Evolution & Development最新文献

{"title":"The Early Development of the Blue-Eye Cichlid, Cryptoheros spilurus (Cichliformes: Cichlidae)","authors":"Rubén Alonso Contreras-Tapia,&nbsp;Jairo Arroyave,&nbsp;Gabriela Garza-Mouriño,&nbsp;María Elena Castellanos-Páez,&nbsp;Marcela Ivonne Benítez-Díaz Mirón,&nbsp;Wilfredo A. Matamoros","doi":"10.1111/ede.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The early development of <i>Cryptoheros spilurus</i>, a substrate-breeding Middle American cichlid, was studied from hatching to 16 days post-hatching (dph), to document for the first time, the sequence of key ontogenetic changes. Eggs, deposited on rocky substrates, measured 1.65 ± 0.05 mm in diameter, with asynchronous hatching occurring at 52–54 h post-fertilization. Hatchlings (TL = 4.739 ± 0.27 mm) showed a large yolk sacs, finfold, straight notochord, and undeveloped eyes. Scanning electron microscopy revealed early differentiation of structures, including cement glands, olfactory pits, and optic primordia. Cement glands, previously reported in other cichlids, were documented here in their full developmental chronology, including their regression by 7 dph. Cranial development proceeded rapidly, with pigmentation and eye formation initiating by 1 dph and oral cavity, dentition, and taste buds forming by 6 dph. Fin development followed a sequential pattern: early pectoral fin formation supported initial mobility, while caudal, dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins emerged progressively, with full formation completed by 16 dph. Pigmentation evolved from a ventral melanophore stripe to a distinct species-specific pattern involving xanthophores and iridophores. By 16 dph, <i>C. spilurus</i> had completed metamorphosis (TL = 13.168 ± 0.55 mm). Allometric analysis revealed biphasic growth trajectories. Structures involved in feeding and sensory input, such as head length, snout length, and gape size, exhibited prolonged positive allometry, while trunk and tail traits showed delayed or negative allometry. These patterns reflect functional prioritization during the shift to active foraging. This study highlights <i>C. spilurus</i> as a valuable model for examining heterochrony, morphological modularity, and ecological adaptation during early development. Our findings provide essential baseline data for future comparative work on developmental plasticity and diversification in Neotropical cichlids.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"27 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ede.70019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145224436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of Slower Development (Early Cell Cycles and Somite Formation) in Teleost Fish That Guard or Hide Eggs","authors":"Richard R. Strathmann","doi":"10.1111/ede.70017","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Embryos are vulnerable. Rapid development decreases the period of vulnerability. Parents’ protections also decrease vulnerability and may decrease selection for rapid development. A previous study showed that invertebrate embryos with more protection had slower early cell cycles. The slowing varied greatly among species. Hypotheses for the slowing include genetic drift and selection for developmental improvements. Here, published data on teleost fish indicated that (1) guarded and hidden embryos exhibit a similar pattern of varied slowing and (2) the pattern of slowing is similar for early cell cycles (mostly dependent on times for DNA replication and cell division) and somite formation (which also involves transcription and cell signaling). Times for early cell cycles and somite formation were more uniformly fast for teleosts with scattered nonadhesive eggs than for those with guarded or hidden eggs. Some species with adhesive eggs that were not reported to be guarded or hidden also developed slowly, as expected if parents select safe sites for egg attachment. Slower development is expected to increase bias against evolutionary reversals to less protection of embryos. Differences in egg size did not account for slower development of protected embryos. Slow development increased age at hatching but did not account for all the increase in age at hatching of protected embryos. Greater protection of embryos was associated with an evolutionary slowing of developmental processes as simple as early cell multiplication and complex as somite formation, in fish with disparate protections of embryos, in habitats ranging from the ocean to temporary ponds.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"27 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145212107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conserved Gene Expression Plasticity in Development Is More Pervasive Than Expression Divergence Between Species of Caenorhabditis Nematodes","authors":"Athmaja Viswanath,&nbsp;Daniel D. Fusca,&nbsp;John A. Calarco,&nbsp;Asher D. Cutter","doi":"10.1111/ede.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Diverse regulatory mechanisms enable precise spatio-temporal control of gene expression across developmental stages, tissues, and sexes, contributing to the proper development of the organism. Evolutionary divergence leads to species-specific gene expression patterns, even in preserved developmental structures, due to regulatory changes that can disproportionately influence subsets of developmental genetic networks. Here, we quantify the evolution of sex-biased and tissue-biased transcriptomes from two tissue types (gonad and soma) for each of two sexes (male and female) from two of the closest known sister species of <i>Caenorhabditis</i> nematodes (<i>C. remanei</i> and <i>C. latens</i>). Differential gene expression and co-expression network analyses identify gene sets with distinct transcriptomic profiles, revealing widespread divergence between these morphologically and developmentally cryptic sister species. The transcriptomic divergence occurs despite most genes showing conserved expression across tissues and sexes. These observations implicate shared selection pressures related to tissue and sex differences as outweighing species-specific selection and developmental system drift in shaping overall transcriptome profiles. Although developmentally plastic tissue-biased expression profiles are mostly conserved between species, we find that sex-biased genes, particularly male-biased genes, contribute disproportionately to species-differences in gene expression, consistent with a disproportionate role for male-biased selection driving gene expression divergence.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"27 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ede.70018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145197293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Characterization of the Cell Types in Developing Feathers, and the Evolution of Feather Complexity","authors":"Cody Limber,&nbsp;Günter P. Wagner,&nbsp;Richard O. Prum","doi":"10.1111/ede.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Feathers are the most complex and diverse epidermal appendages found in vertebrates. Their unique hierarchical organization and development is based on a diversity of cell types and morphologies. Despite these presumptive feather cell types being well characterized morphologically, little is known about how gene regulation contributes to their development. Here, we use single cell and single nuclear RNA sequencing with in situ hybridization to identify and characterize cells types in embryonic chicken feathers. We show that the distinct cell morphologies correspond to feather cell types with distinct gene expression profiles. We also describe a previously unidentified cell type, the barb ridge basal epithelium, which appears to play a role alongside the marginal plate in barb ridge differentiation. A cell-cell signaling analysis provides evidence of important roles for the barb ridge basal epithelium and marginal plate signaling to the barb ridge. Furthermore, we analyze RNA velocity trajectories of developing feather cells and find distinct developmental trajectories for epidermal cells that constitute the mature feather and those that function only in feather development. Finally, we produce an evolutionary tree of feather cell types based on transcription factor expression as a test of the prior developmental hypotheses about feather evolution. Our tree is consistent with the developmental model of feather evolution, and sheds light on the influence of ancestral epidermal stratification on feather cell evolution. This transcriptomic approach to studying feather cell types helps lay the ground work for understanding the developmental evolutionary complexity and diversity of feathers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144897821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allometric Changes Across Horseshoe Crab Moults Evidence Developmentally Controlled Ecological Shifts and Possible Exoskeletal Modularity","authors":"Russell D. C. Bicknell,&nbsp;Carmela Cuomo","doi":"10.1111/ede.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Developmental changes in animals reflect important behavioral, biological, and ecological shifts. Allometric adjustments in arthropods, specifically, are associated with changes in sexual maturity or alterations in life mode. Examining post-embryological allometry of the American horseshoe crab—<i>Limulus polyphemus</i>—here evidences early shifts in prosomal development, later changes in thoracetronic size, and possible modularity across exoskeletal sections. Modifications in prosomal allometry reflect transitions from living above the substrate to primarily burrowing. This change occurs at the 3–4 moult stage and is associated with a 70% mortality rate in both natural settings and under aquaculture conditions. Thoracetron allometry changes record the fusion of opisthosomal tergites into a plate, where tergal development drives shifts in thoracetron morphology. Allometric changes between main body sections present possible evidence for modularity within the horseshoe crab exoskeleton that manifest across moulting events. These allometric shifts reflect the complex evolutionary history of the group, especially changes from surface dwelling and enrollment to burrowing, likely in response to increased predation pressures.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ede.70015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Embryology and Transcriptomics of Asellus infernus, an Isopod Crustacean From Sulfidic Groundwater","authors":"Haeli J. Lomheim,&nbsp;Lizet Reyes Rodas,&nbsp;Devon Price,&nbsp;Serban M. Sarbu,&nbsp;Raluca I. Băncilă,&nbsp;Cody Carroll,&nbsp;Layla Freeborn,&nbsp;Sheri Sanders,&nbsp;Meredith E. Protas","doi":"10.1111/ede.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sulfidic caves are harsh and extreme environments characterized by limited oxygen, low pH, and the presence of hydrogen sulfide. Amazingly, animals can live in sulfidic caves, one such animal being <i>Asellus infernus</i>, a representative of the <i>Asellus aquaticus</i> species complex, originating from Movile Cave and from old wells that represent windows of access to a sulfidic groundwater ecosystem located in southeast Romania. Little previous work has been done on lab-reared populations of <i>A. infernus</i> as they have been historically difficult to raise in the lab. Here, we develop resources for <i>A. infernus</i>, examining questions of timing of morphological differences in cave versus surface individuals, whether the environment (lab-bred vs. wild-caught) influenced size characteristics, and the genes and pathways showing differential expression between cave and surface samples. We found that <i>A. infernus</i> did not develop pigmentation embryonically, and juveniles had increased body length and longer antenna II as compared to surface individuals. Furthermore, we found that some of these measures differed between wild-caught and lab-reared juveniles for a given population, indicating that environmental differences can also influence these size characteristics. In addition, differential expression between cave and surface samples and allele-specific expression studies within F1 hybrids identified multiple genes, including those involved in sulfide metabolism and phototransduction. Strikingly, molecular convergence of genes involved in sulfide detoxification was observed between <i>A. infernus</i> and previous work on a fish that lives in both cave and sulfidic environments, <i>Poecilia mexicana</i>. In sum, we were able to develop embryonic and genomic tools for <i>A. infernus</i>, a model for understanding cave adaptation and adaptation to sulfidic environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ede.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Life History on Hippopotamus Skull Ontogeny","authors":"Darío Fidalgo,&nbsp;Faysal Bibi,&nbsp;Luca Pandolfi,&nbsp;Jean-Renaud Boisserie,&nbsp;Roberta Martino,&nbsp;Kheloud El Eshraky,&nbsp;Carlos A. Palancar,&nbsp;Joan Madurell-Malapeira,&nbsp;Antonio Rosas","doi":"10.1111/ede.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The biological processes underlying the wide phenotypic mammal diversity are still not thoroughly understood. In this study, we examined how major stages in the life history of the common hippopotamus (<i>Hippopotamus Amphibius</i>) influence its craniomandibular morphology throughout ontogeny. Using geometric morphometrics and life-history meta-analysis correlations, we characterized skulls from 198 individuals spanning 20 developmental stages. The most significant morphological changes were observed during early infancy (0–3 years), coinciding with lactation and weaning, and during puberty (10–15 years), coinciding with reproductive maturation. These findings align with growth patterns typical of social mammals exhibiting high sexual dimorphism. Notably, we identified a pattern previously undocumented in any other vertebrate: cranial morphology stabilizes earlier than the mandibular one. Specifically, late-stage (20–25 years) shape modification in the mandibles indicates progressive reconfiguration of masticatory biomechanics as well as a continuous change of dental occlusion throughout life. This pattern is common in both male and female individuals and may be related to shifts in diet rather than sexual selection. This study provides the most comprehensive ontogenetic dataset for a semi-aquatic, large semigraviportal mammal with a polygynous social structure, offering a valuable foundation for future evolutionary studies based on comparative analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ede.70013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144688052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Body Size and Fitness Match and Its Variability in Plastic Response to Temperature","authors":"Antoni Żygadło,&nbsp;Agata Burzawa,&nbsp;Katarzyna Potera,&nbsp;Franek Sierpowski,&nbsp;Aleksandra Walczyńska","doi":"10.1111/ede.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The evolution of the plastic response of organisms to environmental change remains one of the most challenging areas of biological research. Reasons for this include the complex nature of environmental cues and organismal responses, the energetic costs behind phenotypic plasticity performed under different conditions, and the individual capacity to respond, which depends on many developmental factors. A special case is the plastic body size response to temperature, the temperature-size rule (TSR). We used eight experimental populations of the rotifer <i>Lecane inermis</i> and measured body size and population growth rate <i>r</i> over a wide thermal range to investigate (i) the thermal conditions under which rotifers perform the TSR or canalize their body size (= no plasticity) and how this relates to fitness, and (ii) whether this response varies with organismal thermal preferences. We found a relationship between body size and fitness, confirming that the TSR is only performed within a certain thermal range, beyond which body size is canalized. We did not find the expected relationship between the strength of the TSR and the range of thermal tolerance, but our results do not allow us to reject the existence of such a relationship. Furthermore, we found a high repeatability of the parameters informing thermal tolerance compared to previous studies, reflecting a substantial degree of developmental constancy in the context of the organism's preference for temperature. We describe the special case of plasticity versus canalization for body size response to optimal and suboptimal temperatures in organisms that differ in their thermal tolerance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The rx3 Gene Contributes to the Evolution of Eye Loss in the Cavefish Astyanax mexicanus","authors":"Devin Shennard,&nbsp;Itzel Sifuentes-Romero,&nbsp;Rianna Ambosie,&nbsp;Jennah Abdelaziz,&nbsp;Erik R. Duboue,&nbsp;Johanna E. Kowalko","doi":"10.1111/ede.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Uncovering mechanisms by which sensory systems evolve is critical for understanding how organisms adapt to a novel environment. <i>Astyanax mexicanus</i> is a species of fish with populations of surface fish, which inhabit rivers and streams, and cavefish, which have adapted to life within caves. Cavefish have evolved sensory system changes relative to their surface fish counterparts, providing an opportunity to investigate mechanisms underlying sensory system evolution. Here, we report the role of the gene <i>retinal homeobox 3</i> (<i>rx3</i>) in cavefish eye evolution. We generated surface fish with putative loss-of-function mutations in the <i>rx3</i> gene using CRISPR-Cas9 to determine the role of this gene in eye development in this species. These <i>rx3</i> mutant surface fish fail to develop eyes, demonstrating that <i>rx3</i> is required for surface fish eye development. Further, <i>rx3</i> mutant surface fish exhibit altered behaviors relative to wild-type surface fish, suggesting that the loss of eyes impacts sensory-dependent behaviors. Finally, eye development is altered in cave-surface hybrid fish that inherit the mutant allele of <i>rx3</i> from surface fish relative to siblings that inherit a wild-type surface fish <i>rx3</i> allele, suggesting that cis-regulatory variation at the <i>rx3</i> locus contributes to eye size evolution in cavefish. Together, these findings demonstrate that, as in other species, <i>rx3</i> is required for eye development in <i>A. mexicanus</i>. Moreover, they suggest that variation at the <i>rx3</i> locus plays a role in the evolved reduction of eye size in cavefish, shedding light on the genetic mechanisms underlying sensory system evolution in response to extreme environmental changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ede.70011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monopodial and Sympodial Growth Modes in the Colonial Graptolithina (Hemichordata, Pterobranchia)","authors":"Jörg Maletz,&nbsp;Rudy Lerosey-Aubril","doi":"10.1111/ede.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Two growth modes are recognized in colonial pterobranchs (Graptolithina): monopodial growth and sympodial growth. The earliest colonial Graptolithina likely developed through monopodial growth, a mode of colony formation well-documented in the extant graptolite <i>Rhabdopleura normani</i>. This growth involves a permanent terminal zooid and the sequential budding of additional zooids behind it, as the contractile stalk (<i>gymnocaulus</i>) of this terminal zooid elongates. This process is reflected in specific features of the secreted housing structure, the tubarium. Recently, monopodial growth was identified for the first time in a fossil taxon—the Cambrian dithecodendrid <i>Tarnagraptus</i>—based on tubarium characteristics, as no zooids were preserved. Monopodial growth also appears probable in other Cambrian taxa resembling <i>Tarnagraptus</i>, although evidence remains limited due to fragmentary materials. Sympodial growth, characterized by transient terminal zooids that are sequentially replaced as new buds form, is extensively documented in the fossil record of the Graptolithina. This growth mode characterizes the vast majority of Cambrian to Devonian Dendroidea and Graptoloidea. Phylogenetic evidence suggests sympodial growth evolved from monopodial growth in graptolithines, but the mechanisms underlying this evolutionary transition remain unclear.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"27 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ede.70010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}