Evolution & Development最新文献

{"title":"Breaking constraints: The development and evolution of extreme fin morphology in the Bramidae","authors":"Michelle C. Gilbert,&nbsp;Catherine S. Lerose,&nbsp;Andrew J. Conith,&nbsp;R. Craig Albertson","doi":"10.1111/ede.12409","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.12409","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The developmental process establishes the foundation upon which natural selection may act. In that same sense, it is inundated with numerous constraints that work to limit the directions in which a phenotype may respond to selective pressures. Extreme phenotypes have been used in the past to identify tradeoffs and constraints and may aid in recognizing how alterations to the Baupläne can influence the trajectories of lineages. The Bramidae, a family of Scombriformes consisting of 20 extant species, are unique in that five species greatly deviate from the stout, ovaloid bodies that typify the bramids. The Ptericlinae, or fanfishes, are instead characterized by relatively elongated body plans and extreme modifications to their medial fins. Here, we explore the development of Bramidae morphologies and examine them through a phylogenetic lens to investigate the concepts of developmental and evolutionary constraints. Contrary to our predictions that the fanfishes had been constrained by inherited properties of an ancestral state, we find that the fanfishes exhibit both increased rates of trait evolution and differ substantially from the other bramids in their developmental trajectories. Conversely, the remaining bramid genera differ little, both among one another and in comparison, to the sister family Caristiidae. In all, our data suggest that the fanfishes have broken constraints, thereby allowing them to mitigate trade-offs on distinctive aspects of morphology.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"24 3-4","pages":"109-124"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/62/2b/EDE-24-.PMC9542103.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40532932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Directional asymmetry and direction-giving factors: Lessons from flowers with complex symmetry","authors":"Sanja Budečević,&nbsp;Sanja Manitašević Jovanović,&nbsp;Ana Vuleta,&nbsp;Branka Tucić,&nbsp;Christian Peter Klingenberg","doi":"10.1111/ede.12402","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.12402","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Directional asymmetry is a systematic difference between the left and right sides for structures with bilateral symmetry or a systematic differentiation among repeated parts for complex symmetry. This study explores factors that produce directional asymmetry in the flower of <i>Iris pumila</i>, a structure with complex symmetry that makes it possible to investigate multiple such factors simultaneously. The shapes and sizes of three types of floral organs, the falls, standards, and style branches, were quantified using the methods of geometric morphometrics. For each flower, this study recorded the compass orientations of floral organs as well as their anatomical orientations relative to the two spathes subtending each flower. To characterize directional asymmetry at the whole-flower level, differences in the average sizes and shapes according to compass orientation and relative orientation were computed, and the left–right asymmetry was also evaluated for each individual organ. No size or shape differences within flowers were found in relation to anatomical position; this may relate to the terminal position of flowers in <i>Iris pumila</i>, suggesting that there may be no adaxial–abaxial polarity, which is very prominent in many other taxa. There was clear directional asymmetry of shape in relation to compass orientation, presumably driven by a consistent environmental gradient such as solar irradiance. There was also clear directional asymmetry between left and right halves of every floral organ, most likely related to the arrangement of organs in the bud. These findings indicate that different factors are acting to produce directional asymmetry at different levels. In conventional analyses not recording flower orientations, these effects would be impossible to disentangle from each other and would probably be included as part of fluctuating asymmetry.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"24 3-4","pages":"92-108"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ede.12402","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44821715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of heterotopy and heterochrony during morphological diversification of otocephalan epibranchial organs","authors":"Karly E. Cohen,&nbsp;Acacia L. Ackles,&nbsp;L. Patricia Hernandez","doi":"10.1111/ede.12401","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.12401","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Epibranchial organs (EBOs), found in at least five of the eight otomorphan families, are used to aggregate small prey inside the buccopharyngeal cavity and range in morphological complexity from a singular, small slit on the pharyngeal roof to several, elongated soft tissue tubes. Despite broad phylogenetic representation, little is known about the origin, development, or evolution of EBOs. We hypothesize that both heterochronic and heterotopic changes throughout the evolution of EBOs are at the root of their morphological diversity. Heterochrony is a foundational explanation in developmental studies, however, heterotopy, a developmental change in spatial or topographical relationships, can have even more profound effects on a given structure but has received relatively little attention. Here, we investigate how developmental mechanisms may drive morphological diversity of EBOs within otomorphan fishes. We compare early pharyngeal development in three species, <i>Anchoa mitchilli</i> (Engraulidae) which has the most basic EBO, <i>B. tyrannus</i> (Clupeidae) which has a more complex EBO, and <i>Hypophthalmichthys molitrix</i> (Cyprinidae) which has the most complex EBO yet described. Using branchial arch growth rates and morphological analyses, we illustrate how both heterochronic and heterotopic mechanisms are responsible for some of the phenotypic diversity seen in otomorphan EBOs. Importantly, we also identify conserved developmental patterns that further our understanding of how EBOs may have first originated and evolved across actinopterygian fishes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"24 3-4","pages":"79-91"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43440506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issue information – TOC & Editorial and Subscription Page","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/ede.12400","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.12400","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"24 1-2","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ede.12400","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42135365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thyroid hormone shapes craniofacial bones during postembryonic zebrafish development","authors":"Stephanie Keer,&nbsp;Joshua D. Storch,&nbsp;Stacy Nguyen,&nbsp;Mia Prado,&nbsp;Rajendra Singh,&nbsp;Luz Patricia Hernandez,&nbsp;Sarah K. McMenamin","doi":"10.1111/ede.12399","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.12399","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Changing the shape of craniofacial bones can profoundly alter ecological function, and understanding how developmental conditions sculpt skeletal phenotypes can provide insight into evolutionary adaptations. Thyroid hormone (TH) stimulates metamorphosis and regulates skeletal morphogenesis across vertebrates. To assess the roles of this hormone in sculpting the craniofacial skeleton of a non-metamorphic vertebrate, we tested zebrafish for developmental periods of TH-induced craniofacial shape change. We analyzed shapes of specific bones that function in prey detection, capture and processing. We quantified these elements from late-larval through adult stages under three developmental TH profiles. Under wild-type conditions, each bone progressively grows allometrically into a mature morphology over the course of postembryonic development. In three of the four bones, TH was required to sculpt an adult shape: hypothyroidism inhibited aspects of shape change, and allowed some components of immature shape to be retained into adulthood. Excess developmental TH stimulated aspects of precocious shape change leading to abnormal morphologies in some bones. Skeletal features with functional importance showed high sensitivities to TH, including the transformator process of the tripus, the mandibular symphysis of the lower jaw, the scutiform lamina of the hyomandibula, and the anterior arm of the pharyngeal jaw. In all, we found that TH is necessary for shaping mature morphology of several essential skeletal elements; this requirement is particularly pronounced during larval development. Altered TH titer leads to abnormal morphologies with likely functional consequences, highlighting the potential of TH and downstream pathways as targets for evolutionary change.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"24 1-2","pages":"61-76"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9539143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative reconstruction of the predatory feeding structures of the polyphenic nematode Pristionchus pacificus","authors":"Clayton J. Harry,&nbsp;Sonia M. Messar,&nbsp;Erik J. Ragsdale","doi":"10.1111/ede.12397","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.12397","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Pristionchus pacificus</i> is a nematode model for the developmental genetics of morphological polyphenism, especially at the level of individual cells. Morphological polyphenism in this species includes an evolutionary novelty, moveable teeth, which have enabled predatory feeding in this species and others in its family (Diplogastridae). From transmission electron micrographs of serial thin sections through an adult hermaphrodite of <i>P. pacificus</i>, we three-dimensionally reconstructed all epithelial and myoepithelial cells and syncytia, corresponding to 74 nuclei, of its face, mouth, and pharynx. We found that the epithelia that produce the predatory morphology of <i>P. pacificus</i> are identical to <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> in the number of cell classes and nuclei. However, differences in cell form, spatial relationships, and nucleus position correlate with gross morphological differences from <i>C. elegans</i> and outgroups. Moreover, we identified fine-structural features, especially in the anteriormost pharyngeal muscles, that underlie the conspicuous, left-right asymmetry that characterizes the <i>P. pacificus</i> feeding apparatus. Our reconstruction provides an anatomical map for studying the genetics of polyphenism, feeding behavior, and the development of novel form in a satellite model to <i>C. elegans</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"24 1-2","pages":"16-36"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ede.12397","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46116949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-specific evolution of a Drosophila sensory system via interacting cis- and trans-regulatory changes","authors":"David Luecke,&nbsp;Gavin Rice,&nbsp;Artyom Kopp","doi":"10.1111/ede.12398","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.12398","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The evolution of gene expression via <i>cis</i>-regulatory changes is well established as a major driver of phenotypic evolution. However, relatively little is known about the influence of enhancer architecture and intergenic interactions on regulatory evolution. We address this question by examining chemosensory system evolution in <i>Drosophila</i>. <i>Drosophila prolongata</i> males show a massively increased number of chemosensory bristles compared to females and males of sibling species. This increase is driven by sex-specific transformation of ancestrally mechanosensory organs. Consistent with this phenotype, the <i>Pox neuro</i> transcription factor (<i>Poxn</i>), which specifies chemosensory bristle identity, shows expanded expression in <i>D. prolongata</i> males. <i>Poxn</i> expression is controlled by nonadditive interactions among widely dispersed enhancers. Although some <i>D. prolongata Poxn</i> enhancers show increased activity, the additive component of this increase is slight, suggesting that most changes in <i>Poxn</i> expression are due to epistatic interactions between <i>Poxn</i> enhancers and <i>trans</i>-regulatory factors. Indeed, the expansion of <i>D. prolongata Poxn</i> enhancer activity is only observed in cells that express <i>doublesex</i> (<i>dsx</i>), the gene that controls sexual differentiation in <i>Drosophila</i> and also shows increased expression in <i>D. prolongata</i> males due to <i>cis</i>-regulatory changes. Although expanded <i>dsx</i> expression may contribute to increased activity of <i>D. prolongata Poxn</i> enhancers, this interaction is not sufficient to explain the full expansion of <i>Poxn</i> expression, suggesting that <i>cis</i>–<i>trans</i> interactions between <i>Poxn, dsx</i>, and additional unknown genes are necessary to produce the derived <i>D. prolongata</i> phenotype. Overall, our results demonstrate the importance of epistatic gene interactions for evolution, particularly when pivotal genes have complex regulatory architecture.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"24 1-2","pages":"37-60"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9075528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth rate mediates hidden developmental plasticity of female yellow dung fly reproductive morphology in response to environmental stressors","authors":"Richard J. Walters,&nbsp;David Berger,&nbsp;Wolf U. Blanckenhorn,&nbsp;Luc F. Bussière,&nbsp;Patrick T. Rohner,&nbsp;Ralf Jochmann,&nbsp;Karin Thüler,&nbsp;Martin A. Schäfer","doi":"10.1111/ede.12396","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.12396","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding how environmental variation influences even cryptic traits is important to clarify the roles of selection and developmental constraints in past evolutionary divergence and to predict future adaptation under environmental change. Female yellow dung flies (<i>Scathophaga stercoraria</i>) typically have three sperm storage compartments (3S), but occasionally four (4S). More spermathecae are thought to be a female adaptation facilitating sperm sorting after mating, but the phenotype is very rare in nature. We manipulated the flies' developmental environment by food restriction, pesticides, and hot temperatures to investigate the nature and extent of developmental plasticity of this trait, and whether spermatheca expression correlates with measures of performance and developmental stability, as would be expected if 4S expression is a developmental aberration. The spermathecal polymorphism of yellow dung fly females is heritable, but also highly developmentally plastic, varying strongly with rearing conditions. 4S expression is tightly linked to growth rate, and weakly positively correlated with fluctuating asymmetry of wings and legs, suggesting that the production of a fourth spermatheca could be a nonadaptive developmental aberration. However, spermathecal plasticity is opposite in the closely related and ecologically similar <i>Scathophaga suilla</i>, demonstrating that overexpression of spermathecae under developmental stress is not universal. At the same time, we found overall mortality costs as well as benefits of 4S pheno- and genotypes (also affecting male siblings), suggesting that a life history trade-off may potentially moderate 4S expression. We conclude that the release of cryptic genetic variation in spermatheca number in the face of strong environmental variation may expose hidden traits (here reproductive morphology) to natural selection (here under climate warming or food augmentation). Once exposed, hidden traits can potentially undergo rapid genetic assimilation, even in cases when trait changes are first triggered by random errors that destabilize developmental processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"24 1-2","pages":"3-15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9285807/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39731644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issue information – TOC & Editorial and Subscription Page","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/ede.12345","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.12345","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"23 6","pages":"475-476"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ede.12345","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42074261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complex genetic architecture of three-dimensional craniofacial shape variation in domestic pigeons","authors":"Elena F. Boer,&nbsp;Emily T. Maclary,&nbsp;Michael D. Shapiro","doi":"10.1111/ede.12395","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.12395","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Deciphering the genetic basis of vertebrate craniofacial variation is a longstanding biological problem with broad implications in evolution, development, and human pathology. One of the most stunning examples of craniofacial diversification is the adaptive radiation of birds, in which the beak serves essential roles in virtually every aspect of their life histories. The domestic pigeon (<i>Columba livia</i>) provides an exceptional opportunity to study the genetic underpinnings of craniofacial variation because of its unique balance of experimental accessibility and extraordinary phenotypic diversity within a single species. We used traditional and geometric morphometrics to quantify craniofacial variation in an F₂ laboratory cross derived from the straight-beaked Pomeranian Pouter and curved-beak Scandaroon pigeon breeds. Using a combination of genome-wide quantitative trait locus scans and multi-locus modeling, we identified a set of genetic loci associated with complex shape variation in the craniofacial skeleton, including beak shape, braincase shape, and mandible shape. Some of these loci control coordinated changes between different structures, while others explain variation in the size and shape of specific skull and jaw regions. We find that in domestic pigeons, a complex blend of both independent and coupled genetic effects underlie three-dimensional craniofacial morphology.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"23 6","pages":"477-495"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0c/80/EDE-23-477.PMC9119316.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39607941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}