Evolution & Development最新文献

{"title":"The Development of de Villiers' Moss Frog (Arthroleptella villiersi, Pyxicephalidae) Reveals Heterochronic Patterns Underlying the Evolution of Endotrophic Development in Anura","authors":"Susan Schweiger,&nbsp;Benjamin Naumann,&nbsp;Hendrik Müller","doi":"10.1111/ede.70035","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70035","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Terrestrialization in anurans is associated with the evolution of endotrophy. It is hypothesized that heterochrony, or changes in the time or rate of developmental events, is associated with the evolution of development in endotrophic species. To analyse heterochrony, we investigated and revised the description of the development in <i>Arthroleptella villiersi</i>, a small frog species of the family Pyxicephalidae, found in the Cape fold mountain region of the Western Cape, South Africa. We also compared the development of <i>A. villiersi</i> with that of species with exotrophic aquatic larvae, endotrophic terrestrial indirect, and direct development, using heterochrony plots to identify heterochronic shifts during development. As a result, we found that the terrestrial endotrophic larva of <i>A. villiersi</i> shares external similarities with exotrophic, aquatic larvae in having a long, muscularized tail with a fin, a lateral line system, and an opercular fold that completely covers the forelimbs. However, other developmental events like the reduction of larval mouthparts and the pre-displaced fore- and hindlimb development are comparatively similar to direct-developing taxa. The results of our study show that the timing of early developmental events can be shifted profoundly, while the timing of later events seems to be more conserved in anuran development. We interpret that some of these heterochronic shifts might be consequences of functional and developmental constraints underlying the establishment of the adult body plan.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"28 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147621904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Nematode Ventral Nerve Cords Suggests Multiple Instances of Evolutionary Changes to Neuron Number","authors":"Jaeyeong Han,&nbsp;Alyson Ficca,&nbsp;Marissa Lanzatella,&nbsp;Kanika Leang,&nbsp;Matthew Barnum,&nbsp;Jonathan C. T. Boudreaux,&nbsp;Nathan E. Schroeder","doi":"10.1111/ede.70037","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70037","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite their diversity in habitats, nematodes are often considered to have a highly conserved neuroanatomy. This premise is based on only a subset of the nematode phylogenetic tree within the subclass Chromadoria, which includes the model organism <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>, thereby limiting our understanding of macroevolutionary trends in nervous system structure. To approach this problem, we used nuclear morphology to quantify the number of neurons in the nematode ventral nerve cord (VNC) across the phylum and identified evolutionary patterns in neuroanatomical organization. Nuclear staining revealed that Dorylaimia has significantly more VNC neuronal nuclei than other taxa in Enoplia and Chromadoria, with some species having four times the number of neurons as <i>C. elegans</i>. These results suggest at least two independent transitions in VNC neuron number across subclasses. To further examine developmental patterns and potential variation in nervous system architecture of species with substantially more neurons than <i>C. elegans</i>, we established an isogenic culture of <i>Mononchus aquaticus</i> (Dorylaimia). We found that while <i>M. aquaticus</i> contained four times as many VNC neuronal nuclei as <i>C. elega</i>ns, the VNC had a similar developmental timeline during post-embryonic stages. However, dye-filling assays also revealed an extensive distribution of neurons along the lateral body wall of <i>M. aquaticus</i>, which have no obvious homologs in <i>C. elegans</i>. We further found that <i>M. aquaticus</i> is capable of sustained movement following bisection and speculate that this ability results from a more decentralized neuronal network. Our results provide a roadmap for understanding phylum-wide nervous system evolution and demonstrate large-scale differences in neuroanatomy across the phylum.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"28 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13051253/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147621910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterokairic Genes and the Eco-Evo-Devo of Timing","authors":"Leandro Lofeu,&nbsp;Ehsan Pashay Ahi","doi":"10.1111/ede.70036","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70036","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Concepts of developmental timing have traditionally been framed under heterochrony as evolved (genetically based) differences in timing, while environmentally induced shifts in timing within genotypes have been treated more loosely. In this article, heterokairy is presented as plasticity in the timing of developmental events, and the term “heterokairic genes” is proposed for environmentally modulated heterochronic genes that underlie this plasticity. Evidence from nematodes, insects, plants, and vertebrates is assembled, with emphasis placed on systems where environmental cues are relayed through endocrine or metabolic pathways to known timing modules/genes. On this basis, a distinction is drawn between validated heterokairic genes, supported by direct mechanistic data, and a broader set of candidates inferred from gene–environment interactions in developmental timing. The eco-evolutionary consequences of such genes are considered, and experimental and genomic strategies for their identification are outlined. It is argued that heterokairic genes provide a useful bridge between environmental variation, developmental mechanisms, and evolutionary change in timing.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"28 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13051254/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147621938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evo-Devo Research Is More Important Now Than Ever","authors":"Craig Albertson","doi":"10.1111/ede.70038","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70038","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"28 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147621915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Larval Axolotl Brain Development: Insights Into Developmental and Functional Constraints","authors":"Laurent Houle,&nbsp;Olivier Larouche,&nbsp;Richard Cloutier","doi":"10.1111/ede.70034","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Brain evolution in vertebrates has been conceptualized through two major hypotheses: the mosaic and concerted evolution models. The mosaic evolution model suggests that brain structures are primarily shaped by functional constraints, whereas the concerted evolution model emphasizes the role of developmental constraints. Our objectives in this study were (1) to describe brain shape and volume changes during Mexican axolotl (<i>Ambystoma mexicanum</i>) larvae development, and (2) to interpret possible functional and developmental constraints during post-hatching brain maturation. A total of 77 larvae, spanning four developmental stages, were examined using 3D geometric morphometrics and volumetric measurements derived from iodine micro-CT imaging. To understand the relationships among brain regions, we employed morphological integration and modularity analyses, providing a comprehensive assessment of changes in shape covariation patterns during post-hatching development. Our results reveal that the telencephalon-diencephalon boundary and the hypothalamus region exhibit a low level of morphological variation throughout larval development. This stability may influence the positioning of the coronal suture, a key feature in tetrapod skull morphogenesis. In contrast, sensory structures undergo significant changes. The olfactory bulbs and optic tectum display positive allometric growth during early post-hatching development, transitioning to isometric growth at later stages. These shifts suggest an early developmental emphasis on sensory-related brain areas, potentially driven by functional constraints. Results also revealed a general correspondence between brain region volume and total brain volume, which aligns with the concerted model. Modular, morphological integration, and volumetric analyses suggest that an interplay of functional and developmental constraints might be involved in axolotl brain development.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12968592/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147376506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competition's Role in Shaping Cryptic Genetic Variation","authors":"C. Hal Terry,&nbsp;Dante J. Nesta,&nbsp;Lucia Caluseriu,&nbsp;Meredith Pearson,&nbsp;Cristina C. Ledón-Rettig","doi":"10.1111/ede.70033","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cryptic genetic variation—heritable genetic variation that is only expressed under stressful or novel environments—can potentially fuel the evolution of novel traits. While previous work has demonstrated that novel environments can expose cryptic genetic variation, whether and how multiple environments interact to shape such variation in natural populations is poorly understood. To determine how multiple environments may modulate cryptic genetic variation, we used tadpoles of the Eastern spadefoot, <i>Scaphiopus holbrookii</i> (<i>Sc. holbrookii</i>). Species of <i>Scaphiopus</i> have previously been used as outgroups to the genus <i>Spea</i>, which has evolved a novel carnivorous tadpole morph specialized for a shrimp diet. Here, we assess whether shrimp-induced cryptic genetic variation in <i>Sc. holbrookii</i> tadpole traits varies as a function of conspecific competition. Across all traits measured, we found that shrimp-induced cryptic genetic variation only occurred under specific competitive conditions. Specifically, the shrimp diet revealed cryptic genetic variation in body size, gut length, and jaw area when tadpoles experienced high intraspecific competition. Surprisingly, across these same traits, the shrimp diet suppressed the expression of heritable variation under low competition, suggesting that moderately stressful conditions can limit the expression of heritable variation. In contrast to the other traits, the expression of heritable variation in tadpole tail depth was largely unaffected by diet or competition. Together, our results indicate that interacting environmental factors jointly modulate how and in what traits cryptic genetic variation may be expressed, thereby affecting its potential to drive novel trait evolution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147321539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Exceptionally Preserved Setae: A Possible Morphological Synapomorphy of Cambrian Lophotrochozoans”","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/ede.70032","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70032","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Liang, Y., Topper, T.P., Holmer, L.E., Hu, Y., Liu, F. and Zhang, Z., 2025. Exceptionally Preserved Setae: A Possible Morphological Synapomorphy of Cambrian Lophotrochozoans. &lt;i&gt;Evolution &amp; development&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;27&lt;/i&gt;(1), p.e70001.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the last sentence in the last paragraph of Materials and Methods (page 3), the text ‘All specimens included in this study are deposited at the Early Life Institute (ELI) at Northwest University, Xi'an, China, the Swedish Museum of Natural History (NRM), and the University of California, Riverside.’ was incorrect.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This should have read: ‘All specimens included in this study are deposited at the Early Life Institute (ELI) at Northwest University, Xi'an, China, the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada (ROMIP), the Swedish Museum of Natural History (Br) and the University of California, Riverside, United States of America.’&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the caption of Figure 2 (page 5), the text ‘(A–C) &lt;i&gt;Micromitra burgessensis&lt;/i&gt; attached to &lt;i&gt;Pirania muricata&lt;/i&gt; spicules and micro-XRF elemental mapping results, P = Phosphorus, K = Potassium, Ca = Calcium, Si = Silicon, Fe = Iron; Specimen ROM63180.’ was incorrect.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This should have read: text ‘(A–C) &lt;i&gt;Micromitra burgessensis&lt;/i&gt; attached to &lt;i&gt;Pirania muricata&lt;/i&gt; spicules and micro-XRF elemental mapping results, P = Phosphorus, K = Potassium, Ca = Calcium, Si = Silicon, Fe = Iron; Specimen ROMIP63180.’&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the caption of Figure 3 (page 6), the text ‘(A) general view of &lt;i&gt;Paterina zenobia&lt;/i&gt;; Specimen ROM63250. (B, C) Micro-XRF elemental mapping results showing the calcium phosphorus composition of the shell valve and calcium composition of marginal elongate setae, P = Phosphorus, Ca = Calcium, Fe = Iron. (D–J) &lt;i&gt;Micromitra burgessensis&lt;/i&gt;; Specimen ROM63278.’ was incorrect. This should have read: ‘(A) general view of &lt;i&gt;Paterina zenobia&lt;/i&gt;; Specimen ROMIP63185 (B, C) Micro-XRF elemental mapping results showing the calcium phosphorus composition of the shell valve and calcium composition of marginal elongate setae, P = Phosphorus, Ca = Calcium, Fe = Iron. (D–J) &lt;i&gt;Micromitra burgessensis&lt;/i&gt;; Specimen ROMIP57603.’&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the caption of Figure 6 (page 9), the text ‘FIGURE 6 | Setal information from stem group brachiopods and other lophotrochozoan. (A–C) Inwardly pointing cones of &lt;i&gt;Mickwitzia monilifera&lt;/i&gt; from lower Cambrian Mickwitzia sandstone, &lt;i&gt;Mickwitzia occidens&lt;/i&gt; from the lower Cambrian Indian Springs Lagerstätte (Butler et al. 2015) and &lt;i&gt;Mickwitzia muralensis&lt;/i&gt; from the lower Cambrian Mural Formation (Balthasar 2004). (D–F) Striation comparison of setigerous tubes and inwardly pointing cones of &lt;i&gt;Mickwitzia occidens&lt;/i&gt;. (E) Close up of (D) with microvilli striations visible on canal wall. (F) Detail of (e) showing further details of individual microvilli. (G–I) &lt;i&gt;Micrina etheridgei&lt;/i&gt; from the lower Cambrian Wilkawillina Limestone, Wilkawillina Gorge, Flinders Range, South Australia. (G) Detail of interior margin of mitral scle","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ede.70032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147289577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enrichment of Neural Crest Cells by Antibody Labeling and Flow Cytometry for Single-Cell Transcriptomics in a Lizard","authors":"Robin Pranter,&nbsp;Cedric Patthey,&nbsp;Nathalie Feiner","doi":"10.1111/ede.70030","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a key component of the vertebrate body plan and contribute to a variety of different traits. Recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics (scRNA-seq) have significantly improved our understanding of NCC biology. However, their dynamic migratory behavior and spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the developing embryo pose significant challenges for their identification and isolation. Consequently, most studies of NCCs have been confined to model organisms with established transgenic tools or established methods for <i>in ovo</i> manipulation. To overcome this limitation, we present a novel approach that combines antibody labeling with fluorescence activated cell sorting to enrich for NCCs and we demonstrate the approach in the common wall lizard (<i>Podarcis muralis</i>). Through microscopy, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and single-cell RNA sequencing, we show that the method enriches for NCCs as efficiently as methods relying on transgenic animals. Using this technique, we successfully characterize transcriptional profiles of NCCs in wall lizard embryos. We anticipate that this method can be applied to a wide range of vertebrates that lack transgenic tools, enabling deeper insights into the diverse roles of neural crest cells in development and evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12917300/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146219059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RADIALIS Origin and Expression Suggest Ancestral Function in Female Organs of Seed Plants","authors":"Aniket Sengupta,&nbsp;Dianella G. Howarth","doi":"10.1111/ede.70031","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pairs of protein homologs may participate in competitive interactions to define morphology. How these competitive pairs evolve, whether they evolve repeatedly, and how they affect the origin of novel features are open questions. Ovules/seeds are a major innovation in plants, a trait that evolved in the ancestor of all seed plants. Within seed plants, flowers and fruits are synapomorphies arising within angiosperms, while gymnosperms retain the ancestral absence of these structures. RADIALIS and DIVARICATA are two MYB homologs whose competitive interaction is involved in fruit/carpel development and flower symmetry. DIVARICATA proteins have both a protein-binding and a DNA-binding domain, but RADIALIS only have the protein-binding domain. Through a Bayesian phylogenetic approach, we demonstrate that <i>DIVARICATA</i> genes underwent two rounds of duplications at the base of vascular plants forming three clades: <i>DIV-A</i>, <i>DIV-B</i>, and <i>DIV-C</i>. We show that <i>RADIALIS</i> homologs evolved only once: from <i>DIV-C</i> at the base of seed plants, mediated by a premature stop codon likely generated by a single-base substitution. We surveyed the expression pattern of these genes for the first time in a gymnosperm, <i>Ginkgo biloba</i>. We find that <i>Ginkgo biloba RADIALIS</i> genes often have higher expression in ovules. This is consistent with the expression and function of RADIALIS in angiosperm carpels. Our work provides suggestive evidence that the evolution of seed habit may be associated with the origin of the silencing peptide RADIALIS.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146200563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-Specific doublesex Regulation Targeting the Color-Patterning Gene h Underlies the Evolution of Wing Sexual Dimorphism in the Harlequin Ladybug Harmonia axyridis","authors":"Soichi Yeki,&nbsp;Kagayaki Kato,&nbsp;Shinichi Morita,&nbsp;Kenji Shimomura,&nbsp;Teruyuki Niimi,&nbsp;Norihide Hinomoto,&nbsp;Takaaki Daimon,&nbsp;Toshiya Ando","doi":"10.1111/ede.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Organisms on Earth show various forms of sexual dimorphism, including ornaments, weapon traits, and pheromone glands, which have been acquired through sexual selection during evolution. Although the genetic basis of sexual traits has been investigated in diverse species, how the underlying regulatory systems evolve during the gain or loss of sexual dimorphism within a species remains poorly understood. To address this issue, we investigated the strain-specific sexual dimorphism in elytral color patterns of the harlequin ladybug, <i>Harmonia axyridis</i> (<i>H. axyridis</i>), a species with over 200 color morphs. The most basal Red-nSpots type color morph exhibits sexual dimorphism, whereas other derived color morphs have lost it. To investigate how this sexual dimorphism was lost during the evolution of novel color morphs, we investigated the genetic basis of sexual dimorphism by focusing on the master sex differentiation gene, <i>doublesex</i> (<i>dsx</i>). We show that <i>dsx</i> regulates color pattern dimorphism by negatively modulating black spot size in males. This modulation is primarily mediated by the transcriptional regulation of the color patterning gene, <i>h</i> (<i>Drosophila pannier</i> ortholog). Intraspecific comparative ATAC-seq analysis of the pupal wings revealed that, at the <i>h</i> locus, not the absolute number of Dsx-binding motifs but the proportion of open chromatin regions containing Dsx-binding motifs relative to those lacking such motifs was reduced in strains that had lost sexual dimorphism and acquired novel color patterns, implying that sexual dimorphism evolves based on the balance between novel CREs and Dsx-binding motif density. The present study provides a fundamental molecular framework for understanding how a secondary sexual trait evolves within <i>H. axyridis</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ede.70028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145909349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}