cell regulation in teleost, bridging an evolutionary gap in vertebrate immunology. Our findings position SHP-1 as a pivotal player in early adaptive immune response and a promising target for disease-resistant aquaculture breeding, offering a strategy for the sustainable development of global fisheries.</p>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":" ","pages":"110624"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144803943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulation of immune response and tissue repair mechanisms in the gill filaments of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affected by complex gill disease (CGD) in a marine open sea-cage environment.","authors":"Mabel Vidal, Maria Jesús Santillán-Araneda, Alexis Rivera, Merari Goldstein, Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa, Marcos Mancilla, Patricio Bustos, Eva Vallejos-Vidal, Felipe E Reyes-López","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110605","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Complex gill disease (CGD) poses significant challenges in Atlantic salmon aquaculture, leading to reduced growth, higher production costs, and increased mortality rates. CGD is influenced by a multifactorial interaction of environmental factors and pathogens. Given the impact of CGD and the lack of molecular studies aimed at characterizing and modulating it, this study analyzed the modulation of genes and biological processes that occur in the CGD-affected gill filaments of Atlantic salmon. Gill samples were taken from CGD-affected fish at an open sea-cage marine farm in the Patagonian fjords of Chile (Aysen Region). Gills were portioned into damaged (CGDdt) and non-damaged (CGDndt) tissue for total RNA extraction and subsequent transcriptomic analysis by RNA-Seq, to identify differentially expressed genes and the biological functions to which they belong. As a control, gill filaments from healthy fish were also sampled. The CGDdt showed the upregulation of key genes such as mmp9, ccl19, and il8, indicating the promotion of a pro-inflammatory environment. In contrast, downregulation of processes associated with cellular homeostasis, cell communication, and structural development suggests altered tissue homeostasis and regeneration. By contrast, CGDndt registered an inhibition of the immune response and processes associated with tissue homeostasis maintenance, suggesting the promotion of mechanisms aimed at controlling the inflammatory environment and tissue damage due to the proximity with the branchial filament affected by CGD. In sum, this study provides valuable insights into the transcriptomic responses to CGD and the immune and tissue repair regulatory mechanisms in the mucosal tissues of aquatic organisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":" ","pages":"110605"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144759493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The immunomodulatory effects of yeast glycoprotein in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) against skin ulceration syndrome induced by Vibrio alginolyticus.","authors":"Wan Zhang, Jian Che, Xiaowen Sun, Bilal Murtaza, Tingfang Li, Xiaoyu Li, Lili Wang, Yongping Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110620","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The antibacterial efficacy of yeast glycoprotein (YG) against Vibrio alginolyticus (VA) and its potential benefits for sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) health and growth were investigated. A total of 844 proteins were identified in YG, with the top 30 ranked by iBAQ (intensity-based Absolute Quantification, a metric reflecting protein abundance) values for further analysis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of YG against V. alginolyticus were determined as 50 mg/mL and 25 mg/mL, respectively. Oxford cup assays revealed concentration-dependent antibacterial effects, with inhibition zones ranging from 6.03 mm to 14.86 mm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations demonstrated that YG treatment disrupted bacterial cell walls, causing membrane damage and leakage of intracellular contents. Enzyme activity assays further confirmed YG-induced bacterial lysis, as indicated by increased alkaline phosphatase (AKP) levels. Additionally, YG significantly reduced bacterial surface hydrophobicity, impairing adhesion capacity. Feeding trials demonstrated that dietary supplementation with YG enhanced immune enzyme activities, including lysozyme, catalase, and nitric oxide synthase, in sea cucumber coelomic fluid. Growth performance parameters such as specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) improved significantly with YG supplementation. In a bacterial challenge experiment, cumulative survival rates increased to 53.33 % in the YG-treated groups compared to the positive control. Intestinal microbiota analysis showed that YG supplementation modified gut microbial composition, reducing species diversity. Histopathological observations indicated reduced tissue damage in YG-fed sea cucumbers post-infection. These findings suggest that YG exhibits strong antibacterial activity and immunomodulatory effects, making it a promising dietary supplement for enhancing disease resistance and growth performance in sea cucumbers.</p>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":" ","pages":"110620"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144793860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell lines and primary cultures uses for vaccine development for bacterial pathogens of fish: a systematic review.","authors":"Nicolás Salinas-Parra, Débora Torrealba, Andrea Ahumada, Carolina Figueroa, José Gallardo-Matus","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110625","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110625","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial outbreaks pose major challenges to global fish aquaculture, causing high mortality, economic losses, and threatening environmental balance and social stability through antibiotic overuse, ecological disruption, and reduced food security. One prominent approach to combat these diseases and reduce mortality involves vaccine development. In this context, cell lines and primary cultures provide a straightforward and economical model to evaluate vaccine efficacy. To determine the uses of cell culture in the development of fish vaccines against bacterial pathogens, this study systematically reviews the current knowledge of cell lines and primary cultures in fish. We conducted a systematic literature search across Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases following PRISMA guidelines. Out of an initial 1123 studies published up to August 2024 screened for eligibility, only 24 met the criteria for inclusion based on relevance to vaccine development for bacterial fish pathogens. Our review identified 16 cell lines and four primary cultures with potential applications for vaccine development in fish species such as rainbow trout, olive flounder, Asian seabass (barramundi) and Atlantic salmon. Key applications of cell lines and primary cultures in vaccine development involve immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory effects (9/24; 37.5 %), cytotoxicity testing (8/24; 33.3 %), and DNA vaccine fabrication via transfection (6/24; 25 %). However, our findings reveal limited availability of cell lines in biobanks (ATCC, JCRB and ECACC), which hampers result reproducibility. We conclude that, despite the high potential of cell lines and primary cultures for vaccine development, these models are established as routine tools in only a few fish species.</p>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":" ","pages":"110625"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144793857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IgY antibodies as a non-antibiotic approach to combat Vibrio vulnificus infection and gut microbiota dysbiosis in zebrafish.","authors":"Duo Chen, Jingjing Yu, Jiapeng Wang, Zhenlu Li, Chenhuan Dong, Yuanxin Liang, Yilin Huang, Youqiang Chen, Ting Xue, Chentao Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the protective effects of immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies as a targeted treatment against Vibrio vulnificus infection in zebrafish (Danio rerio), focusing on survival - outcomes and microbiota modulation. IgY antibodies were generated by immunizing hens with inactivated V. vulnificus, purified from egg yolks, and administered to zebrafish via intraperitoneal injection, oral feeding, and immersion. Following IgY treatment, zebrafish were exposed to V. vulnificus, and survival rates were recorded. Gut microbiota composition was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results showed that IgY treatment significantly enhanced survival rates, with injected groups achieving up to 90 % survival compared to 40 % in untreated controls. Additionally, IgY-treated fish displayed favorable shifts in gut microbiota, including increased Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and reduced pathogenic genera such as Vibrio and Aeromonas. These findings highlight the dual benefits of IgY: pathogen-specific inhibition and microbiota-friendly modulation, supporting its potential as an antibiotic alternative in aquaculture. Future studies should optimize IgY dosing and evaluate its efficacy across diverse fish species.</p>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":" ","pages":"110637"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144798572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral immunization with a DNA vaccine encoding capsid protein and IFN-γ provokes efficient and long-term immunity against nervous necrosis virus.","authors":"Haihua Peng, Chen Zhang, Chunze Shang, Caoying Wei, Ying Wu, Zhenjie Cao, Pengfei Li, Yongcan Zhou, Yun Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110641","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Viral nervous necrosis (VNN), caused by nervous necrosis virus (NNV), poses a major threat to global aquaculture, causing severe mortality and economic losses in high-value species like grouper. Oral vaccination offers a practical approach for large-scale prevention but faces challenges including gastrointestinal antigen degradation and inadequate mucosal immunity. To overcome these, we developed an oral DNA vaccine by encapsulating a plasmid encoding the NNV capsid protein (CP) and IFN-γ within PLGA microparticles (CPIF@PLGA). Synthesized via double emulsion-solvent evaporation, these spherical microparticles (ca. 8 μm in diameter) exhibited high encapsulation efficiency (84.3 %). In vivo immunization of grouper demonstrated that CPIF@PLGA significantly increased survival to 82.2 % post-NNV challenge versus controls, reduced viral loads in brain and eyes, and enhanced systemic and mucosal immunity. This was evidenced by elevated serum IgM, IgT, lysozyme, SOD, and complement activity, alongside upregulated expression of immune-related genes (IL-1β, TNF-α, CD4, CD8α, MHC-Iα, IgM) in spleen and hindgut. Our findings establish PLGA microparticles as an effective oral delivery platform and IFN-γ as a potent adjuvant, eliciting robust and durable protection. This study provides a promising strategy for developing effective and scalable oral vaccines against NNV in aquaculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":" ","pages":"110641"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144798573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The mitigating potential of chitosan nanogel composite against Shewanella spp. (9DTL) infection in Oreochromis niloticus: Immune-antioxidant traits, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and expression of Piscidin 4 and hepcidin antimicrobial peptide 1.","authors":"Rowida E Ibrahim, Ibrahim T Hagag, Yousef Alkhamis, Abdallah Tageldein Mansour, Hesham A Hassanien, Ahmed Abbas, Adnan H Alhajji, Sameh H Ismail, Tarek Khamis, Afaf N Abdel Rahman","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, the infection with Shewanella spp. Results in health disorders and mortalities in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The present trial is proposed to look into the impact of Shewanella spp. Infection on the immune responses, antioxidant capacity, target genes expression of autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER), and antimicrobial peptides in spleen tissue. As well as the antagonistic effects of chitosan nanogel composite (CNC; 75 μg/L) as a water application against Shewanella spp. Infection were studied. One hundred and sixty fish (27.55 ± 1.50 g) were assigned to four groups; each had four replicates for 14 days. The first (CONT) and second (CNC) groups were non-challenged and treated with 0 and 75 μg/L CNC, respectively, where the first was the control. The third (SH) and fourth (CNC + SH) groups were intraperitoneally challenged with 0.20 mL (containing 0.14 × 10⁵ CFU) of Shewanella spp. The outcomes clarified that Shewanella spp. Infection induced oxidative stress by lowering the activity of superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione and increasing the malondialdehyde level. Increases in the serum levels of C-reactive protein, complement-3, and immunoglobulin M were noticed in the Shewanella-infected fish comparable to the CONT. Shewanella infection down-regulated the expression of Beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein light chain kinase 3 in the spleen, while up-regulated the expression of the mechanistic target of rapamycin and ubiquitin-binding protein. In addition, up-regulation of the ER stress-related genes (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, activating transcription factor 6, X box-binding protein-1, and binding protein for immunoglobulins) and antimicrobial peptides genes (Piscidin 4 and hepcidin antimicrobial peptide 1) were consequences of Shewanella Spp. Infection compared to the CONT. On the contrary, CNC water treatment improved the survival of the Shewanella-infected fish (90 %) compared to the CONT (77.50 %). Moreover, an improvement in the antioxidant capacity and immune responses was noticed when the Shewanella-infected fish were treated with CNC. Modulation of the autophagy, ER stress, and antimicrobial peptide-related genes was noticed by treating the Shewanella-infected fish with CNC. Notably, CNC could be used as a water treatment for controlling the Shewanella challenge in Nile tilapia.</p>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":" ","pages":"110639"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144798575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}