Jungwook Lim, Jihun Kim, Long Yan, Hyunpil Noh, Seungki Jung, D. Seol, J. Pyo, T. Jung, Jungbin Yun, Dukseo Park, Howoo Park, Kyungho Lee, T. Nagano, JungChak Ahn
{"title":"A single chip PPG sensor with enhanced IR sensitivity for low power and small size","authors":"Jungwook Lim, Jihun Kim, Long Yan, Hyunpil Noh, Seungki Jung, D. Seol, J. Pyo, T. Jung, Jungbin Yun, Dukseo Park, Howoo Park, Kyungho Lee, T. Nagano, JungChak Ahn","doi":"10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.7.iss-066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.7.iss-066","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A single chip Photoplethysmography(PPG) sensor was developed for continuous measurements of heart rate from a mobile device. In order to utilize it in various mobile applications, it was necessary to achieve low power and small size of PPG sensors. For low power and small chip size\u0000 of the PPG sensor, a photodiode(PD) for sensing signals and an analog front end(AFE) for signal amplification and ADC should be implemented in a single chip. The single chip PPG sensor which is implemented on a standard CMOS process with low operating voltage could be more suitable for mobile\u0000 devices. In order to operate at a low voltage, reduction of Si thickness is required, and for this, high quantum efficiency(QE) of 43% at 940nm were obtained at 3um thickness by back side trench(BST) pattern and ARL optimization. In addition, to improve the performance of the PPG sensor, the\u0000 leakage current of <0.1nA and capacitance of <200pF were measured by 20um pixel array. As a result, the low-power, small size single-chip PPG sensor showed similar performance to conventional high-voltage and large PPG sensor.\u0000","PeriodicalId":121190,"journal":{"name":"Imaging Sensors and Systems","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132288318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Kim, Yunseok Choi, Hayoung Ko, Dongpan Lim, Youngil Seo, Jeongguk Lee, Geunyoung Lee, Eun-sil Heo, S. Song, Sukhwan Lim
{"title":"Under Display Camera Quad Bayer Raw Image Restoration using Deep Learning","authors":"I. Kim, Yunseok Choi, Hayoung Ko, Dongpan Lim, Youngil Seo, Jeongguk Lee, Geunyoung Lee, Eun-sil Heo, S. Song, Sukhwan Lim","doi":"10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.7.iss-067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.7.iss-067","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Can a mobile camera see better through display? Under Display Camera (UDC) is the most awaited feature in mobile market in 2020 enabling more preferable user experience, however, there are technological obstacles to obtain acceptable UDC image quality. Mobile OLED panels are struggling\u0000 to reach beyond 20% of light transmittance, leading to challenging capture conditions. To improve light sensitivity, some solutions use binned output losing spatial resolution. Optical diffraction of light in a panel induces contrast degradation and various visual artifacts including image\u0000 ghosts, yellowish tint etc. Standard approach to address image quality issues is to improve blocks in the imaging pipeline including Image Signal Processor (ISP) and deblur block. In this work, we propose a novel approach to improve UDC image quality - we replace all blocks in UDC pipeline\u0000 with all-in-one network – UDC d^Net. Proposed solution can deblur and reconstruct full resolution image directly from non-Bayer raw image, e.g. Quad Bayer, without requiring remosaic algorithm that rearranges non-Bayer to Bayer. Proposed network has a very large receptive field and can\u0000 easily deal with large-scale visual artifacts including color moiré and ghosts. Experiments show significant improvement in image quality vs conventional pipeline – over 4dB in PSNR on popular benchmark - Kodak dataset.\u0000","PeriodicalId":121190,"journal":{"name":"Imaging Sensors and Systems","volume":"201 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128038531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Estimation of any fields of lens PSFs for image simulation","authors":"Sangmin Kim, Daekwan Kim, Ki-Chung Chung, J. Yim","doi":"10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.7.iss-072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.7.iss-072","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In a mobile smartphone camera, image quality is more degraded towards the edges of an image sensor due to high CRA (Chief Ray Angle). It is critical to estimate the cause of this effect since image quality is degraded at image periphery from attenuating illuminance and broadening\u0000 PSF (point spread function). In order to predict image quality from the center to the edge of the camera output, we propose a method to estimate lens PSFs at any particular image field. The method adopts Zernike polynomials to consider lens aberrations while having an arbitrary spatial sampling.\u0000 Also, it employs estimating a pupil shape in accordance with an optical field. The proposed method has two steps: 1) estimation of a pupil shape and Zernike polynomial coefficients, and 2) generation of a PSF with estimated parameters. The method was experimented with a typical mobile lens\u0000 to evaluate the performance of the PSF estimation at 0.0F and 0.8F. In addition, Siemens star images were generated with the estimated PSFs to compare resolutions at the center and the edge of an image. The results show that the image of the edge is worse than that of the center in terms of\u0000 MTF (Modulation Transfer Function), showing the importance of assessing image quality at the edge for pre-evaluation of a mobile camera.\u0000","PeriodicalId":121190,"journal":{"name":"Imaging Sensors and Systems","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134353342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zheng Lyu, Krithin Kripakaran, Max Furth, Eric Tang, B. Wandell, J. Farrell
{"title":"Validation of image systems simulation technology using a Cornell Box","authors":"Zheng Lyu, Krithin Kripakaran, Max Furth, Eric Tang, B. Wandell, J. Farrell","doi":"10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.7.iss-122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.7.iss-122","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We describe and experimentally validate an end-to-end simulation of a digital camera. The simulation models the spectral radiance of 3D-scenes, formation of the spectral irradiance by multi-element optics, and conversion of the irradiance to digital values by the image sensor. We\u0000 quantify the accuracy of the simulation by comparing real and simulated images of a precisely constructed, three-dimensional high dynamic range test scene. Validated end-to-end software simulation of a digital camera can accelerate innovation by reducing many of the time-consuming and expensive\u0000 steps in designing, building and evaluating image systems.\u0000","PeriodicalId":121190,"journal":{"name":"Imaging Sensors and Systems","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116992016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shunta Kamoshita, Manabu Suzuki, R. Kuroda, S. Sugawa
{"title":"A Proposal of Analog Correlated Multiple Sampling with High Density Capacitors for Low Noise CMOS Image Sensors","authors":"Shunta Kamoshita, Manabu Suzuki, R. Kuroda, S. Sugawa","doi":"10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.7.iss-092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.7.iss-092","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this paper we propose a low power consumption high speed analog correlated multiple sampling (CMS) technique with high density switched capacitors for low noise CMOS image sensors. A CIS with 256 analog memories per pixel using high density trench capacitors was employed in order\u0000 to verify the noise reduction effect dependent on operation timings. The noise characteristics were measured at sampling numbers of M=1~64 with various CMS sampling period of 10ns to 1µs and time interval between reset and signal samplings, thanks to the high flexibility owing to the\u0000 proposed analog CMS technique. The measurement results agree well with the theoretical calculation results, showing that conducting CMS with highly correlated signals is effective in noise reduction.\u0000","PeriodicalId":121190,"journal":{"name":"Imaging Sensors and Systems","volume":"225 20","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132443582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Ultra-Low-Cost Large-Format Wireless IoT Camera","authors":"H. Dietz, P. Eberhart","doi":"10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.7.iss-070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.7.iss-070","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper documents the design, construction, and experimental evaluation of an ultra-low-cost large-format digital camera. Used lenses that cover formats up to 4x5 can be surprisingly inexpensive, but large-format image sensors are not. By combining 3D printing with cheap components\u0000 developed for use in IoT (Internet of Things) devices, especially the sub-$10 ESP32-CAM, a digital scanning large-format camera capable of over 2GP resolution can be constructed at very low cost. Despite the large image area, Lafodis160 is literally a wireless IoT device, fully remote\u0000 controllable via Bluetooth and WiFi. This camera was originally intended to serve as a testbed for novel ways to improve capture quality for scenes that are not completely static during the scan interval, and a brief overview is given of methods employing unusual scan orderings that will be\u0000 evaluated using it.\u0000","PeriodicalId":121190,"journal":{"name":"Imaging Sensors and Systems","volume":"162 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115751539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Jung, Yonghun Kwon, Sung-Uk Seo, Min-Sun Keel, Changkeun Lee, Sungsoo Choi, Sae-Young Kim, Sunghyuck Cho, Youngchan Kim, Young-Gu Jin, Moosup Lim, H. Ryu, Yitae Kim, Joonseok Kim, Changrok Moon
{"title":"A 4-tap global shutter pixel with enhanced IR sensitivity for VGA time-of-flight CMOS image sensors","authors":"T. Jung, Yonghun Kwon, Sung-Uk Seo, Min-Sun Keel, Changkeun Lee, Sungsoo Choi, Sae-Young Kim, Sunghyuck Cho, Youngchan Kim, Young-Gu Jin, Moosup Lim, H. Ryu, Yitae Kim, Joonseok Kim, Changrok Moon","doi":"10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.7.iss-103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.7.iss-103","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 An indirect time-of-flight (ToF) CMOS image sensor has been designed with 4-tap 7 μm global shutter pixel in back-side illumination process. 15000 e- of high full-well capacity (FWC) per a tap of 3.5 μm pitch and 3.6 e- of read-noise has been realized by employing true correlated\u0000 double sampling (CDS) structure with storage gates (SGs). Noble characteristics such as 86 % of demodulation contrast (DC) at 100MHz operation, 37 % of higher quantum efficiency (QE) and lower parasitic light sensitivity (PLS) at 940 nm have been achieved. As a result, the proposed ToF sensor\u0000 shows depth noise less than 0.3 % with 940 nm illuminator in even long distance.\u0000","PeriodicalId":121190,"journal":{"name":"Imaging Sensors and Systems","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125084887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Camera support for use of unchipped manual lenses","authors":"H. Dietz","doi":"10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.7.iss-327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.7.iss-327","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As interchangeable-lens cameras evolve into tightly integrated electromechanical systems, it is becoming increasingly awkward to use optics that cannot electronically communicate with the camera body. Such lenses are commonly referred to as “unchipped” because they lack\u0000 integrated circuitry (aka, chips) that could interface with the camera body. Despite the awkwardness, there is a large community of photographers who prefer to use manual lenses. Not only is there an increased demand for vintage lenses, but the variety of newly-manufactured fully-manual lenses\u0000 has been growing dramatically in recent years.\u0000 \u0000 Although manual lenses will never provide all the features and performance of lenses created as integrated parts of a camera system, the current work explores a variety of methods by which digital cameras can significantly improve the\u0000 usability of unchipped manual lenses.\u0000","PeriodicalId":121190,"journal":{"name":"Imaging Sensors and Systems","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131955949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Euncheol Lee, Hyunsu Jun, Wonho Wilson Choi, Kihyun Kwon, J. Lim, Seung-hak Lee, J. Yim
{"title":"CIS Band Noise Prediction Methodology Using Co-Simulation of Camera Module","authors":"Euncheol Lee, Hyunsu Jun, Wonho Wilson Choi, Kihyun Kwon, J. Lim, Seung-hak Lee, J. Yim","doi":"10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.7.iss-328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.7.iss-328","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper describes a CMOS image sensor (CIS) horizontal band noise reduction methodology considering on-chip and offchip camera module PCB design parameters. The horizontal band noise is a crucial issue for high quality camera of modern smartphone applications. This paper discusses\u0000 CIS horizontal band noise mechanism and proposes the solution by optimization of design factors in CIS and camera module. Analog ground impedance value and bias voltage condition of pixel array transfer gate have been found to be effective optimization parameters. Through the real experimental\u0000 data, we proved that proposed solution is instrumental in reducing the horizontal band noise.\u0000","PeriodicalId":121190,"journal":{"name":"Imaging Sensors and Systems","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130213635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Fujihara, M. Murata, Shota Nakayama, R. Kuroda, S. Sugawa
{"title":"An Over 120dB Dynamic Range Linear Response Single Exposure CMOS Image Sensor with Two-stage Lateral Overflow Integration Trench Capacitors","authors":"Y. Fujihara, M. Murata, Shota Nakayama, R. Kuroda, S. Sugawa","doi":"10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.7.iss-143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.7.iss-143","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents a prototype linear response single exposure CMOS image sensor with two-stage lateral overflow integration trench capacitors (LOFITreCs) exhibiting over 120dB dynamic range with 11.4Me- full well capacity (FWC) and maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 70dB. The\u0000 measured SNR at all switching points were over 35dB thanks to the proposed two-stage LOFITreCs.\u0000","PeriodicalId":121190,"journal":{"name":"Imaging Sensors and Systems","volume":"219 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132018156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}