Fish & shellfish immunology最新文献

{"title":"Histopathological and functional evidence of intestinal mucosal disruption in emaciated olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) infected with Enteromyxum leei","authors":"Hyobin Lee,&nbsp;Han-Kyu Lim,&nbsp;Jeong-Hyeon Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emaciation disease associated with <em>Enteromyxum leei</em> infection is a major health concern in olive flounder (<em>Paralichthys olivaceus</em>) aquaculture, but the structure–function basis underlying this condition remains incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated whether emaciation in <em>E. leei</em>-infected olive flounder is linked to intestinal mucosal disruption and impaired digestive and absorptive function. Fish were classified based on external appearance, relative condition factor, and polymerase chain reaction-based detection of <em>E. leei</em>. Infected fish exhibited markedly lower relative condition factor, hepatosomatic index, and viscerosomatic index, accompanied by increased gastrointestinal tract length. Histopathological profiling revealed region-specific parasite distribution from the pyloric caeca to the distal intestine, accompanied by mucosal fold shortening, epithelial disruption, goblet/mucous cell depletion, altered Alcian blue–periodic acid–Schiff staining characteristics, and reduced cholecystokinin-positive enteroendocrine cell density. In the anterior intestine, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, and trypsin levels were significantly lower in infected fish, whereas chymotrypsin and lipoprotein lipase did not differ between groups. At the transcriptional level, <em>FABP2</em> and <em>ApoA-IV</em> were downregulated in infected fish, whereas <em>HSL</em>, <em>LPL</em>, <em>SREBF1</em>, and <em>TRP2</em> were upregulated. Correlation analysis showed positive association between <em>FABP2</em> expression and both amylase and trypsin levels, whereas the marked upregulation of <em>TRP2</em> was not associated with a corresponding increase in trypsin levels. These findings indicate that <em>E. leei</em>-associated emaciation is characterized by intestinal mucosal failure, disruption of the digestion–absorption axis, and incomplete transcriptional compensation, supporting its interpretation as a maldigestion–malabsorption syndrome.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 111657"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148773222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TNF-NF-κB signaling mediates immune-biomineralization crosstalk during shell repair under ocean acidification in Mytilus edulis","authors":"Jinzhe Du,&nbsp;Anni Ge,&nbsp;Lu Zhang,&nbsp;Xin Li,&nbsp;Chuang Liu,&nbsp;Chao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111655","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111655","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ocean acidification (OA) impairs biomineralization in bivalves, but its effects on immune-biomineralization crosstalk during shell repair remain unknown. Here, we exposed adult <em>Mytilus edulis</em> bearing standardized shell perforations to three pH levels (8.1, 7.9, and 7.7) for up to 40 days. OA slowed early repair and caused microstructural disorganization and an approximately 87% reduction of compressive strength at pH 7.7, yet the damaged area appeared largely closed by day 15, suggesting a decoupling between morphological closure and functional recovery. In addition, transcriptomic profiling of hemocytes and mantle tissue, based on an average of 6.5 Gb of clean reads per sample mapped to the <em>M. edulis</em> reference genome (NCBI Assembly GCF_000511035.1), revealed that these shell-level defects were accompanied by coordinated immune and metabolic reprogramming. Hemocytes, the primary immune effector cells of bivalves, exhibited pH- and time-dependent shifts with moderate acidification (pH 7.9) promoting inflammatory transcripts, whereas severe acidification (pH 7.7) suppressed these signals while upregulating stress-associated pathways; both treatments consistently downregulated lysosomal proteases and NF-κB negative regulators. The mantle, a primarily mineralizing organ, paradoxically upregulated immune-related genes while suppressing oxidative phosphorylation and extracellular matrix pathways. This tissue-level imbalance, with hemocytes recruited but functionally constrained and mantle metabolically suppressed yet immunologically activated, points to TNF-NF-κB pathway modulation as a key mediator of shell repair under acidification. Our findings demonstrate that visible shell closure masks underlying structural and mechanical failure, and that immune regulation, rather than simple suppression or activation, critically shapes the repair outcome. These results advocate for multifunctional indicators beyond closure area to assess shell integrity in acidified marine environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 111655"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148773225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TNF-NF-κB signaling mediates immune-biomineralization crosstalk during shell repair under ocean acidification in Mytilus edulis","authors":"Jinzhe Du,&nbsp;Anni Ge,&nbsp;Lu Zhang,&nbsp;Xin Li,&nbsp;Chuang Liu,&nbsp;Chao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111655","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111655","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ocean acidification (OA) impairs biomineralization in bivalves, but its effects on immune-biomineralization crosstalk during shell repair remain unknown. Here, we exposed adult <em>Mytilus edulis</em> bearing standardized shell perforations to three pH levels (8.1, 7.9, and 7.7) for up to 40 days. OA slowed early repair and caused microstructural disorganization and an approximately 87% reduction of compressive strength at pH 7.7, yet the damaged area appeared largely closed by day 15, suggesting a decoupling between morphological closure and functional recovery. In addition, transcriptomic profiling of hemocytes and mantle tissue, based on an average of 6.5 Gb of clean reads per sample mapped to the <em>M. edulis</em> reference genome (NCBI Assembly GCF_000511035.1), revealed that these shell-level defects were accompanied by coordinated immune and metabolic reprogramming. Hemocytes, the primary immune effector cells of bivalves, exhibited pH- and time-dependent shifts with moderate acidification (pH 7.9) promoting inflammatory transcripts, whereas severe acidification (pH 7.7) suppressed these signals while upregulating stress-associated pathways; both treatments consistently downregulated lysosomal proteases and NF-κB negative regulators. The mantle, a primarily mineralizing organ, paradoxically upregulated immune-related genes while suppressing oxidative phosphorylation and extracellular matrix pathways. This tissue-level imbalance, with hemocytes recruited but functionally constrained and mantle metabolically suppressed yet immunologically activated, points to TNF-NF-κB pathway modulation as a key mediator of shell repair under acidification. Our findings demonstrate that visible shell closure masks underlying structural and mechanical failure, and that immune regulation, rather than simple suppression or activation, critically shapes the repair outcome. These results advocate for multifunctional indicators beyond closure area to assess shell integrity in acidified marine environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 111655"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148773218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and expression profile of serotonin receptors in the developmental stages and hemocytes of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas)","authors":"Minhui Xu ,&nbsp;Miren Dong ,&nbsp;Xiaolong Gao ,&nbsp;Wei Wu ,&nbsp;Lingling Wang ,&nbsp;Chunlin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), a pleiotropic biogenic monoamine, modulates immune response through interactions with its distinct receptors (5-HTRs). In this study, thirteen 5-HTRs were identified in the Pacific oyster (<em>Crassostrea gigas</em>) to elucidate their functions in immune response to <em>Vibrio</em> stimulation. Except for the unique ligand-gated cation channels (<em>Cg</em>5-HTR3A-like), the other twelve 5-HTRs (Two <em>Cg</em>5-HTR, <em>Cg</em>5-HTR-like, <em>Cg</em>5-HTR1, <em>Cg</em>5-HTR1A-like, <em>Cg</em>5-HTR1B, <em>Cg</em>5-HTR1B-like, <em>Cg</em>5-HTR2A-like, <em>Cg</em>5-HTR2B, <em>Cg</em>5-HTR4, <em>Cg</em>5-HTR5, and <em>Cg</em>5-HTR6) all belong to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. Among those twelve 5-HTRs, most are non-canonical members lacking complete seven-transmembrane (7TM) domains; only <em>Cg</em>5-HTR2B and <em>Cg</em>5-HTR6 retain the canonical GPCR architecture. Ten conserved motifs were identified in oyster 5-HTRs, with motif 2 being universal across all receptors and motif 10 unique to <em>Cg</em>5-HTR3A-like, indicating subtype-specific divergence. Molecular docking revealed significant differences in binding affinity and residue interaction among <em>Cg</em>5-HTRs, with <em>Cg</em>5-HTR6 exhibiting the highest binding affinity for 5-HT. Analysis across developmental stages revealed that <em>Cg</em>5-HTR1A-like transcripts were enriched in early gastrula, gastrula and trochophore, <em>Cg</em>5-HTR4, <em>Cg</em>5-HTR1B, and <em>Cg</em>5-HTR-like enriched specifically in the D-shape stage, while <em>Cg</em>5-HTR2B and <em>Cg</em>5-HTR1 transcripts enriched during the pediveliger, spat, and juvenile stages. Furthermore, <em>Cg</em>5-HTR-like and <em>Cg</em>5-HTR1 were primarily expressed in granulocytes, <em>Cg</em>5-HTR1A-like and <em>Cg</em>5-HTR2B in agranulocytes, and <em>Cg</em>5-HTR6 and <em>Cg</em>5-HTR1B in semi-granulocytes. Crucially, following secondary <em>Vibrio splendidus</em> stimulation, the expression levels of <em>Cg</em>5-HTR-like, <em>Cg</em>5-HTR1, <em>Cg</em>5-HTR1A-like, <em>Cg</em>5-HTR1B and <em>Cg</em>5-HTR2B mRNA in hemocytes upregulated significantly, indicating their potential role in immune priming. These findings suggested the potential mechanisms of 5-HTRs in regulating the immune response of hemocytes in <em>C. gigas</em>, which offered insights into the evolutionary conservation and immunoregulation divergence of these receptors in invertebrates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 111148"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146100076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative effects of different fish meal sources on growth, immune response, antioxidant capacity, gut barrier function, and gut microbiota in rice field eel (Monopterus albus).","authors":"Guosheng Xiao, Kai Xie, Shuang Zheng, Quan Li, Jihong Dai, Junzhi Zhang, Yi Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of using red fish meal (PRF, Peruvian red fish meal) and four types of white fish meal (NZWF, New Zealand white fish meal; NPWF, North Pacific white fish meal; RWF, Russian white fish meal; DWF, Danish white fish meal) as dietary protein sources on the growth performance, serum biochemical indices, intestinal histomorphology, antioxidant capacity, immune response, expression of genes related to the physical barrier, and gut microbial community in rice field eel (Monopterus albus), in order to identify the optimal fish meal type. Compared to the PRF group, the white fish meal groups showed significantly increased final mean body weight and condition factor. Serum levels of TG, TC, and BUN decreased significantly, while levels of GLU, IgM, and IgA increased significantly. Histological examination of the intestine revealed increased villus height and goblet cell density in the white fish meal groups. Furthermore, the white fish meal groups upregulated intestinal expression levels of nrf2, sod, cat, gpx1, tgf-β1, zo-1, zo-2, cl-12, cl-15, and occ, and downregulated expression levels of il-1β, il-8, nf-κb, and tlr-3. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that the abundance of Bacteroidota was higher in the white fish meal groups than in the PRF group (>70% vs ∼50%), with significant enrichment of Muribaculaceae and Bacteroides. Network modules 1 and 2 showed strong positive correlations with growth/immune indices. Differential abundance heatmap analysis showed that NPWF and NZWF clustered into a healthy cluster, while PRF formed a separate cluster. White fish meals are superior to red fish meal, with NPWF demonstrating the best overall performance in terms of growth, metabolism, intestinal barrier function, immune regulation, antioxidant capacity, and beneficial bacterial network.</p>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":" ","pages":"111313"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147728691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knockout of the antiviral genes mx1 or mx3 modulates the expression of paralogous genes in a salmonid cell line","authors":"Lise Chaumont ,&nbsp;Mathilde Peruzzi ,&nbsp;François Huetz ,&nbsp;Claudine Raffy ,&nbsp;Jérôme Le Hir ,&nbsp;Jules Minke ,&nbsp;Jo-Ann C. Leong ,&nbsp;Pierre Boudinot ,&nbsp;Bertrand Collet","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Mx</em> dynamin-like GTPases genes are Interferon Stimulated Genes (ISGs) encoding the Mx (myxovirus resistance) proteins that have an antiviral effect against a wide array of RNA viruses as well as some DNA viruses. In salmonids, the <em>mx</em> genes reside in four distinct chromosomal loci, that encode proteins clustering together into separate phylogenetic clades. To understand the contribution of Mx to the innate antiviral resistance, we knocked out the <em>mx1</em> or <em>mx3</em> gene by generating single mutant CHSE-derived cell lines by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. sgRNA were designed within the first coding exon of <em>mx1</em> (LOC112247236), or <em>mx3</em> (LOC112247235) genes, located 27 kb apart on the same chromosome LG02. Mx1, Mx2 and Mx3 proteins were quantified by western blotting. Only the Mx3 protein was found induced in the wild type EC cells after stimulation with recombinant Atlantic salmon interferon A2. <em>mx1</em> gene knockout reduced the up-regulation of Mx3 protein expression, while <em>mx3</em> gene knockout resulted in the induction of Mx1 and Mx2 proteins with and without additional stimulation. This was observed at the transcriptional level with the induction of <em>mx1</em> gene was increased in <em>mx3</em>^−/− cells compared to wild type cells. These results illustrate the complex interplay between <em>mx1</em> and <em>mx3</em> genes in salmonids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111204"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146164728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-vivo evaluation of silver nanoparticles-enhanced Chlorella protein nanovaccine for immunological defense in grouper (Epinephelus sp) against RNA viral infections","authors":"Defa Rizqi Machfuda ,&nbsp;Uun Yanuhar ,&nbsp;Asus Maizar Suryanto Hertika ,&nbsp;Ranjith Kumar Rajamani ,&nbsp;Heru Suryanto ,&nbsp;Nezya Pramudya Wardani ,&nbsp;Andik Isdianto ,&nbsp;Aisha Surya Ananda","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Viral RNA diseases, notably Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN), routinely produce very high losses (≈80–100% mortality) in cultured groupers (<em>Epinephelus sp.),</em> driving major economic impacts across Asia. Conventional vaccination has been unreliable, largely because of antigen instability and suboptimal, short-lived immunity. Nanovaccine platforms-here, <em>Chlorella</em>-derived proteins augmented with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-offer a route to better antigen delivery and immune modulation in aquatic hosts. This study evaluated the efficacy of an AgNPs- <em>Chlorella vulgaris</em> protein nanovaccine in VNN-challenged groupers to enhance growth, hematology, survival, and tissue integrity. Eight cohorts were examined: two controls (K−, K+) and six dosing regimens (T1–T6). Fish received the nanovaccine by injection, followed by viral challenge. Key endpoints included hematological indices (RBC, WBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)), histopathology of intestine and kidney, and flow-cytometric profiling of CD4, CD8, IgM, growth (length, weight), survival rate (SR), and relative percent survival (RPS). Nanovaccination significantly enhanced performance and immunity. The T3 dose yielded the best outcomes, with body length 12.73 ± 0.87 cm and weight 18.00 ± 1.50 g, SR = 90% and RPS = 82%. Hematology improved (RBC 2.52 × 10⁶ cells/μL, WBC 1.76 × 10³ cells/μL, hemoglobin 7.4 g/dL, MCV 102 μm³, MCHC 26.4%). Immune readouts showed CD4⁺ 13.44%, CD8⁺ 8.48%, and IgM 4.25%. Fish tissue showed milder lesions (≤25% damage) compared to those infected with severe injury virus (&gt;45%). The Nanovaccine supports its potential as environmentally friendly and long-lasting means of protecting marine aquaculture from disease. This work supports the objectives of SDG 14, emphasizing the conservation of life below water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111191"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146131569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial peptide mSshep 1 from Sebastes schlegelii combines broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, membrane-disruptive mechanism and in vivo protective efficacy","authors":"Hao Jing ,&nbsp;Guang-hua Wang ,&nbsp;Kai Yang ,&nbsp;Zi-yue Chen ,&nbsp;Zhi-shu Zhu ,&nbsp;Nuo Sun ,&nbsp;Yi-lin Du ,&nbsp;Zi-qi Wang ,&nbsp;Min Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hepcidins, a family of cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides, play a pivotal role in the innate immune defense of teleosts. This study aimed to characterize the antibacterial activity, mechanism of action, and <em>in vitro</em>/<em>in vivo</em> protective efficacy of the mature peptide mSshep 1 derived from hepcidin 1 of <em>Sebastes schlegelii</em> (<em>Sshepcidin 1</em>), and to verify the functional role of <em>Sshepcidin 1</em> via RNA interference (RNAi). Time-kill kinetic assay showed that mSshep 1 exhibited rapid and broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, <em>Edwardsiella piscicida</em>, <em>Listonella anguillarum</em>, and <em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em>, with complete eradication of all tested strains within 120 min. Thermal stability analysis revealed that mSshep 1 retained significant antibacterial activity against most pathogens even after treatment at 100 °C for 30 min, and circular dichroism spectroscopy confirmed only minor conformational changes without substantial secondary structure alterations. Mechanistically, mSshep 1 exerted bactericidal effects by disrupting bacterial membrane integrity, as evidenced by increased propidium iodide penetration, elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, and obvious morphological damage observed via scanning and transmission electron microscopy. <em>In vitro</em>, mSshep 1 showed no cytotoxicity to HEK293T, EPC, and SSI cells at concentrations up to 128 μM, and effectively eliminated intracellular <em>E. piscicida</em> in SSI cells while upregulating the expression of immune-related genes. <em>In vivo</em> experiments demonstrated that pre-injection of mSshep 1 (1, 2, 5 μg/g body weight) significantly improved the survival rate of <em>S. schlegelii</em> challenged with <em>E. piscicida</em> and reduced bacterial loads in the liver, spleen, and head kidney. RNAi analysis showed that si-Sshep1-1 (2 μg/g body weight) stably silenced <em>Sshepcidin 1</em> expression in multiple tissues, and <em>Sshepcidin 1</em> knockdown significantly increased bacterial loads in <em>E. piscicida</em>-challenged fish and disrupted the expression balance of immune-related genes. Collectively, these findings confirm that mSshep 1 is a promising candidate for the development of novel antibacterial agents in aquaculture, and <em>Sshepcidin 1</em> plays a crucial role in the innate immune defense of <em>S. schlegelii</em> against bacterial infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111192"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146131462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel stomach-predominant C-type lectin (LvnCTL) triggers immune response against Vibrio parahaemolyticus and WSSV in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei","authors":"Shengwen Niu ,&nbsp;Ning Fu ,&nbsp;Yuyu Wang ,&nbsp;Mengxin Xing ,&nbsp;Meiling An ,&nbsp;Hongli Xu ,&nbsp;Bang Xiao ,&nbsp;Weiyan Song ,&nbsp;Yongqing Zeng ,&nbsp;Orlando Borras-Hidalgo ,&nbsp;Hui Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>C-type lectins (CTLs) are members of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which can bind to carbohydrates on the surface of pathogens and take part in the immune response of shrimp. In this study, we identified and characterized a novel stomach-predominant C-type lectin (named LvnCTL) in <em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em> (<em>L. vannamei</em>). LvnCTL consists of a signal peptide at the N-terminal and a typical C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD) at the C-terminal. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that LvnCTL clusters into a distinct clade more closely related to vertebrate CTLs than to invertebrate CTLs. LvnCTL was highly expressed in the stomach, and its expression was significantly induced by immune stimuli and pathogen infections. Functional assays showed that silencing of LvnCTL enhanced the replication of <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em> and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), thereby increasing shrimp susceptibility. In contrast, recombinant LvnCTL effectively agglutinated both the Gram-negative bacterium <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> and the Gram-positive bacterium <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> in a Ca²⁺-dependent manner. Furthermore, LvnCTL silencing markedly altered the expression of immune-related genes, including antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, and prophenoloxidase (proPO) genes. Taken together, these findings suggest that LvnCTL plays a crucial role in the shrimp immune response to inhibit pathogen invasion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111158"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146096966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medium-chain fatty acids as feed supplements on immune enhancement in sustainable aquaculture","authors":"Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar ,&nbsp;Majid Khanzadeh ,&nbsp;Zahra Nemati ,&nbsp;Marina Paolucci ,&nbsp;Hien Van Doan","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In terms of chemical structure, medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) have carbon chain lengths of 6–12 atoms. These fatty acids can be found in high amounts in natural sources such as coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and dairy products. Regarding the types of medium-chain fatty acids that received more attention, caproic acid (C6), caprylic acid (C8), capric acid (C10), and lauric acid (C12) can be mentioned. The metabolism of these acids in the bodies of aquatic animals is fast, and they have rapid absorption in the intestine. They reach the liver directly via the mesenteric vessels and the portal vein. In the liver, digestion processes like energy production occur. Studies conducted on aquatic animals showed beneficial effects of these fatty acids on growth performance, feed efficiency, and modulation of gut microbiota composition. Also, results confirm the beneficial effects of these functional feed additives on the antioxidant defence system and immune response in different aquatic species. The present review paper deals with the application and effects of MCFAs and their salts in aquaculture. The focus of this review was on their effects on growth performance, immunobiochemical responses, immune gene expression, and activities of antioxidant and digestive enzymes. Possible mechanisms of action of these fatty acids on the mentioned parameters and their effects on the improvement of resistance against pathogens were reviewed in detail. The aim of this paper is to show the potential of MCFAs for the health and production of aquatic species. In addition to the above cases, research gaps and the areas that need further studies are described in this review.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12127,"journal":{"name":"Fish & shellfish immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111161"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146085038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}