{"title":"An overview of the controversies of adult growth hormone deficiency diagnosis.","authors":"Daniela Cuboni, Luigi Simone Aversa, Silvia Grottoli, Ezio Ghigo, Valentina Gasco","doi":"10.1080/17446651.2025.2480699","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17446651.2025.2480699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Growth hormone (GH) not only drives growth but also has significant metabolic, structural, and quality-of-life impacts. While GH deficiency (GHD) in childhood impairs growth, in adulthood, it leads to metabolic syndrome and multisystem functional abnormalities, collectively termed adult GHD syndrome. Despite being recognized for decades, adult GHD syndrome continues to pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>The aim of this review is to analyze the main controversies that persist in diagnosing adult GHD more than 30 years after the initial studies demonstrating the existence of GHD syndrome in adulthood.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>The only reliable method for diagnosing adult GHD is demonstrating the failure of GH levels to rise above a specific threshold following pharmacological stimulation tests. Various tests are available, and the choice of the most appropriate one depends on the clinical context, the presence of potential contraindications, and the availability of specific pharmacological agents. It is also important to note that the reproducibility of some stimulation tests for diagnosing adult GHD has been questioned. The GH cutoff values considered diagnostic for GHD differ depending on the test used, are significantly influenced by the individual's body composition and age as well as by assay method employed.</p>","PeriodicalId":12107,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"187-200"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143751790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Praveen Gupta, Sandeep Bansal, Ira Balakrishnan, Anunay Gupta
{"title":"Diabetes mellitus and HbA1c as predictors of mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.","authors":"Praveen Gupta, Sandeep Bansal, Ira Balakrishnan, Anunay Gupta","doi":"10.1080/17446651.2025.2469627","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17446651.2025.2469627","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The role of diabetes mellitus (DM) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and of HbA1c in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with DM were not studied adequately in the past.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>It was a retrospective cohort study. In this study, data from 305 hospitalized COVID-19 patients was analyzed. The study objective was to determine the association of DM with in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients. Another study objective was to determine the association of HbA1c with mortality in COVID-19 patients with DM.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this retrospective study, DM was present in 41.3% (126/305) of the study population. The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed a significant association between DM and mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 2.116, 95% CI: 1.088-4.116, <i>p =</i> 0.027). The median HbA1c in diabetic patients was 8.9% (7.5-11.0). HbA1c was found to be associated with mortality in diabetic patients in the multivariate cox-regression analysis (aHR:1.272, 95% CI: 1.028-1.574, <i>p =</i> 0.027). The multivariate Cox regression analysis also showed the association of HbA1c (10.5%≤HbA1c > 10.5%) as a dichotomous variable with in-hospital mortality (aHR: 2.53, 95% CI: 2.606-194.81, <i>p =</i> 0.005) in diabetic patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>DM was independently associated with mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the multivariate analysis. In COVID-19 patients with DM, HbA1c was associated with mortality as a continuous and dichotomous variable in the multivariate analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12107,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"221-232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143522837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mingqian Jiang, Amna Subhan Butt, Ian Homer Cua, Ziyan Pan, Said A Al-Busafi, Nahum Méndez-Sánchez, Mohammed Eslam
{"title":"MAFLD vs. MASLD: a year in review.","authors":"Mingqian Jiang, Amna Subhan Butt, Ian Homer Cua, Ziyan Pan, Said A Al-Busafi, Nahum Méndez-Sánchez, Mohammed Eslam","doi":"10.1080/17446651.2025.2492767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17446651.2025.2492767","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In 2023, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) was introduced following metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Both aim to address the limitations of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This review analyzes the similarities and differences between MAFLD and MASLD, focusing on their impacts on epidemiology, diagnosis, stigma, and related liver diseases.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>Current evidence suggests that MAFLD criteria effectively identify individuals at higher risk through a good balance of sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, MAFLD is a more generalizable term that is easily understood globally.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>The transition from NAFLD to MAFLD and MASLD marks a significant advance in understanding fatty liver disease within hepatology. MAFLD identifies a homogeneous cohort of patients with fatty liver due to metabolic dysfunction and provides a valuable framework for holistic, patient-centered management strategies that consider various contributing factors to improve health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12107,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143979113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The effects of levothyroxine monotherapy versus combination therapy on quality of life and patient satisfaction.","authors":"Jacqueline Jonklaas","doi":"10.1080/17446651.2025.2492789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17446651.2025.2492789","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Hypothyroidism is a relatively common condition, which generally cannot be reversed. Hypothyroid individuals are dependent on provision of exogenous thyroid hormone as a lifetime therapy. Levothyroxine therapy provides satisfactory treatment for most. However, a subset of patients are not restored to their baseline quality of life.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>As discussed here, a number of solutions have been tried, including addressing accompanying conditions, rigorous titration of therapy, and combination therapy with levothyroxine and liothyronine. The latter has limited success with improving quality of life, but does appear to be associated with patient preference. The discrepancy between quality of life and patient preference may be important to understanding the nuances of successful hypothyroidism treatment.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Future efforts to improve hypothyroidism therapy could tease out which are the specific subset of patients who benefit from combination therapy, such as those who have unresolved symptoms attributable to hypothyroidism at baseline and those with genetic polymorphisms that might impair thyroid hormone delivery to tissues. Better understanding of the drivers of patient preference for combination therapy should also be revealing. A future goal is to prevent autoimmune hypothyroidism from developing and to treat hypothyroidism completely by generating fully functioning thyroid follicles from stem cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":12107,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143991555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yasmine Ibrahim Elhenawy, Abeer Ahmed Abdelmaksoud, Eman Abdel Rahman Ismail, Zakaria Mostafa Elashmawy, Dina Ebrahem Sallam
{"title":"E-cadherin as a surrogate marker of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition for detection of diabetic nephropathy and subclinical atherosclerosis among children and adolescents with type 1 diabete.","authors":"Yasmine Ibrahim Elhenawy, Abeer Ahmed Abdelmaksoud, Eman Abdel Rahman Ismail, Zakaria Mostafa Elashmawy, Dina Ebrahem Sallam","doi":"10.1080/17446651.2025.2492762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17446651.2025.2492762","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) among adults with type 2 diabetes. The current study aimed to evaluate the role of E-cadherin as a surrogate marker of EMT among children and adolescent with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and DN and its possible relation to carotid intima media thickness (CIMT).</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>Sixty participants with T1D were divided equally into two groups based on urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) and compared with 30 healthy controls. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), kidney function tests, serum E-cadherin and CIMT were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>E-cadherin levels were significantly lower in patients with microalbuminuria (56.5 ± 15.8 ng/mL) compared with patients with normoalbuminuria (179.8 ± 45.1 ng/mL) and healthy controls (222.5 ± 39.9 ng/mL) (<i>p</i> < 0.001). E-cadherin correlated negatively with HbA1c (<i>r</i> = -0.42, <i>p</i> = 0.001), UACR (<i>r</i> = -0.89, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and CIMT (<i>r</i> = -0.716, <i>p</i> < 0.001). ROC curve analysis showed that the E-cadherin cutoff value 135 ng/mL could detect nephropathy with 96.67% sensitivity and 86.67% specificity. Logistic regression showed that E-cadherin was a significant independent factor for nephropathy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>E-cadherin is a potential biomarker reflecting EMT activity in both pathogenesis and progression of DN and subclinical atherosclerosis in pediatric patients with T1D.</p>","PeriodicalId":12107,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The effects of Beinaglutide on obesity and related factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","authors":"Sepideh Poshtdar, Pejman Rohani, Amirali Ahrabi, Nekoo Panahi, Mohammad Hassan Sohouli","doi":"10.1080/17446651.2025.2491404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17446651.2025.2491404","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Considering the important role of obesity and related factors in different societies on increasing the burden of non-communicable diseases, in this review we will investigate the possible effects of Beinaglutide on these risk factors.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>In order to identify all randomized controlled trials that investigated the effects of Beinaglutide on cardiometabolic factors, a systematic search was conducted in the original databases using predefined keywords until July 2024. The pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals were computed using the random-effects model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong> A quantitative meta-analysis results from seven studies with 872 participants showed that Beinaglutide has a significant lowering effect on weight (WMD: -3.74 kg; 95% CI: -5.03, -2.45), body mass index (BMI) (WMD:-1.64 kg/m2; 95% CI: -2.10, -1.17), waist circumference (WC) (WMD: -3.19 cm; 95% CI: -4.65 to -1.73), triglyceride (TG) levels (WMD: -0.14 mmol/l with; 95% CI: -0.25, -0.04), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (WMD: -1.76 mm/Hg; 95% CI: -2.61, -0.91). In addition, body weight loss was greater in doses < 0.4 mg compared to doses ≥ 0.4 mg.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of this meta-analysis show that Beinaglutide is effective in reducing parameters related to obesity, TG as well as SBP.</p>","PeriodicalId":12107,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
María Bernarda Iriarte-Durán, Sara Donato, Aura Herrera, Arturo Vega, José María Jiménez Casinello, Mónica Marazuela, Marta Araujo-Castro
{"title":"The impact of mild autonomous cortisol secretion and proposed interventions.","authors":"María Bernarda Iriarte-Durán, Sara Donato, Aura Herrera, Arturo Vega, José María Jiménez Casinello, Mónica Marazuela, Marta Araujo-Castro","doi":"10.1080/17446651.2025.2480704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17446651.2025.2480704","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS) is the most common hormonal alteration in patients with adrenal incidentalomas (AIs). Given its prevalence and associated adverse outcomes, reviewing its impact and interventions is essential.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>In this article, we provide a comprehensive review on the diagnosis of MACS, the cardiometabolic burden associated with MACS and on its surgical and medical treatment. The diagnosis of MACS requires three criteria: hormonal evidence of hypercortisolism, the absence of typical Cushing's syndrome signs, and the presence of an AI. The most recommended test for MACS diagnosis is the 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test. There is plenty of evidence of the detrimental effect of MACS, including an increased risk of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and all-cause mortality. Surgery should be considered for patients with significant comorbidities and has been shown to significantly improve anthropometric variables, hyperglycemia and blood pressure. Medical therapy to lower cortisol offers an effective alternative, particularly for patients with bilateral AI, when surgery is contraindicated, or the patient declines surgery.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Based on our expert opinion, steroid profiling has the potential to become the gold standard for MACS diagnosis, and further studies should identify which patients benefit most from specific treatment to guiding evidence-based recommendations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12107,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urooj Lal Rehman, Maliha Khalid, Marium Fatima, Muhammad Saad Khan, Muhammad Tarish Abro, Aminath Waafira
{"title":"Anxiety and depression among adolescents and young adults with thyroid function disorders: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Urooj Lal Rehman, Maliha Khalid, Marium Fatima, Muhammad Saad Khan, Muhammad Tarish Abro, Aminath Waafira","doi":"10.1080/17446651.2025.2480693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17446651.2025.2480693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Anxiety and depression are significant mental health issues affecting adolescents globally. Moreover, Thyroid disorders frequently coexist with anxiety and depression, leading to overlapping symptoms that complicate diagnosis and treatment. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression among adolescents and young adults with thyroid functional disorders and their associated factors.</p><p><strong>Research design and method: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of endocrinology, from (June to August) 2024. Variables included were patient demographics such as gender, age, occupation etc. For anxiety assessment: Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was used. For depression assessment: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>In patients with hyperthyroidism, severe anxiety and depression are strongly associated with common symptoms like tremors, difficulty sleeping, and frequent bowel movements (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In hypothyroidism, severe anxiety and depression is also prevalent, especially with symptoms like constipation, forgetfulness, and muscle weakness.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study concluded that the mental health of adolescents and young adults is influenced by factors such as age, education, employment status, and thyroid function disorders - hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.</p>","PeriodicalId":12107,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143663050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Javier Aragón-Sánchez, Gerardo Víquez-Molina, Ilker Uçkay, José María Rojas-Bonilla, Benjamin A Lipsky
{"title":"A research-based, current approach to diabetes-related acute foot infections and chronic osteomyelitis.","authors":"Javier Aragón-Sánchez, Gerardo Víquez-Molina, Ilker Uçkay, José María Rojas-Bonilla, Benjamin A Lipsky","doi":"10.1080/17446651.2025.2474110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17446651.2025.2474110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) and diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) are common and serious complications in patients with diabetes, often leading to severe morbidity (including amputation) and even mortality. Professional footcare, prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial to preventing limb loss and improving outcomes in infections.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This narrative review addresses the management of all DFIs, including the approach to clinical evaluation, appropriate diagnostic methods, and optimal therapeutic strategies. We specifically address key areas in antibiotic therapy, and surgical interventions and techniques. Based on our literature review and extensive, multidisciplinary experience, we developed a novel treatment flowchart specifically for the management of DFO.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Managing DFIs, including DFO, requires a multidisciplinary approach tailored to each patient's clinical presentation. While antibiotics, surgery, and wound care each play a crucial role, the decision-making process should always consider the infection's severity and chronicity. Our proposed flowchart for DFO management emphasizes the importance of logically-sequenced, easy to apply and tailored interventions to prevent unnecessary amputations and improve outcomes. Further research is needed to further refine this flowchart in clinical practice and demonstrate its effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":12107,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143556398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vu Thi Minh Phuong, Vu Thi Quynh Chi, Nguyen Di Khanh, Tran Quang Duc, Ngo Huy Hoang
{"title":"Associations between dose-response of serum creatinine and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk: consistent and robust evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Vu Thi Minh Phuong, Vu Thi Quynh Chi, Nguyen Di Khanh, Tran Quang Duc, Ngo Huy Hoang","doi":"10.1080/17446651.2024.2436890","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17446651.2024.2436890","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Skeletal muscle is the key target of insulin action. Therefore, a reduction in skeletal muscle mass may trigger insulin resistance, a mechanism of diabetes. Creatinine is the only metabolite of creatine phosphate in the skeletal muscle. Exploring the association between serum creatinine level and T2DM is helpful for the early identification and prevention of T2DM.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>Five electronic databases, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Epistemonikos, were searched for relevant articles published up to June 2024. Cohort studies and case-control studies were evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. The random-effects model calculated the pooled risk ratio and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) based on a heterogeneity test (I<sup>2</sup> statistics). Egger's test was used to evaluate publication bias.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The pooled RR of diabetes type 2 for the lowest versus the highest serum creatinine was 1.39 (95% CI: 1.17-1.64); I<sup>2</sup> = 90.1%; <i>p</i> = 0.002. We found a non-linear association between low serum creatinine level and T2DM risk (p<sub>Nonlinearity</sub> = 0.02), and a decrease of each 0.1 mg/dL serum creatinine increases 1% risk of T2DM [RR = 1.49 (95% CI: 1.17-2.82), I<sup>2</sup> = 0%, <i>p</i> = 0.999].</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This meta-analysis offers evidence of the negative relationship between serum creatinine levels and the risk of developing T2DM in a linear dose-response pattern.</p>","PeriodicalId":12107,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"153-161"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142846253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}