Evolution & Development最新文献

{"title":"Endosymbiont Interactions With the Germline Underlie a Case of Evolutionary Novelty in Carpenter Ants","authors":"Zelal Özgür Durmuş,&nbsp;Nihan Sultan Milat,&nbsp;Arjuna Rajakumar,&nbsp;Ab. Matteen Rafiqi","doi":"10.1111/ede.70025","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Evolutionary novelties often arise through complex interactions among genetic, developmental, and ecological processes, yet their origins remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the germline capsule in <i>Camponotus</i> (Carpenter ants) as a case of an evolutionary novelty. Using an integrated framework combining transcriptomic, morphological, and comparative developmental approaches, we characterize its molecular signatures, cellular architecture, and ontogeny. We show that germline gene–expressing cells adjacent to bacteriocytes fuse to form a multinucleated germline capsule, which subsequently contributes to the presumptive gonads, as revealed by label tracing. Despite harboring endosymbiotic bacteria like bacteriocytes, germline capsules exhibit distinct gene expression profiles. Furthermore, their phenotypic variation is developmentally modulated by bacterial presence. By examining the expression profile of germ-line specific gene (<i>oskar</i>) across multiple <i>Camponotus</i> species, we test the germline function of the capsule and its evolutionary conservation. Based on these findings, we propose a model in which the germline capsule evolved through cell fusion events enabled by developmental plasticity and shaped by interactions between host germline determinants and endosymbiotic bacteria. This study illustrates how integrating molecular, developmental, and ecological perspectives can illuminate the mechanisms underlying evolutionary innovation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"27 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145653418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gene Expression Analysis Provides Insights Into the Functional and Developmental Differentiations of Pleopodal Lungs in a Terrestrial Isopod Crustacean, Porcellio scaber","authors":"Naoto Inui,&nbsp;Akifumi Yao,&nbsp;Sumio Udagawa,&nbsp;Kohei Oguchi,&nbsp;Yoshinobu Hayashi,&nbsp;Toru Miura","doi":"10.1111/ede.70026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Acquisition of air-breathing organs was one of the key events in the diversification of arthropods. Among terrestrial arthropods, isopod crustaceans have evolved a unique air-breathing structure called the pleopodal lung, which is located in their abdominal appendages (pleopods), while retaining pleopodal gills. These lungs offer an intriguing model for studying the evolution of respiratory organs during arthropod terrestrialization. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying lung function or development in isopods remain poorly understood. In this study, we conducted comparative transcriptomic analyzes using the common rough woodlouse, <i>Porcellio scaber</i>, in which pleopods with and without lungs are adjacent to each other. The results revealed distinct gene expression profiles linked to the structure and function of pleopods, including genes involved in morphogenesis. In particular, candidate lung development regulatory genes that were expressed specifically in the exopods of the second pleopods during the manca 1 stage were identified. Transcriptome analysis and immunohistochemistry suggested that the Hox gene <i>abdominal-A</i> is involved in lung formation. However, the two genes previously implicated in respiratory organ formation in pancrustaceans, <i>trachealess</i> and <i>ventral veins lacking</i>, did not show lung-related expression. Our comparison of gene expression patterns between exopods with and without lungs suggest that the function of gas exchange in the pleopodal lungs may be influenced by structural differences resulting from changes in developmental processes. Overall, this study provides essential insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying pleopodal lung development and sets the foundation for future evolutionary research.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"27 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ede.70026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Ontogenetic Allometry and Shifting Modularity in Skull Development of the Red Sea Anemonefish, Amphiprion bicinctus","authors":"Kaleigh M. Arnold,&nbsp;Mayara P. Neves,&nbsp;HoWan Chan,&nbsp;John E. Majoris,&nbsp;Kory M. Evans","doi":"10.1111/ede.70024","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70024","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Modularity is an inherent property of organismal design where organisms are subdivided into quasi-independent units. Studies have shown that patterns of modularity can dramatically shift during the ontogenies of direct developing organisms. However, it is unclear how modularity patterns shift in organisms that undergo metamorphosis which is a dynamic period of development where organisms undergo morphological changes in response to ecological or physiological cues. Here we examined the ontogenetic modularity of the skull in the Red Sea anemonefish, <i>Amphiprion bicinctus</i>, across four larval stages, preflexion, flexion, postflexion, and metamorphosis, using micro-CT scanning and 3D geometric morphometrics to assess ontogenetic allometry and modularity. We hypothesized that skull modularity reorganizes during developmental transitions, and that oral jaw elements exhibit strong allometric growth and integration linked to functional demands during larval stages. The mandible, premaxilla, and maxilla exhibited strong size–shape relationships while the lower pharyngeal jaw and parasphenoid were isometric. Morphological disparity peaked at preflexion, suggesting high developmental plasticity early in ontogeny. We tested modularity hypotheses based on developmental and functional interactions and found that the developmental hypotheses were favored across most stages. However, during flexion, a stage characterized by structural reorganization, support shifted to functional hypotheses and then reverted back to developmental hypothesis. This suggests that modular reorganization coincides with key functional transitions. Across all stages, the premaxilla and mandible remained highly integrated, underscoring the need for coordinated oral jaw development during early feeding. Our findings reveal how allometry, modularity, and integration interact during early skull development in a species undergoing rapid developmental and ecological transitions and highlight the functional importance of oral jaw coordination during early feeding.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"27 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145603339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution and Development of Segmented Body Plan Revealed by engrailed and wnt1 Gene Expression in the Annelid Alitta virens","authors":"Arsenii I. Kairov,&nbsp;Vitaly V. Kozin","doi":"10.1111/ede.70023","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70023","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Segmentation is one of the most striking features of bilaterians, and understanding its mechanisms provides insights into the evolution of body plans. In annelids, segmentation occurs at different developmental stages through a variety of processes, yet the molecular pathways remain underexplored. Aiming to compare segmentation patterns in ontogeny and phylogeny, we analysed the expression of <i>Avi-en</i> (homologous to <i>engrailed</i>) and <i>Avi-wnt1</i> in the nereidid polychaete <i>Alitta virens</i>. Using in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, and cell proliferation assays, we mapped the spatiotemporal expression of these genes across embryonic, larval, and postlarval stages. We found that <i>Avi-en</i> was expressed in solid lateral domains early in the unsegmented protrochophore stage and progressed through a metameric pattern, while <i>Avi-wnt1</i> expression appeared later, also aligning with segmental boundaries. At the nectochaete stage, the posterior domain of <i>Avi-en</i> expression in the growth zone expanded and split into two due to increased cell proliferation. The postlarval segment primordium then developed progressively, culminating in the activation of <i>Avi-wnt1</i> at the posterior border. According to available published data, the revealed pattern of gradual segment formation is unique to nereidids. The observed divergence in gene expression and cell proliferation across annelids suggests that segmentation in bilaterians did not arise from a common ancestral mechanism. Our study enhances future progress in understanding the evolution of body patterning by providing a foundation for future comparisons.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"27 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145603450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth and Developmental Processes Alternate During Larval Development of Atlantic Herring","authors":"Vivian Fischbach,&nbsp;George P. Franz,&nbsp;Timo Moritz,&nbsp;Daniela Ohde,&nbsp;Philipp Thieme,&nbsp;Paul Kotterba,&nbsp;Patrick Polte,&nbsp;Bianka Grunow","doi":"10.1111/ede.70022","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<p>During their development, fish pass through a series of developmental processes advancing, for example, their physiological and locomotive abilities. In particular, many marine fish larvae often hatch at an (semi-) embryonic developmental stage, and existential processes, such as digestion and respiration, and structures, such as muscle and skeleton, must form and/or change during the larval development. In this study, we analyzed the gene expression of factors associated with myogenesis, skeletogenesis, and growth within the different larval life stages of Atlantic herring. We evaluated these results in relation to length and stage ratio and performed histological analysis of cross-sections of herring larvae in different stages. Overall, the length per stage ratios showed that there are two major growth periods in larval herring development, the first occurring during the dorsal fin development phase and the second during the transition from caudal fin to pelvic fin development phase. This is consistent with the histological analysis, as an increase in muscle fibers was observed in both phases. The gene expression data also showed that factors responsible for muscle cell lineage determination and fiber development were highest before a period with increased growth. Combining our results with other studies on skeletogenesis, organogenesis, and the development of neural and sensory systems in herring, it becomes evident that other energetically costly developmental processes tend to occur in periods when growth is less prominent. It can therefore be concluded that growth and developmental priority periods alternate during larval development.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"27 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ede.70022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145573388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Duplication and Potential Functional Divergence of Wing Gene Network Components in Pea Aphids","authors":"Omid Saleh Ziabari,&nbsp;Kevin D. Deem,&nbsp;Qingyi Zhong,&nbsp;Jennifer A. Brisson","doi":"10.1111/ede.70021","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A fundamental focus of evolutionary developmental biology is uncovering the genetic mechanisms responsible for the gain and loss of characters. One approach to this question is to investigate changes in the coordinated expression of a group of genes important for the development of a character of interest (a gene regulatory network). Here we consider the possibility that modifications to the wing gene regulatory network (wGRN), as defined by work primarily done in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, were involved in the evolution of wing dimorphisms of the pea aphid (<i>Acyrthosiphon pisum</i>). We hypothesize that this may have occurred via changes in expression levels or by duplication followed by divergence of wGRN components. To test this, we annotated members of the wGRN in the pea aphid genome and assessed their expression levels in first and third nymphal instars of winged and wingless morphs of males and asexual females. We find that only 2 of the 32 assessed genes exhibit morph-biased expression. We also find that three wing genes (<i>apterous</i> (<i>ap</i>), <i>warts</i> (<i>wts</i>), and <i>decapentaplegic</i> (<i>dpp</i>)) have undergone gene duplication. In each case, the resulting paralogs show signs consistent with functional divergence, exhibiting either sex-, morph-, or stage-specific expression. Two gene duplicates, <i>wts2</i> and <i>dpp3</i>, are of particular interest with respect to wing dimorphism, as they exhibit male morph-specific isoforms and wingless male-biased expression, respectively. These gene expression results provide an important first step toward identifying members of the pea aphid wGRN that may play a causative role in differentiating winged from wingless morphs. These findings supplement our understanding of trends in developmental gene network evolution, such as side-stepping pleiotropic constraint via duplication and sub-functionalization, underlying the emergence of novel phenotypes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"27 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145481041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Telomere Length Optimized in Hatchling Sand Lizards?","authors":"Mats Olsson,&nbsp;Emily Miller,&nbsp;Nicky Rollings,&nbsp;Erik Wapstra,&nbsp;Richard Shine","doi":"10.1111/ede.70020","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Telomeres (repeat-DNA-protein structures primarily located at the ends of chromosomes) protect coding DNA against attacks by reactive molecules and the cells’ own DNA repair systems. If that capacity is costly, but enhances an individual's viability, we might expect to see natural selection acting on telomere length: that is, individuals with optimal telomere lengths should have higher lifetime reproductive success than conspecifics with shorter or longer telomeres. Some recent studies on humans broadly support that prediction, but no data are available for free-ranging ectothermic vertebrates that, unlike mammals, can facultatively adjust telomere length during an individual's lifetime. In our decade-long study of a natural population of sand lizards (<i>Lacerta agilis</i>), including measurement of 2736 telomeres across &gt; 1700 hatchling lizards and their &gt; 500 parents, but with a very high hatchling mortality reducing later-life sample sizes, we found that lifespan, lifetime reproductive success and offspring recruitment rate were highest for hatchlings with “average-length” telomeres. Hatchlings with shorter-than-average telomeres elongated their telomeres during juvenile life, attaining the population-average telomere length by the time of sexual maturity; but that compensatory telomere growth was associated with lower body condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"27 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12586907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145444269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Early Development of the Blue-Eye Cichlid, Cryptoheros spilurus (Cichliformes: Cichlidae)","authors":"Rubén Alonso Contreras-Tapia,&nbsp;Jairo Arroyave,&nbsp;Gabriela Garza-Mouriño,&nbsp;María Elena Castellanos-Páez,&nbsp;Marcela Ivonne Benítez-Díaz Mirón,&nbsp;Wilfredo A. Matamoros","doi":"10.1111/ede.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The early development of <i>Cryptoheros spilurus</i>, a substrate-breeding Middle American cichlid, was studied from hatching to 16 days post-hatching (dph), to document for the first time, the sequence of key ontogenetic changes. Eggs, deposited on rocky substrates, measured 1.65 ± 0.05 mm in diameter, with asynchronous hatching occurring at 52–54 h post-fertilization. Hatchlings (TL = 4.739 ± 0.27 mm) showed a large yolk sacs, finfold, straight notochord, and undeveloped eyes. Scanning electron microscopy revealed early differentiation of structures, including cement glands, olfactory pits, and optic primordia. Cement glands, previously reported in other cichlids, were documented here in their full developmental chronology, including their regression by 7 dph. Cranial development proceeded rapidly, with pigmentation and eye formation initiating by 1 dph and oral cavity, dentition, and taste buds forming by 6 dph. Fin development followed a sequential pattern: early pectoral fin formation supported initial mobility, while caudal, dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins emerged progressively, with full formation completed by 16 dph. Pigmentation evolved from a ventral melanophore stripe to a distinct species-specific pattern involving xanthophores and iridophores. By 16 dph, <i>C. spilurus</i> had completed metamorphosis (TL = 13.168 ± 0.55 mm). Allometric analysis revealed biphasic growth trajectories. Structures involved in feeding and sensory input, such as head length, snout length, and gape size, exhibited prolonged positive allometry, while trunk and tail traits showed delayed or negative allometry. These patterns reflect functional prioritization during the shift to active foraging. This study highlights <i>C. spilurus</i> as a valuable model for examining heterochrony, morphological modularity, and ecological adaptation during early development. Our findings provide essential baseline data for future comparative work on developmental plasticity and diversification in Neotropical cichlids.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"27 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ede.70019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145224436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of Slower Development (Early Cell Cycles and Somite Formation) in Teleost Fish That Guard or Hide Eggs","authors":"Richard R. Strathmann","doi":"10.1111/ede.70017","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Embryos are vulnerable. Rapid development decreases the period of vulnerability. Parents’ protections also decrease vulnerability and may decrease selection for rapid development. A previous study showed that invertebrate embryos with more protection had slower early cell cycles. The slowing varied greatly among species. Hypotheses for the slowing include genetic drift and selection for developmental improvements. Here, published data on teleost fish indicated that (1) guarded and hidden embryos exhibit a similar pattern of varied slowing and (2) the pattern of slowing is similar for early cell cycles (mostly dependent on times for DNA replication and cell division) and somite formation (which also involves transcription and cell signaling). Times for early cell cycles and somite formation were more uniformly fast for teleosts with scattered nonadhesive eggs than for those with guarded or hidden eggs. Some species with adhesive eggs that were not reported to be guarded or hidden also developed slowly, as expected if parents select safe sites for egg attachment. Slower development is expected to increase bias against evolutionary reversals to less protection of embryos. Differences in egg size did not account for slower development of protected embryos. Slow development increased age at hatching but did not account for all the increase in age at hatching of protected embryos. Greater protection of embryos was associated with an evolutionary slowing of developmental processes as simple as early cell multiplication and complex as somite formation, in fish with disparate protections of embryos, in habitats ranging from the ocean to temporary ponds.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"27 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145212107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conserved Gene Expression Plasticity in Development Is More Pervasive Than Expression Divergence Between Species of Caenorhabditis Nematodes","authors":"Athmaja Viswanath,&nbsp;Daniel D. Fusca,&nbsp;John A. Calarco,&nbsp;Asher D. Cutter","doi":"10.1111/ede.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Diverse regulatory mechanisms enable precise spatio-temporal control of gene expression across developmental stages, tissues, and sexes, contributing to the proper development of the organism. Evolutionary divergence leads to species-specific gene expression patterns, even in preserved developmental structures, due to regulatory changes that can disproportionately influence subsets of developmental genetic networks. Here, we quantify the evolution of sex-biased and tissue-biased transcriptomes from two tissue types (gonad and soma) for each of two sexes (male and female) from two of the closest known sister species of <i>Caenorhabditis</i> nematodes (<i>C. remanei</i> and <i>C. latens</i>). Differential gene expression and co-expression network analyses identify gene sets with distinct transcriptomic profiles, revealing widespread divergence between these morphologically and developmentally cryptic sister species. The transcriptomic divergence occurs despite most genes showing conserved expression across tissues and sexes. These observations implicate shared selection pressures related to tissue and sex differences as outweighing species-specific selection and developmental system drift in shaping overall transcriptome profiles. Although developmentally plastic tissue-biased expression profiles are mostly conserved between species, we find that sex-biased genes, particularly male-biased genes, contribute disproportionately to species-differences in gene expression, consistent with a disproportionate role for male-biased selection driving gene expression divergence.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"27 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ede.70018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145197293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}