Evolution & Development最新文献

{"title":"Floral KNOX Expression Supports Parallel Evolution of Nectar Spurs in Snapdragon Relatives (Antirrhineae: Plantaginaceae)","authors":"Steven Dodsworth,&nbsp;Grace Heath,&nbsp;Jack Smith,&nbsp;Jelesha Gray,&nbsp;Thomas Davies,&nbsp;Glaucia Proszkowiec,&nbsp;Omoyemwen Emokpae,&nbsp;Denise Patel,&nbsp;Thomas Holt,&nbsp;Bethany Hörnfeldt,&nbsp;Maarten Christenhusz","doi":"10.1111/ede.70061","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70061","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nectar spurs are tubular outgrowths of perianth tissue—a key innovation that has evolved many times independently in angiosperms. These novel floral structures are tightly linked to pollination and pollinator shifts may explain their role in increasing diversification rates. In the tribe Antirrhineae (Plantaginaceae), nectar spurs on the ventral petal have convergently evolved four times, in the <i>Kickxia</i> clade, <i>Cymbalaria</i>, <i>Chaenorhinum</i>, and <i>Linaria</i>. Here we explore the molecular mechanism underpinning this convergence, by investigating two Class I <i>KNOX</i> genes (<i>HIRZ</i> and <i>INA</i>) across Antirrhineae. Such <i>KNOX</i> genes are canonically expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM). <i>HIRZ</i> and <i>INA</i> were originally identified in mutants of <i>Antirrhinum majus</i> (snapdragons) whereby ectopic floral expression led to mutated spur-bearing petals; subsequently <i>HIRZ/INA</i> were shown to have floral expression in the naturally spur-bearing relative <i>Linaria vulgaris</i> (toadflax). Orthologues of <i>HIRZ</i> and <i>INA</i> were isolated here from <i>Kickxia elatine</i>, <i>Cymbalaria muralis</i>, and <i>Chaenorhinum origanifolium</i>, and confirmed through phylogenetic and gene structure analyses. Similar expression patterns were found in all three species, with moderate-high expression of both <i>HIRZ</i> and <i>INA</i> in floral buds and mature flowers, consistent high expression in apices (i.e., the SAM), and low expression in leaves. Higher levels of expression were found in floral buds compared to leaves (on average 75-86-fold higher) for <i>INA</i> and <i>HIRZ</i>, respectively. Together these data strongly suggest that the four independent evolutions of the petal spur in Antirrhineae are a result of parallel evolution, through the independent recruitment of similar underlying molecular mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"28 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13572962/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148963235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual Dimorphism in Vertebral Number: Developmental Implications Inferred From Vertebral and Body Proportions","authors":"Kazunori Yamahira,&nbsp;V. K. Anoop,&nbsp;Rajeev Raghavan,&nbsp;Yoshitaka Tanaka,&nbsp;Satoshi Ansai","doi":"10.1111/ede.70062","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70062","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Segmentation is a fundamental feature of vertebrate body plans, and variation in vertebral number contributes substantially to morphological diversity. Although sexual dimorphism in vertebral number has been documented in several vertebrate lineages, its developmental basis remains poorly understood. Here, we report pronounced sexual dimorphism in vertebral number in the western Indian endemic ricefish <i>Oryzias setnai</i>, distributed across ~1800 km. Radiographic analyses of individuals collected throughout its range revealed that vertebral number increased with latitude in both sexes, while males consistently possessed more vertebrae than females irrespective of geographic origin. Size-adjusted analyses showed that this dimorphism is associated with sex differences in head size and position-dependent variation in vertebral length. However, positional allometric analyses demonstrated that both the magnitude and direction of these sex differences vary markedly during growth. In particular, among smaller individuals, posterior vertebrae were relatively shorter in males than in females, suggesting reduced somite length in the posterior body axis of male embryos and potentially reflecting sex-specific differences in the dynamics of somitogenesis. Given that this variation arises between males and females within a single species sharing an essentially identical genetic background, <i>O. setnai</i> provides a rare empirical system not only for linking early developmental processes to intraspecific sexual variation in vertebrate body plans but also as a powerful model to investigate the developmental basis of body plan variation across species.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"28 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ede.70062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148918931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-Kingdom Structural Conservation and Diversification of Homeodomains Across Major Eukaryotic Lineages","authors":"Gloria Elisabeth Buarante,&nbsp;Ema Damayanti,&nbsp;Popi Asri Kurniatin,&nbsp;Inda Setyawati,&nbsp;Rini Riffiani","doi":"10.1111/ede.70059","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70059","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Homeodomain transcription factors share an ancient helix-turn-helix DNA-binding core yet regulate diverse developmental and reproductive programs across eukaryotes. We curated 355 nonredundant homeodomain structures spanning fungi, animals, and plants, including 118 experimental PDB entries and 237 high-confidence AlphaFold2 models, and performed large-scale structural comparisons using DaliLite5. Structural distances were summarized as a clustering tree visualized in iTOL and interpreted through topology-guided PyMOL superpositions and sequence-logo mapping of conserved positions. Across kingdoms, the canonical three-helix HTH geometry and the recognition-helix framework were strongly conserved, whereas structural diversification was concentrated in interhelical loops, terminal regions, linker segments, and lineage-specific auxiliary modules. Fungal mating-type homeodomains and major animal classes retained conserved recognition-helix architecture despite sequence divergence, while plant WOX, ZF-HD, PHD-associated, and SAWADEE-associated architectures illustrated modular expansion for developmental and chromatin-context integration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"28 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148879520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Young ahsg/fetuin-a Inactive Retrocopy Reflects Recent Retrotransposon Activity in the Xenopus laevis Lineage","authors":"Marco Mundaca,&nbsp;Lefney Cumilaf,&nbsp;Japhet Rojas,&nbsp;Roberto Amigo,&nbsp;Fabiana Vivar,&nbsp;Serge Urbach,&nbsp;Khadija El Koulali,&nbsp;Martial Séveno,&nbsp;Camille Martinand-Mari,&nbsp;Mélanie Debiais-Thibaud,&nbsp;Sylvain Marcellini","doi":"10.1111/ede.70060","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70060","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The vertebrate <i>ahsg</i> (<i>alpha 2-HS glycoprotein</i>, also coined <i>fetuin-a</i>) homologs are highly expressed in the liver, and their secreted protein products exert complex systemic effects, including the regulation of biomineralization of soft and skeletal tissues. Here, we report a previously uncharacterized <i>ahsg</i> retrocopy in the allotetraploid frog species <i>Xenopus laevis</i>. We show that this young retrocopy was born from the <i>ahsg.L</i> homeologue less than 10 Mya, and landed in the S subgenome in a locus located between <i>asic2.S</i> and <i>smarcd2.S</i>. The <i>ahsg.L-retrocopy</i> ends with a poly(A) tail, is intronless, and is flanked by target site duplications. While the <i>ahsg.L-retrocopy</i>'s ORF is devoid of frameshifts and nonsense mutations, it suffers from a short 5′ deletion, eliminating the original start codon and the signal peptide. Remarkably, this truncated ORF lies in frame with an ATG codon contributed by the neighboring genomic sequence, suggesting that the <i>ahsg.L-retrocopy</i> might potentially be expressed and translated into a protein product. Nevertheless, examination of RNA-Seq and proteomic experiments respectively performed on liver and bone tissues did not provide expression evidence for the <i>ahsg.L-retrocopy</i>. We propose that, in spite of its rescued ORF, the <i>ahsg.L-retrocopy</i> is non-functional and can be considered a young pseudogene born from recent retrotransposon activity in the <i>Xenopus laevis</i> lineage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"28 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148886343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wing Shape and Color Pattern Modifications in Giant Silk Moths Using Sulfated Polysaccharides: Understanding Morphogenic Signals in Pupal Wings of Lepidoptera","authors":"Andrei Sourakov","doi":"10.1111/ede.70058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.70058","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The tails and conspicuous eyespots of many saturniid moths are outstanding examples of anti-predator adaptations. These features vary intra- and interspecifically, and while there are hypotheses regarding the selective pressures that maintain these variations, there is little empirical information regarding the genetic and developmental mechanisms that control them. Exogenous chemical substances, like sulfated polysaccharides, can affect the expression of various genetic pathways, including those determining wing patterns. This study leveraged the effects of heparin and dextran sulfate, acting as agonist and antagonist of extracellular <i>Wnt</i>/<i>wingless</i> signaling, respectively, to consistently create aberrant wing shapes and patterns in Luna and Polyphemus Moths. Hindwing tails and eyespots were expanded and contracted by heparin and dextran sulfate, respectively, creating a framework for subsequent investigations into the genetic origins of hindwing tail shape and eyespots. This hidden variation could aid in fast adaptive evolution; revealing it provides a framework for investigating homologies and evolutionary development. Experimentally inducing changes to wing shape in a Lepidoptera species also opens the realm of morphological control: the creation of Luna Moth individuals with significantly wider or narrower hindwing tails may help in quantitative linking of wing shape and flight in future research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"28 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148785024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wing Shape and Color Pattern Modifications in Giant Silk Moths Using Sulfated Polysaccharides: Understanding Morphogenic Signals in Pupal Wings of Lepidoptera","authors":"Andrei Sourakov","doi":"10.1111/ede.70058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.70058","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The tails and conspicuous eyespots of many saturniid moths are outstanding examples of anti-predator adaptations. These features vary intra- and interspecifically, and while there are hypotheses regarding the selective pressures that maintain these variations, there is little empirical information regarding the genetic and developmental mechanisms that control them. Exogenous chemical substances, like sulfated polysaccharides, can affect the expression of various genetic pathways, including those determining wing patterns. This study leveraged the effects of heparin and dextran sulfate, acting as agonist and antagonist of extracellular <i>Wnt</i>/<i>wingless</i> signaling, respectively, to consistently create aberrant wing shapes and patterns in Luna and Polyphemus Moths. Hindwing tails and eyespots were expanded and contracted by heparin and dextran sulfate, respectively, creating a framework for subsequent investigations into the genetic origins of hindwing tail shape and eyespots. This hidden variation could aid in fast adaptive evolution; revealing it provides a framework for investigating homologies and evolutionary development. Experimentally inducing changes to wing shape in a Lepidoptera species also opens the realm of morphological control: the creation of Luna Moth individuals with significantly wider or narrower hindwing tails may help in quantitative linking of wing shape and flight in future research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"28 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148785178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two Paralogues as They Like It: Conserved and Divergent Evolution of Vertebrate Gcm Genes","authors":"Takanori Shono,&nbsp;Norifumi Tatsumi,&nbsp;Tsutomu Miyake,&nbsp;Shigehiro Kuraku,&nbsp;Masataka Okabe","doi":"10.1111/ede.70057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.70057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Gcm1</i> and <i>Gcm2</i> are paralogous transcription factors in vertebrates that play key roles in the development of pharyngeal-derived epithelia, yet their deployment across vertebrate lineages remains incompletely understood. While <i>Gcm2</i> shows deeply conserved pharyngeal expression across gnathostomes, <i>Gcm1</i> has been mainly characterized in mammals, where it exhibits broader expression patterns. How <i>Gcm1</i> is deployed in non-mammalian vertebrates has remained unexplored. Here, we performed a comparative analysis of <i>Gcm1</i> expression in cartilaginous fishes, non-teleost actinopterygians, and amphibians. RNA <i>in situ</i> hybridization revealed conserved <i>Gcm1</i> expression in gill epithelia across these taxa. Parallel analyses showed that <i>Gcm2</i> is also expressed in gill epithelia, with overlapping but distinct spatial patterns. In addition, <i>Gcm1</i> showed lineage-specific expression in bichir embryos, including strong expression in external gills and scattered epithelial cells in the yolk-sac membrane. In the external gills, <i>Gcm1</i>-positive cells possess vacuole-like cytoplasmic structures, suggesting a previously unrecognized epithelial cell population. Together, our findings indicate that <i>Gcm1</i> and <i>Gcm2</i> share ancestral expression in pharyngeal epithelia but have followed distinct evolutionary trajectories, with <i>Gcm1</i> exhibiting greater lineage-specific diversification.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"28 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ede.70057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two Paralogues as They Like It: Conserved and Divergent Evolution of Vertebrate Gcm Genes","authors":"Takanori Shono,&nbsp;Norifumi Tatsumi,&nbsp;Tsutomu Miyake,&nbsp;Shigehiro Kuraku,&nbsp;Masataka Okabe","doi":"10.1111/ede.70057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.70057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Gcm1</i> and <i>Gcm2</i> are paralogous transcription factors in vertebrates that play key roles in the development of pharyngeal-derived epithelia, yet their deployment across vertebrate lineages remains incompletely understood. While <i>Gcm2</i> shows deeply conserved pharyngeal expression across gnathostomes, <i>Gcm1</i> has been mainly characterized in mammals, where it exhibits broader expression patterns. How <i>Gcm1</i> is deployed in non-mammalian vertebrates has remained unexplored. Here, we performed a comparative analysis of <i>Gcm1</i> expression in cartilaginous fishes, non-teleost actinopterygians, and amphibians. RNA <i>in situ</i> hybridization revealed conserved <i>Gcm1</i> expression in gill epithelia across these taxa. Parallel analyses showed that <i>Gcm2</i> is also expressed in gill epithelia, with overlapping but distinct spatial patterns. In addition, <i>Gcm1</i> showed lineage-specific expression in bichir embryos, including strong expression in external gills and scattered epithelial cells in the yolk-sac membrane. In the external gills, <i>Gcm1</i>-positive cells possess vacuole-like cytoplasmic structures, suggesting a previously unrecognized epithelial cell population. Together, our findings indicate that <i>Gcm1</i> and <i>Gcm2</i> share ancestral expression in pharyngeal epithelia but have followed distinct evolutionary trajectories, with <i>Gcm1</i> exhibiting greater lineage-specific diversification.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"28 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ede.70057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Terminal Filament Bundling Underlies the Development of Ovariole Number Dimorphism Between Queen and Worker Ants","authors":"Claire Ramsay,&nbsp;Paul Lasko,&nbsp;Ehab Abouheif","doi":"10.1111/ede.70056","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70056","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reproductive division of labour is a key feature underlying the remarkable success of ants, where a reproductive queen caste and non-reproductive worker caste develop from a totipotent egg or larva. The number of ovarioles that develop after the egg or larva is determined to be a queen or worker caste ultimately determines their reproductive potential. Yet since very early descriptions of ant larval ovaries made by Ezhikov (1923) and Brian (1950s), the developmental basis of ovariole number dimorphism in ants has received little attention. Here, we revisit their work in light of more recent knowledge from <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, where terminal filaments (TFs) in the larval ovary determine ovariole number on a one-to-one basis. Ezhikov and Brian observed that queen and worker larval ovaries develop the same number of TFs, but in the worker caste, they ‘bundle’ together to form a single ovariole. Using in situ hybridisation chain reaction (HCR) on multiple queen and worker larval stages, we confirm this bundling process is present in two derived ant species with ovariole dimorphism, but is absent in a species that lacks it. Our findings therefore suggest that this terminal filament bundling reflects a mechanism evolved within ants to regulate differences in worker ovariole number between castes independently of overall number of terminal filaments. This work sheds fresh light on historical ant research and sets up future work investigating the origins and regulation of this putative mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"28 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ede.70056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148757885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embryonic Torsion and Axial Rotation in Developing Amniotes: Pattern Distribution, Functional Aspects, and Evolutionary Significance","authors":"Daniel G. Blackburn,&nbsp;Laurie J. Bonneau","doi":"10.1111/ede.70055","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.70055","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Early amniote development includes a striking but underappreciated event: rightward torsion (“twisting”) of the head and trunk followed by axial rotation that positions the embryo's left side against the yolk. Although well documented in the domestic chicken, the evolutionary distribution and biological significance of this rotational pattern have never been evaluated systematically. Reports of supposed “leftward” rotation in some reptiles and birds, as well as a reported absence of rotation in some reptilian species, have further suggested interspecific variability. Here we present a comprehensive comparative synthesis of embryological evidence across Amniota, supplemented by original observations. Our analysis suggests that dextral (rightward) torsion and axial rotation occur in birds and all major extant reptile lineages—lizards, snakes, tuatara, turtles, and crocodilians—consistently yielding embryos that rest on their left sides. Despite extremely rare anomalies and inconsistent terminology, no well-documented reptilian or avian species examined to date is known to depart from this pattern. Elements of the same developmental configuration also occur in mammals. The phylogenetic distribution of this conserved architecture appears to be consistent with the hypothesis that a pattern involving dextral torsion and axial rotation represents a developmental synapomorphy that predates the divergence of crown amniote clades. Axial rotation has been postulated to have facilitated embryonic organization within the spatial constraints of the ancestral terrestrial egg. The persistence of this pattern, including aspects found in viviparous lineages with reduced egg sizes, suggests an intriguing possibility: canalization of a developmental program established more than 310 million years ago and conserved across more than 32,000 living amniote species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"28 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148706046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}