Experimental and Applied Acarology最新文献

{"title":"Geographical distribution of pyrethroid resistance mutations in Varroa destructor across Türkiye and a European overview.","authors":"Esengül Erdem, Nafiye Koç-İnak, Mustafa Rüstemoğlu, Emre İnak","doi":"10.1007/s10493-023-00879-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10493-023-00879-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Acari: Varroidae) is of paramount significance in modern beekeeping, with infestations presenting a primary challenge that directly influences colony health, productivity, and overall apicultural sustainability. In order to control this mite, many beekeepers rely on a limited number of approved synthetic acaricides, including the pyrethroids tau-fluvalinate, flumethrin and organophosphate coumaphos. However, the excessive use of these substances has led to the widespread development of resistance in various beekeeping areas globally. In the present study, the occurrence of resistance mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the target-site of pyrethroids and coumaphos, respectively, was examined in Varroa populations collected throughout the southeastern and eastern Anatolia regions of Türkiye. All Varroa samples belonged to the Korean haplotype, and a very low genetic distance was observed based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences. No amino acid substitutions were determined at the key residues of AChE. On the other hand, three amino acid substitutions, (L925V/I/M), previously associated with pyrethroid resistance, were identified in nearly 80% of the Turkish populations. Importantly, L925M, the dominant mutation in the USA, was detected in Turkish Varroa populations for the first time. To gain a more comprehensive perspective, we conducted a systematic analysis of the distribution of pyrethroid resistance mutations across Europe, based on the previously reported data. Varroa populations from Mediterranean countries such as Türkiye, Spain, and Greece exhibited the highest frequency of resistance mutation. Revealing the occurrence and geographical distribution of pyrethroid resistance mutations in V. destructor populations across the country will enhance the development of more efficient strategies for mite management.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":" ","pages":"309-321"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11035437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139944009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New hard tick (Acari: Ixodidae) reports and detection of Rickettsia in ticks from Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia","authors":"Ángel Oviedo, Miguel M. Rodríguez, Fernando S. Flores, Lyda R. Castro","doi":"10.1007/s10493-023-00887-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-023-00887-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM), located in northern Colombia, is considered a geographical island with high levels of biodiversity and endemism. However, little is known about tick species and their associated microorganisms at the SNSM. In this study we sampled host-seeking ticks in areas of the town of Minca within the SNSM. We collected 47 ticks identified as <i>Amblyomma pacae</i>, <i>Amblyomma longirostre</i>, <i>Amblyomma ovale</i>, <i>Amblyomma mixtum</i>, <i>Haemaphysalis juxtakochi</i>, <i>Ixodes</i> sp. cf. <i>Ixodes</i> <i>affinis</i> and <i>Ixodes</i> sp. Of these ticks, we tested for <i>Rickettsia</i> spp. by amplifying the <i>gltA</i>, <i>SCA1</i>, and 16S rRNA genes via PCR. <i>Rickettsia amblyommatis</i> was detected in one pool of 3 larvae and in a female of <i>A. pacae</i>. Additonally, we isolated <i>Rickettsia</i> sp. belonging to the group of spotted fevers in larvae of <i>A. longirostre</i>. This study reports new findings of six species of ticks and two species of <i>Rickettsia</i> within the SNSM.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140127134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing a method to rear Varroa destructor in vitro","authors":"Brynn L. Johnson, Cody Prouty, Cameron J. Jack, Charles Stuhl, James D. Ellis","doi":"10.1007/s10493-024-00905-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-024-00905-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Varroa destructor</i> is a significant mite pest of western honey bees (<i>Apis mellifera</i>). Developing a method to rear and maintain populations of <i>V. destructor in vitro</i> would provide year-round access to the mites, allowing scientists to study their biology, behavior, and control more rapidly. In this study, we determined the impact of various rearing parameters on <i>V. destructor</i> survival and reproduction in vitro. This was done by collecting <i>V. destructor</i> from colonies, placing them in gelatin capsules containing honey bee larvae, and manipulating the following conditions experimentally: rearing temperature, colony source of honey bee larva, behavioral/developmental stages of <i>V. destructor</i> and honey bee larva, and mite:bee larva ratio. <i>Varroa destructor</i> survival was significantly impacted by temperature, colony source of larvae and mite behavioral stage. In addition, <i>V. destructor</i> reproduction was significantly impacted by mite: larva ratio, larval developmental stage, colony source of larva, and temperature. The following conditions optimized mite survival and reproduction in vitro: using a 4:1 mite:larva ratio, beginning the study with late stage uncapped larvae, using mites collected from adult bees, maintaining the rearing temperature at 34.5° C, and screening larval colony source. Ultimately, this research can be used to improve <i>V. destructor in vitro</i> rearing programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140116714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prey stage preference of Amblyseius paraaerialis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on varied life stages of the spider mites Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus macfarlanei and Oligonychus biharensis (Acari: Tetranychidae) and exploring the mass rearing possibilities of this predatory mite on alternative diets","authors":"Devasia Jyothis, Neravathu Ramani","doi":"10.1007/s10493-023-00899-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-023-00899-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Spider mites <i>Tetranychus urticae</i>, <i>Tetranychus macfarlanei</i> and <i>Oligonychus biharensis</i> are considered to be highly polyphagous in nature and causes severe damage to a wide range of plants around the world. <i>Amblyseius paraaerialis</i> is an efficient phytoseiid predator of spider mites with a potential to survive on both natural and alternative diets. Evaluation of predatory potential and prey stage preference provides valuable information on the efficacy of the predatory species in controlling mite population. Feeding experiments were conducted on mulberry leaf discs under the laboratory conditions of 30 ± 2 °C and 70 ± 5% relative humidity (RH). After 24 h of feeding experiment, the adult female predator exhibited a significant preference in feeding towards the eggs of <i>T. macfarlanei</i> (42.6%) and the larval stages of <i>T. urticae</i> (46%) and <i>O. biharensis</i> (25.3%). The mass rearing possibilities of <i>A. paraaerialis</i> was tested by tracking and comparing the developmental duration of individual life stages on varied food sources like, honey, castor (<i>Ricinus communis</i>) pollen, honey-pollen mixture and mixed life stages of <i>T. urticae</i>. The predator was failed to complete its development on honey and pollen when supplied separately. However it was successfully developed on honey-pollen mixture and mixed life stages of <i>T. urticae</i>. The developmental studies unravelled a shortest developmental duration and an extended adult longevity and lifespan of <i>A. paraaerialis</i> when reared on the alternative diet, thus opened up the mass rearing possibility of the predatory species under laboratory conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140117161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An exploratory analysis of the structure of tetranychid and phytoseiid assemblages in walnut orchards in California","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s10493-024-00902-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-024-00902-x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Spider mites were considered secondary pests of walnut production in California, under the control of phytoseiid predators. Due to increased importance as walnut pests in recent decades there is renewed interest in the structure and function of the associated phytoseiid assemblage. In this study we report the results from a 3 year survey of the tetranychid and phytoseiid assemblages in walnut orchards in the Central Valley of California. The survey was conducted to determine the range and dominance of web-spinning <em>Tetranychus</em> species present, to investigate the species richness and dominance of the phytoseiid species present, and to explore whether patterns of variation in the relative abundance of phytoseiid species could be explained by one or more explanatory variables. <em>Tetranychus urticae</em> was the dominant spider mite in all growing regions and years with <em>T. pacificus</em> and <em>T. turkestani</em> also present in orchards in the southern San Joaquin Valley. Phytoseiid species richness declined with latitude among the three walnut growing regions and of the 13 species found <em>Amblyseius similoides</em>, <em>Euseius stipulatus</em>, <em>Galendromus occidentalis</em> and <em>Typhlodromus caudiglans</em> were the most abundant and widespread species present. Mean proportional abundance significantly increased from early (mid May–July) to late (August–mid October) season and from southern to northern growing regions for Type II and IV predators, but significantly decreased from early to late season and from southern to northern growing regions for Type III predators. The mean proportional abundance of Type II predators, particularly <em>G. occidentalis</em>, significantly increased and that of Type III predators significantly decreased with mean <em>Tetranychus</em> density in individual orchards. The current survey provides a more in-depth analysis of mite assemblages in walnut orchards in California and can be used to better inform adaptive management strategies for integrated mite management in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140044902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histopathological effects of the fruit extract of Citrullus colocynthis on the ovary of the tick Hyalomma dromedarii.","authors":"Asmaa Ali Baioumy Ali, Ashraf Ahmed Montasser, Salma Nabil Ahmed Mohamed","doi":"10.1007/s10493-023-00895-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10493-023-00895-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hyalomma dromedarii is the predominant tick species parasitizing camels in Egypt which leads to mortalities in young animals that result in economic losses. It can transmit a lot of pathogens to animals and humans, such as the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, the Dhori virus, Kadam virus, Theileria annulata and spotted fever rickettsia. The continuous use of chemical acaricides has negative impact on the environment and almost led to acaricidal resistance, and hence the plant extracts represent alternative methods for controlling ticks. The present study was carried out to assess the histopathological effects on the ovary of fed female Hyalomma dromedarii following immersion in the ethanolic extract of fruits of Citrullus colocynthis (100 mg/mL). Light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations provided evidence that Citrullus colocynthis caused extensive damage to oocytes. Destruction of the internal organelles of oocytes, along with delay and/or inhibition of vitellogenesis were demonstrated. This is the first histological study that points to damage in H. dromedarii ovaries following treatment with the ethanolic extract of fruits of C. colocynthis. The data presented suggest that the plant extract affects the ovary either directly by entering the oocytes and/or indirectly by damaging the gut cells and digestion of blood that interfere with the development of oocytes, so it can be used as a promising agent for tick control.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":" ","pages":"275-295"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10927832/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139722195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of Haemaphysalis longicornis around goat sheds in Jinan city, East China.","authors":"Dong Wang, Fange Meng, Xiao Zhang, Zheng Xin, Ling Wei","doi":"10.1007/s10493-023-00898-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10493-023-00898-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As one of the most important disease vectors worldwide, ticks can transmit a number of pathogenic organisms to humans and domestic animals and cause a variety of important natural focal diseases and zoonoses. Domestic livestock play a vital role in the dispersal of ticks from the field environment to the human settlement, contributing to the prevalence of tick-borne diseases. Identification of the tick control region could contribute a vital role in strategic planning and cost-effective tick control measures. However, little is known about the spatial distribution characteristics of ticks around livestock sheds, which will lead to abusage and overuse of insecticides. Therefore, this study aimed to explore spatial distribution characteristics and correlation factors of ticks around goat sheds. A total of 3898 ticks were collected from eight goat sheds from April to June in Jinan city. All the sampled ticks belonged to the same species, namely Haemaphysalis longicornis, and 88.8% of them were nymphs. A significant positive correlation was noted between free-living ticks and parasitic ticks (r = 0.411, P < 0.001). However, there was a significant negative correlation between number of free-living ticks and distance from the goat sheds (r = -0.622, P < 0.001). Within 20 m from the goat sheds, 2211 ticks were collected respectively, representing 56.7% of the total free-living ticks. At a distance of 30 m, 57.6% decline in the tick density was found with a significant difference (q = 5.534, P < 0.001). In conclusion, focusing control efforts near the goat sheds should be recommend for tick prevention and control.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":" ","pages":"297-305"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139729341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Larvicidal and repellent effects of essential oils on the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus Sensu lato) with description of new larval repellent activity test method.","authors":"Samed Koc, Zeynep Nur Gultekin, Sevval Kahraman, Aysegul Cengiz, Burak Polat, Cansu Caliskan, Ozge Tufan-Cetin, Huseyin Cetin","doi":"10.1007/s10493-023-00892-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10493-023-00892-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this research was to investigate the larvicidal and repellent effects of essential oils (EOs) obtained from two Lamiaceae plant species, Origanum minutiflorum O. Schwarz & P.H. Davis and Dorystoechas hastata Boiss. & Heldr. ex Bentham, both endemic to Turkey, on Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. Latreille (Acari: Ixodidae). The study also introduces a new test method that can be used to assess the repellent effects against ticks. Both plant EOs exhibited the highest larvicidal activity against brown dog tick larvae after 24 h and LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values were determined as 0.101% and 0.125% for O. minutiflorum essential oil and 0.937% and 2.1% for D. hastata essential oil, respectively. In this study, we have described a detailed protocol for a novel larval repellent activity test (LRAT) for essential oils and extracts, using simple equipment. The advantages and limitations of LRAT, when compared to other tests commonly used to determine repellent effect against ticks, are also included in this study. The LRAT was developed with modifications of the larval immersion test (LIT) and proves to be a highly efficient and easily observable method. It can be used to test any active substance that may be toxic to humans and animals. According to the LRAT, at the end of 3 h, O. minutiflorum essential oil showed a high repellent effect, varying between 84.14% and 100% at 1% concentration. This result was not statistically different from the DEET, the positive control. When comparing the larvicidal and repellent activities, O. minutiflorum essential oil was found to be more effective than D. hastata essential oil.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":" ","pages":"263-273"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10927870/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139729342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in ticks infesting migratory birds: the blackbird (Turdus merula) and the song thrush (Turdus philomelos).","authors":"Alicja Gryczyńska, Justyna Polaczyk, Renata Welc-Falęciak","doi":"10.1007/s10493-023-00878-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10493-023-00878-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, is the zoonosis widespread all over the world. Birds constitute an important group of T. gondii intermediate hosts often attacked by definitive hosts, e.g. domestic cats. Due to confirmation of an additional way of T. gondii transmission via tick bite, the aim of our study was to state and evaluate the infection prevalence of ticks feeding on blackbirds (Turdus merula) and song thrushes (Turdus philomelos). The real-time PCR amplification of the B1 gene fragment was used for detection of T. gondii infection in 157 Ixodes ricinus ticks removed from captured birds. The results showed the thrushes as hosts intensively attacked by ticks (prevalence 88.5% and 70% for blackbirds and song thrushes, respectively), and T. gondii infected individuals were detected. Among all ticks infected, 7 (5.8%; n = 120) were collected from blackbirds, and 2 (5.4%; n = 37) from song thrushes. The thrushes small body sizes and their tendency to urban ecosystems colonization, suggest that they relatively often become a pray of domestic cats, and combined with our findings, are potentially involved in maintenance the T. gondii population, especially in anthropogenic habitats, where the presence of toxoplasmosis is likely to constitute a serious danger to public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":" ","pages":"233-240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139697225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alterations induced by Colomerus vitis on the structural and physiological leaf features of two grape cultivars.","authors":"Lubia M Guedes, Ignacio A A Henríquez, Carolina Sanhueza, Lorena Rodríguez-Cerda, Camilo Figueroa, Elvis Gavilán, Narciso Aguilera","doi":"10.1007/s10493-023-00884-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10493-023-00884-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vitis vinifera is cultivated worldwide for its high nutritional and commercial value. More than 60 grape cultivars are cultivated in Chile. Two of these, the país and the corinto cultivars, are the oldest known and widely used for the preparation of traditional homemade drinks and consumption as table grapes. These two grape cultivars are affected by Colomerus vitis, an eriophyid mite which establishes on their leaves and forms erinea, where the mite and its offspring obtain shelter and food. Although C. vitis has a cosmopolitan distribution, few studies of its impact on the structure and physiology of affected plants have been reported. Herein we aimed to evaluate the impact of C. vitis infection on the structural and physiological leaf performance of the two grape cultivars. The results showed tissue hyperplasia and cell hypertrophy in the epidermis, with an overproduction of trichomes and emergences in the abaxial epidermis in both cultivars. The anatomical changes were similar between the país and corinto cultivars, but they were proportionally greater in the país, where the area affected by the erinea were greater. No significant changes were detected in the photosynthetic pigment content; however, there was an increase in the total soluble sugars content in the erineum leaves of the país cultivar. Higher contents of anthocyanins and total phenols, as well as the presence of the pinocembrin in the corinto cultivar, which was less affected by C. vitis, could also indicate some resistance to mites' attack, which should be investigated in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":" ","pages":"183-201"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139734839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}