Evolution & Development最新文献

{"title":"Issue information – TOC & Editorial and Subscription Page","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/ede.12343","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.12343","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"23 4","pages":"267-268"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ede.12343","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47367010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What does modularity mean?","authors":"Miriam L. Zelditch,&nbsp;Anjali Goswami","doi":"10.1111/ede.12390","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.12390","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Modularity is now generally recognized as a fundamental feature of organisms, one that may have profound consequences for evolution. Modularity has recently become a major focus of research in organismal biology across multiple disciplines including genetics, developmental biology, functional morphology, population and evolutionary biology. While the wealth of new data, and also new theory, has provided exciting and novel insights, the concept of modularity has become increasingly ambiguous. That ambiguity is underlain by diverse intuitions about what modularity means, and the ambiguity is not merely about the meaning of the word—the metrics of modularity are measuring different properties and the methods for delimiting modules delimit them by different, sometimes conflicting criteria. The many definitions, metrics and methods can lead to substantial confusion not just about what modularity means as a word but also about what it means for evolution. Here we review various concepts, using graphical depictions of modules. We then review some of the metrics and methods for analyzing modularity at different levels. To place these in theoretical context, we briefly review theories about the origins and evolutionary consequences of modularity. Finally, we show how mismatches between concepts, metrics and methods can produce theoretical confusion, and how potentially illogical interpretations can be made sensible by a better match between definitions, metrics, and methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"23 5","pages":"377-403"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ede.12390","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39386834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recombination facilitates genetic assimilation of new traits in gene regulatory networks","authors":"Carlos Espinosa-Soto,&nbsp;Ulises Hernández,&nbsp;Yuridia S. Posadas-García","doi":"10.1111/ede.12391","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.12391","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A new phenotypic variant may appear first in organisms through plasticity, that is, as a response to an environmental signal or other nongenetic perturbation. If such trait is beneficial, selection may increase the frequency of alleles that enable and facilitate its development. Thus, genes may take control of such traits, decreasing dependence on nongenetic disturbances, in a process called genetic assimilation. Despite an increasing amount of empirical studies supporting genetic assimilation, its significance is still controversial. Whether genetic assimilation is widespread depends, to a great extent, on how easily mutation and recombination reduce the trait's dependence on nongenetic perturbations. Previous research suggests that this is the case for mutations. Here we use simulations of gene regulatory network dynamics to address this issue with respect to recombination. We find that recombinant offspring of parents that produce a new phenotype through plasticity are more likely to produce the same phenotype without requiring any perturbation. They are also prone to preserve the ability to produce that phenotype after genetic and nongenetic perturbations. Our work also suggests that ancestral plasticity can play an important role for setting the course that evolution takes. In sum, our results indicate that the manner in which phenotypic variation maps unto genetic variation facilitates evolution through genetic assimilation in gene regulatory networks. Thus, we contend that the importance of this evolutionary mechanism should not be easily neglected.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"23 5","pages":"459-473"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ede.12391","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39363218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of lbx spinal cord expression and function","authors":"José Luis Juárez-Morales,&nbsp;Frida Weierud,&nbsp;Samantha J. England,&nbsp;Celia Demby,&nbsp;Nicole Santos,&nbsp;Ginny Grieb,&nbsp;Sylvie Mazan,&nbsp;Katharine E. Lewis","doi":"10.1111/ede.12387","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.12387","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ladybird homeobox (Lbx) transcription factors have crucial functions in muscle and nervous system development in many animals. Amniotes have two <i>Lbx</i> genes, but only <i>Lbx1</i> is expressed in spinal cord. In contrast, teleosts have three <i>lbx</i> genes and we show here that zebrafish <i>lbx1a</i>, <i>lbx1b</i>, and <i>lbx2</i> are expressed by distinct spinal cell types, and that <i>lbx1a</i> is expressed in dI4, dI5, and dI6 interneurons, as in amniotes. Our data examining <i>lbx</i> expression in <i>Scyliorhinus canicula</i> and <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> suggest that the spinal interneuron expression of zebrafish <i>lbx1a</i> is ancestral, whereas <i>lbx1b</i> has acquired a new expression pattern in spinal cord progenitor cells. <i>lbx2</i> spinal expression was probably acquired in the ray-finned lineage, as this gene is not expressed in the spinal cords of either amniotes or <i>S. canicula</i>. We also show that the spinal function of zebrafish <i>lbx1a</i> is conserved with mouse Lbx1. In zebrafish <i>lbx1a</i> mutants, there is a reduction in the number of inhibitory spinal interneurons and an increase in the number of excitatory spinal interneurons, similar to mouse <i>Lbx1</i> mutants. Interestingly, the number of inhibitory spinal interneurons is also reduced in <i>lbx1b</i> mutants, although in this case the number of excitatory interneurons is not increased. <i>lbx1a;lbx1b</i> double mutants have a similar spinal interneuron phenotype to <i>lbx1a</i> single mutants. Taken together these data suggest that <i>lbx1b</i> and <i>lbx1a</i> may be required in succession for correct specification of dI4 and dI6 spinal interneurons, although only <i>lbx1a</i> is required for suppression of excitatory fates in these cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"23 5","pages":"404-422"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ede.12387","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39326228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inheritance of DNA methylation differences in the mangrove Rhizophora mangle","authors":"Jeannie Mounger,&nbsp;M. Teresa Boquete,&nbsp;Marc W. Schmid,&nbsp;Renan Granado,&nbsp;Marta H. Robertson,&nbsp;Sandy A. Voors,&nbsp;Kristen L. Langanke,&nbsp;Mariano Alvarez,&nbsp;Cornelis A. M. Wagemaker,&nbsp;Aaron W. Schrey,&nbsp;Gordon A. Fox,&nbsp;David B. Lewis,&nbsp;Catarina Fonseca Lira,&nbsp;Christina L. Richards","doi":"10.1111/ede.12388","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.12388","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The capacity to respond to environmental challenges ultimately relies on phenotypic variation which manifests from complex interactions of genetic and nongenetic mechanisms through development. While we know something about genetic variation and structure of many species of conservation importance, we know very little about the nongenetic contributions to variation. <i>Rhizophora mangle</i> is a foundation species that occurs in coastal estuarine habitats throughout the neotropics where it provides critical ecosystem functions and is potentially threatened by anthropogenic environmental changes. Several studies have documented landscape-level patterns of genetic variation in this species, but we know virtually nothing about the inheritance of nongenetic variation. To assess one type of nongenetic variation, we examined the patterns of DNA sequence and DNA methylation in maternal plants and offspring from natural populations of <i>R. mangle</i> from the Gulf Coast of Florida. We used a reduced representation bisulfite sequencing approach (epi-genotyping by sequencing; epiGBS) to address the following questions: (a) What are the levels of genetic and epigenetic diversity in natural populations of <i>R. mangle</i>? (b) How are genetic and epigenetic variation structured within and among populations? (c) How faithfully is epigenetic variation inherited? We found low genetic diversity but high epigenetic diversity from natural populations of maternal plants in the field. In addition, a large portion (up to ~25%) of epigenetic differences among offspring grown in common garden was explained by maternal family. Therefore, epigenetic variation could be an important source of response to challenging environments in the genetically depauperate populations of this foundation species.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"23 4","pages":"351-374"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ede.12388","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39303521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disentangling the correlated evolution of body size, life history, and ontogeny in miniaturized chelydroid turtles","authors":"Gerardo A. Cordero","doi":"10.1111/ede.12386","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.12386","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Organismal miniaturization is defined by a reduction in body size relative to a large ancestor. In vertebrate animals, miniaturization is achieved by suppressing the energetics of growth. However, this might interfere with reproductive strategies in egg-laying species with limited energy budgets for embryo growth and differentiation. In general, the extent to which miniaturization coincides with alterations in animal development remains obscure. To address the interplay among body size, life history, and ontogeny, miniaturization in chelydroid turtles was examined. The analyses corroborated that miniaturization in the Chelydroidea clade is underlain by a dampening of the ancestral growth trajectory. There were no associated shifts in the early sequence of developmental transformations, though the relative duration of organogenesis was shortened in miniaturized embryos. The size of eggs, hatchlings, and adults was positively correlated within Chelydroidea. A phylogenetically broader exploration revealed an alternative miniaturization mode wherein exceptionally large hatchlings grow minimally and thus attain diminutive adult sizes. Lastly, it is shown that miniaturized Chelydroidea turtles undergo accelerated ossification coupled with a ~10% reduction in shell bones. As in other vertebrates, the effects of miniaturization were not systemic, possibly owing to opposing functional demands and tissue geometric constraints. This underscores the integrated and hierarchical nature of developmental systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"23 5","pages":"439-458"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ede.12386","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39020174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolvability under climate change: Bone development and shape plasticity are heritable and correspond with performance in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)","authors":"Calum S. Campbell,&nbsp;Colin E. Adams,&nbsp;Colin W. Bean,&nbsp;Natalie Pilakouta,&nbsp;Kevin J. Parsons","doi":"10.1111/ede.12379","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.12379","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Environmental conditions can impact the development of phenotypes and in turn the performance of individuals. Climate change, therefore, provides a pressing need to extend our understanding of how temperature will influence phenotypic variation. To address this, we assessed the impact of increased temperatures on ecologically significant phenotypic traits in Arctic charr (<i>Salvelinus alpinus</i>). We raised Arctic charr at 5°C and 9°C to simulate a predicted climate change scenario and examined temperature-induced variation in ossification, bone metabolism, skeletal morphology, and escape response. Fish reared at 9°C exhibited less cartilage and bone development at the same developmental stage, but also higher bone metabolism in localized regions. The higher temperature treatment also resulted in significant differences in craniofacial morphology, changes in the degree of variation, and fewer vertebrae. Both temperature regime and vertebral number affected escape response performance, with higher temperature leading to decreased latency. These findings demonstrate that climate change has the potential to impact development through multiple routes with the potential for plasticity and the release of cryptic genetic variation to have strong impacts on function through ecological performance and survival.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"23 4","pages":"333-350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ede.12379","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38928248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issue information – TOC & Editorial and Subscription Page","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/ede.12342","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.12342","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"23 3","pages":"117-118"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ede.12342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41464164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From deep roots to new blooms: The ever-growing field of evo–devo across land plants","authors":"Stacey D. Smith,&nbsp;Benjamin K. Blackman","doi":"10.1111/ede.12378","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.12378","url":null,"abstract":"At its core, the field of evolutionary developmental biology aims to understand how morphological innovations arise. Do new structures require new toolkits or can they be made by tweaking existing ones (Brakefield, 2011; Della Pina et al., 2014)? Are certain loci or types of mutations more likely to contribute to phenotypic evolution (Sobel & Streisfeld, 2013; Stern & Orgogozo, 2008)? To what degree do convergently evolved traits rely on the same underlying mechanisms and can we predict when such molecular and developmental convergence is likely to occur (Martin & Orgogozo, 2013)? Addressing these questions requires a comparative approach, from the studies of sister taxa where trait divergence has recently occurred to comparisons across entire phyla to understand features that only vary at the deepest scales. Botany has a long history of comparative developmental research (Endress et al., 2000), and placing this line of research in the context of the fossil record has built an increasingly clear picture of major innovations spread across the plant phylogeny (Harrison, 2017; Rothwell et al., 2014). One perhaps surprising theme that has emerged from our growing understanding of plant evolutionary history is the degree to which major innovations have evolved multiple times. For example, leaves and roots independently evolved in the lycophytes (club mosses and allies) and the euphyllophytes (ferns and seed plants) (Spencer et al., 2021). Similarly, colorful fleshy structures surrounding seeds to enhance dispersal have evolved in both gymnosperms and in angiosperms (Di Stilio & Ickert‐Bond, 2021; Figure 1). These striking instances of convergent evolution raise the question of whether these repeated innovations drew from conserved mechanisms, present in the common ancestors of these lineages hundreds of millions of years in the past. Probing the possibility of such deep homology (Shubin et al., 2009) has become an important focus for plant evo‐devo research and led to significant efforts to develop genomic resources and molecular tools across diverse plant lineages. As study organisms, plants present some exceptional benefits, such as the ease of clonal propagation, the ability to self‐fertilize (in some taxa), the large numbers of offspring (in some taxa), and the wide crossability among species, often spanning different genera. Nevertheless, studying plant diversity beyond Arabidopsis frequently means overcoming a range of technical and computational challenges, from developing species‐specific tissue culture and regeneration for transformation to assembling large, repetitive and/or highly heterozygous genomes. Indeed, the cells of the monocot Paris japonica are stuffed with the largest known eukaryotic genome, a 149 Gb goliath that is roughly 50 times the size of the human genome (Pellicer et al., 2010). Despite these challenges, comparative research in plant developmental biology promises new insights into a range of longstanding areas of interest","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"23 3","pages":"119-122"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ede.12378","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38970542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrative developmental biology in the age of anthropogenic change","authors":"Thomas J. Sanger","doi":"10.1111/ede.12377","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ede.12377","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Humans are changing and challenging nature in many ways. Conservation Biology seeks to limit human impacts on nature and preserve biological diversity. Traditionally, Developmental Biology and Conservation Biology have had nonoverlapping objectives, operating in distinct spheres of biological science. However, this chasm can and should be filled to help combat the emerging challenges of the 21st century. The means by which to accomplish this goal were already established within the conceptual framework of evo- and eco-devo and can be further expanded to address the ways that anthropogenic disturbance affect embryonic development. Herein, I describe ways that these approaches can be used to advance the study of reptilian embryos. More specifically, I explore the ways that a developmental perspective can advance ongoing studies of embryonic physiology in the context of global warming and chemical pollution, both of which are known stressors of reptilian embryos. I emphasize ways that these developmental perspectives can inform conservation biologists trying to develop management practices that will address the complexity of challenges facing reptilian embryos.</p>","PeriodicalId":12083,"journal":{"name":"Evolution & Development","volume":"23 4","pages":"320-332"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/ede.12377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25587725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}