European Journal of Soil Science最新文献

{"title":"Vegetation Restoration Affects SOC Stability in Topsoil and Subsoil in Zoige Grassland, Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","authors":"Yanting Xiong,&nbsp;Han Zhang,&nbsp;Mengdi Xie,&nbsp;Zhengqiang Xu,&nbsp;Chanhua Ma,&nbsp;Ahmad Latif Virk,&nbsp;Jie Hong,&nbsp;Lv Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaolu Tang","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70422","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejss.70422","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Vegetation restoration has been evidenced as a crucial practice to improve soil organic carbon (SOC) content in grassland. However, the impacts of vegetation restoration on SOC chemical stability and its regulation mechanisms are not fully understood, particularly on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. To address this knowledge gap, we assessed the effects of vegetation restoration after 6 years on SOC chemical stability at the 0–10, 10–30, and 30–50 cm layers in the Zoige alpine grassland, using ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The results showed that vegetation restoration increased SOC contents across soil layers. However, vegetation restoration induced different responses of SOC chemical stability across soil depths. In the 0–10 cm layer, vegetation restoration decreased SOC chemical stability by increasing abundances of lignin and cellulose degradation genes by 19%–40%, which accelerated the decomposition of Aromatic carbon (C) and reduced the Aromatic C/O-Alkyl C ratio. Conversely, vegetation restoration increased SOC chemical stability at the 10–30 and 30–50 cm layers due to the increased abundance of C-fixation genes. Such increase elevated the accumulation of Alkyl C and Aromatic C but reduced O-Alkyl C contents, leading to an increase of the Alkyl C/O-Alkyl C and Aromatic C/O-Alkyl C ratios by 56% and 48%. These results confirmed that vegetation restoration shapes vertical patterns in SOC chemical stability by increasing the functional potential of C-degradation genes in the 0–10 cm layer and enhancing C-fixation genes in the 10–50 cm layer. These findings highlight the vertical heterogeneity of SOC chemical stability following vegetation restoration and emphasize that layer-specific dynamics should be considered when predicting long-term SOC sequestration.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"77 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Manuring-Based Systems and Nutrient Management Interactions Modulate Aggregate CN Stoichiometry, Soil C-Stock, and Crop Yield","authors":"Santanu Kundu,&nbsp;Vijay Pooniya,&nbsp;Dinesh Kumar,&nbsp;R. R. Zhiipao,&nbsp;Anamika Barman,&nbsp;Y. S. Shivay,&nbsp;Suman Dutta,&nbsp;Amrit L. Meena,&nbsp;Nilutpal Saikia,&nbsp;Niraj Biswakarma,&nbsp;Kajal Das","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70417","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejss.70417","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Chemical-intensive agriculture poses significant threats to human and soil health. One of the primary pathways of soil degradation is the loss of soil organic C through aggregate degradation. However, the long-term interaction effect of diversified cropping systems and nutrient management (NM) options on soil aggregation, associated C accrual, and their regulatory factors remain insufficiently explored. These aspects are important for sustaining the crop productivity and environmental health. Therefore, a long-term fixed-plot experiment (2003–2024) involving organic and conventional NM was undertaken. The individual and interaction effects of green manure (GM)-based cropping systems (i.e., System I: <i>Sesbania aculeata</i> GM-based rotation and System II: Mungbean GM-based rotation) and NM practices were assessed to understand soil C stabilization processes and 5 years' rice–wheat yield dynamics (2019–2020 to 2023–2024) in both systems. Results demonstrated that organic NM promoted the formation of macro- (MaA) and meso- (MeA) aggregates and increased their associated C and N contents. The synergistic interaction between System I (rice–wheat–<i>Sesbania</i>) and organic NM (farmyard manure [FYM] + crop residue [CR] ± biofertilizers [BF]) resulted in significantly higher C accumulation in MaA and MeA compared with conventional chemical NM. Consequently, a higher C preservation capacity was found in MaA and MeA. Notably, passive C (less-labile + nonlabile) accounted for over half of the total entrapped C. In addition, the retention of CR along with organic manures having a high C<span></span>N ratio enhanced top and subsoil C-stocks. The higher C<span></span>N ratio of the topsoil larger aggregates was positively correlated with higher C acquisition within aggregates. Based on the findings, long-term organic NM integrating FYM, CR, and BF, coupled with <i>Sesbania</i> green manuring, could be recommended to enhance large-aggregate stability and to promote C and N stabilization within aggregates. This practice could improve soil structure, C-stock and fertility, while sustaining higher rice–wheat productivity.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"77 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate–Soil–Management Interactions Regulate Soil Organic Carbon in West African Agricultural Soils","authors":"Samuel Ayodele Mesele,&nbsp;E. Jeroen Huising,&nbsp;Abosede B. Babatunde,&nbsp;Poulouma Louis Yameogo,&nbsp;Olufunmilayo T. Ande,&nbsp;Edward Yeboah,&nbsp;Codjo Emile Agbangba,&nbsp;Gbénonchi Mawussi,&nbsp;Addam Kiari Saidou,&nbsp;James O. Jayeoba,&nbsp;Aliou Faye,&nbsp;Mohamed M. Vall,&nbsp;Jibrin M. Jibrin","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70418","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejss.70418","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Soil organic carbon (SOC) regulation in West African agricultural soils remains poorly constrained because climatic, mineralogical, nutrient and management controls are often evaluated separately. This study assessed the integrated controls of SOC using 749 harmonised observations of 0–20 cm soils from agricultural lands across eight West African countries. Climatic predictors included mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual temperature (MAT), while edaphic variables included clay, Fe and Al oxides, cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH and total nitrogen (N). Management indicators comprised crop residue retention, manure application, fertiliser use and erosion status. Hierarchical regression, interaction modelling, variance partitioning and XGBoost with SHAP interpretation were used to evaluate additive, conditional and nonlinear controls. The final interaction model explained 75.9% of SOC variability, outperforming climate-only, edaphic + <i>N</i> and management-only models. MAP was the dominant climatic predictor, whereas MAT had no independent main effect. Fe oxides, Al oxides, CEC and N were positively associated with SOC, indicating the importance of mineral stabilisation and carbon–nitrogen coupling. Significant interactions among MAP × Fe oxides, MAT × pH, MAP × crop residue and MAP × erosion indicated that SOC responses depended on soil and management conditions. XGBoost confirmed strong SOC–N coupling, while a sensitivity model excluding N retained strong predictive performance (<i>R</i>² = 0.78) and identified MAP, Al oxides, Fe oxides, pH and CEC as major predictors. Variance partitioning showed that climatic, edaphic and management domains contributed both unique and shared explanatory fractions. Overall, SOC variability in West African agricultural soils is best explained by interacting processes of moisture-driven carbon input, mineral stabilisation, nutrient coupling and management context.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"77 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Temporal UAV Surveys and Modelling of Soil Erosion in the Ca l'Isard Catchment, NE Spain","authors":"Ona Torra,&nbsp;Marcel Hürlimann,&nbsp;Càrol Puig-Polo,&nbsp;Felipe Buill,&nbsp;Caroline Le Bouteiller,&nbsp;Coline Ariagno,&nbsp;Jérôme Latron","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70412","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejss.70412","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates seasonal sediment dynamics in highly active Mediterranean mountain badlands by integrating multi-temporal Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV) surveys, and landscape evolution modelling (LEM) in the Ca l'Isard catchment (NE Spain). Four years (2020–2024) of high-resolution topographic data obtained from UAV revealed a consistent seasonal pattern; winter sediment accumulation (more than 0.5 m in incised channels), followed by summer export. In this sense, intense rainfall events are identified as the main drivers of soil detachment within the system. However, sediment transport through the drainage network towards the outlet points depends on the generation of sufficient runoff capable of mobilizing and transferring the previously detached material. The catchment exhibited an average substantial sediment yields (42–105 T/km² year), with interannual variability strongly linked to seasonal patterns. The LEM, calibrated using UAV-derived digital elevation models (DEMs), successfully replicated observed fluxes at both gully (1000 m²) and catchment scales (1.32 km²). The model correctly captured the annual and seasonal sediment dynamics, revealing strong Pearson correlations (0.7) between modelled and monitored data. Minor discrepancies emerged during extreme high-intensity rainfall events. Our findings demonstrate that badland erosion is governed by climatic factors (i.e., freezing–thawing cycles, high intensity rainfalls) and highlight the value of coupling field monitoring with process-based modelling to successfully analyse sediment dynamics in rapidly eroding badlands. Moreover, this framework provides a transferable approach for quantifying sediment dynamics in similar mountain regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"77 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejss.70412","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear Response of Soil Hydrothermal Processes to Rock Fragment Content: Evidence From Soil Column Experiments","authors":"Xiangqing Yu,&nbsp;Xiaoming Lai,&nbsp;Yongwu Wang,&nbsp;Yifan Luan,&nbsp;Kaihua Liao,&nbsp;Qing Zhu","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70420","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejss.70420","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Rock fragments (RFs; mineral particles with diameter ≥ 2 mm) are a ubiquitous component of soils and strongly influence hydrothermal processes by altering pore structure and physical properties. However, the nonlinear and dynamic responses of soil hydrothermal processes to variations in rock fragment content (RFC) remain poorly understood. In this study, controlled soil column experiments were conducted using five RFC levels (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 kg kg⁻¹) to investigate soil hydrothermal dynamics during sequential moistening and heating events. Soil water content (SWC) and soil temperature (ST) were continuously monitored at 10 and 20 cm depths to quantify key hydrological and thermal response indicators. The results showed clear nonlinear responses of both hydrological and thermal processes to RFC. SWC, moistening-induced increment in SWC (ΔSWC), wetting front velocity (V_wf), ST, heating-induced increment in ST (ΔST), and temperature peak difference (ΔPst) all increased initially and then decreased with increasing RFC, whereas temperature response time lag (ΔTst) showed the opposite trend. Most indicators exhibited response transitions around RFC = 0.2 kg kg⁻¹, suggesting enhanced water and heat transfer under intermediate RFC conditions. These responses were accompanied by concurrent changes in soil pore structure and associated hydraulic and thermal properties, including total porosity, air-entry value, hydraulic conductivity, and thermal diffusivity. At intermediate RFC levels, RFs may improve pore connectivity and maintain a more favorable balance between water retention and air-filled porosity, thereby promoting water movement and heat transfer within the soil profile. In contrast, higher RFC levels were associated with lower pore continuity and higher air-filled porosity, which may weaken both hydrological and thermal responses. Overall, the results indicate that RFC regulates coupled soil water and heat transfer through its effects on pore structure and associated transport properties under controlled conditions. These findings provide experimental evidence and process-based insights for improving the representation of hydrothermal processes in RF-rich soils within land surface models.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"77 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148883519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water Use Strategies of Pure Versus Mixed Plantations Under Degradation in Edge Shelterbelt of the Kubuqi Desert, China","authors":"Jianbo Liu,&nbsp;Bing Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaoyun Zhang,&nbsp;Yue Guo,&nbsp;Xiaojuan Zhang,&nbsp;Weiwei Fang,&nbsp;Zongshan Li","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70416","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejss.70416","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>China's “Three-North” Shelterbelt Program is strategically vital for combating desertification. Yet, persistent drought and water stress have degraded both pure and mixed forests, shifting their water use strategies; However, the underlying interaction mechanisms remain unclear. This study employed hydrogen-oxygen isotope technology to elucidate the coupled effects of afforestation patterns (Pure vs. Mixed) and degradation degrees (Light vs. Severe) on <i>poplar</i> water use strategies in the north “edge” shelterbelt of the Kubuqi Desert in China. The results showed: (1) Soil water in plantations was shaped by afforestation patterns and degradation. In pure plantations, severe degradation increased water loss in shallow (0–120 cm) and deep (200–400 cm) layers; in mixed plantations, it raised soil water across (0–300 cm). Furthermore, mixed plantations always had higher shallow (0–120 cm) but lower deep (300–400 cm) water than pure plantations, while middle-layer (120–300 cm) water varied markedly with degradations. (2) Under light degradation, <i>poplars</i> water source was 80–350 cm in pure and 100–250 cm in mixed plantations. Severe degradation shifted intersection down to 100–400 cm for pure and up to 40–120 cm for mixed plantations, implying pure plantations absorbed deeper, mixed plantations shallower with intensification. (3) The main water uptake depth of pure plantations shifted from 200 to 300 cm (78.4%) under light degradation to 300–400 cm (47.7%) under severe degradation. For mixed plantations, the pattern shifted from the balanced utilization of the 120–400 cm layer (83.2%) to a dual-source utilization of 0–120 cm (41.8%) and 300–400 cm (49.0%). In particular, afforestation patterns and degradation degrees have the greatest impact on the absorption and utilization of 200–300 cm soil water, with the contribution rate ranging from 4.10% to 78.4% (89.42% of coefficient of variation). This study found that as degradation intensified, pure plantations formed a “deep-layer conservative” strategy, while mixed plantations developed a “shallow-deep flexible” strategy. Mixed plantations can better cope with the risk of forest degradation, maintaining higher water conservation capacity and diversified soil water use strategies, which provided a theoretical basis for the precise restoration and water management of degraded plantations in arid regions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"77 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncertainty Quantification in Soil Gas Fluxes: Reducing the user's Arbitrariness","authors":"Alex Naoki Asato Kobayashi,&nbsp;Clément Roques,&nbsp;Daniel Hunkeler,&nbsp;Philip Brunner","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70415","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejss.70415","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Chamber-based methods are essential field techniques for monitoring soil greenhouse gas (GHG) worldwide, providing key quantitative insights into total carbon stock fluxes and are essential to assess the impacts of climate change. Both commercial chambers with high-resolution gas analyzers and low-cost alternative systems have been widely deployed. However, the operation of all systems introduces biases either during the monitoring, by local disturbances, or during the data postprocessing with user-defined decisions that may contribute to uncertainties in flux estimates and limit comparability across studies. In this paper, we develop a new Flux Calculation Schema (FCS) specifically designed to minimize user arbitrariness by introducing flexible time parameters (deadband and cutoff) that are optimized using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) framework. This adaptive approach accounts for variations in chamber designs and environmental conditions, while quantifying system uncertainty. Using synthetic datasets, we demonstrate that the FCS reduces bias from user-defined settings and provides robust uncertainty estimates under both commercial and low-cost configurations. We further demonstrate the practical benefits of the approach using a field case application, where the FCS provides uncertainty-aware flux estimates under heterogeneous conditions and highlights when instrument limitations or transient disturbances dominate the inferred signal. This enables transparent quality control, supports reproducible post-processing across deployments, and improves comparability of flux time series collected with different monitoring solutions. By moving toward a stochastic workflow, this method improves uncertainty-aware quantification of chamber-based soil gas fluxes and offers scalable, reproducible post-processing as high-frequency, continuous measurements become more widely available.</p>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"77 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejss.70415","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gram-Negative Bacteria and Fungi Govern Photosynthetic Carbon Transformation in Moss Biocrusts of the Mu Us Sandland","authors":"Jingwen Pang,&nbsp;Man Jiang,&nbsp;Chongfeng Bu,&nbsp;Wenxin Zhang,&nbsp;Yingxin Wei,&nbsp;Xinhao Li,&nbsp;Shufang Wu,&nbsp;Kadambot H. M. Siddique","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70413","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejss.70413","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Photosynthetic carbon fixed by moss crusts is a major carbon input to desert ecosystems. Understanding its transformation within moss crusts is crucial for revealing the mechanisms of desert soil carbon cycling and assessing carbon source–sink dynamics. Here, an in situ ¹³CO₂ pulse-labeling experiment was conducted in the Mu Us Sandland to investigate the transformation of photosynthetic carbon in moss crust–soil systems. Samples of moss plant tissue, soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were collected at 1, 4, 10, 22, 35, 50, and 70 days after labeling to quantify changes in ¹³C atom percent excess and absolute ¹³C content. Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) were also analyzed to identify microbial groups involved in carbon transformation. The results showed that (1) photosynthetic carbon exhibited a clear decreasing trend with soil depth, following the order: moss plant tissue (80.72‰) &gt; crust layer (−5.51‰) &gt; underlying soil layer (−25.70‰); (2) ¹³C in MBC peaked on Day 1 then declined, while ¹³C in SOC gradually increased, reaching its maximum on Day 35; (3) PLFA markers for Gram-negative (G−) bacteria and fungi increased significantly after labeling, both peaking on Day 35; and (4) redundancy analysis revealed significant positive correlations between G− bacteria and fungi with ¹³C-SOC, and negative correlations with ¹³C-MBC. G− bacteria and fungi were the primary drivers of photosynthetic carbon transformation, contributing 34.1% and 20.6% of the explained variance in the RDA, respectively. Overall, photosynthetic carbon was progressively transformed from MBC into stable SOC, highlighting the efficacy of the soil microbial carbon pump (MCP) through the accumulation of microbial necromass during moss biocrust development, with G− bacteria and fungi playing dominant roles.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"77 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Straw Incorporation Reduces Soil CO2 Emission Increments Caused by Rainfall Events","authors":"Mengdi Yang,&nbsp;Xiaogang Li,&nbsp;Wanwan Lv,&nbsp;Kedan Lu,&nbsp;Shengli Guo,&nbsp;Rui Wang","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70410","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejss.70410","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Deep straw incorporation, as a sustainable agricultural practice, reduces carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and mitigates global warming. CO₂ dynamics across soil layers are influenced by the vertical distribution of soil moisture, especially in the context of frequent extreme rainfall events. However, CO₂ dynamic responses to varying soil moisture under deep straw incorporation remain poorly understood. Here, two rainfall patterns (30 events of 10 mm each and 4 events of 75 mm each) and three straw incorporation treatments (CK: without straw incorporation, shallow: straw incorporation into 0–20 cm layer, and deep: straw incorporation into 0–40 cm layer) were established in a soil column simulation experiment. CO₂ concentrations, CO₂ fluxes, soil moisture, readily oxidizable organic carbon (ROC), and microbial extracellular enzyme activities were measured during the experimental period. The cumulative CO₂ emissions of deep straw incorporation decreased by 26.4%–36.3%, while the average CO₂ concentration in 20–40 cm of deep straw incorporation was 36.3%–82.3% higher than that of shallow straw incorporation. The increment of cumulative CO₂ emissions derived from 75 mm rainfall events under deep straw incorporation (15.5%–16.6%) was less than that under shallow straw incorporation (20.6%–23.8%). Meanwhile, the ratio of CO₂-C to straw-C inputs decreased from 16.9% to 36.4% under shallow straw incorporation to 8.6%–17.6% under deep straw incorporation when stimulated by 75 mm rainfall events. Deep straw incorporation enhanced CO₂ concentrations of 20–40 cm through increased extracellular enzyme activities and ROC content, yet the 0–20 cm layer acted as a barrier that impeded upward CO₂ transport. The synergistic effect of straw incorporation and 75 mm rainfall induced a CO₂ concentration pulse in 0–20 cm and more intense emissions to the atmosphere under shallow incorporation. Our findings elucidate that deep straw incorporation is beneficial to C sink in rainfed agroecosystems, providing new insights for straw management practices under climate change.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"77 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148860919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Warming × Nitrogen Interactions Across Soil Biological and Biogeochemical Functions: A Factorial Meta-Analysis","authors":"Jiayang Zong,&nbsp;Jiayuan Wang,&nbsp;Xiangyang Sun,&nbsp;Chenchen Wang","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70411","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejss.70411","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Climate warming and anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment are concurrent global-change drivers that may alter soil biological and biogeochemical functions, yet whether their combined effects represent true non-additive interactions remains unresolved. We conducted a factorial meta-analysis of experiments containing complete control, warming treatment (W), nitrogen addition treatment (N), and combined warming plus nitrogen treatment (WN). The primary dataset included 26 independent experimental platforms and 1774 effect sizes. Individual treatment effects, the combined treatment effect, and the true W × <i>N</i> interaction were estimated separately; cluster-robust variance estimation used the CR2 small-sample correction (CR2), and response variables were classified into six soil functional modules. In the primary dataset, W (+2.15%), N (+3.44%), and WN (+5.84%) produced weak positive pooled responses, whereas the combined treatment became significant only in the expanded dataset (+7.15%, <i>p</i> = 0.020). The overall W × <i>N</i> interaction remained near zero across the strict, primary, and expanded datasets; in the primary dataset it was −0.54% (95% confidence interval, −4.51% to 3.59%; <i>p</i> = 0.794), indicating that the stronger combined response was largely consistent with additivity on the natural-log response ratio (lnRR) scale. Module-level responses nevertheless diverged. Microbial attributes showed a consistent negative interaction (−11.01%, <i>p</i> = 0.001; CR2 <i>p</i> = 0.045), driven mainly by microbial biomass. Carbon-pool variables showed a recurrent but uncertain positive tendency (+7.81%, <i>p</i> = 0.043) because heterogeneity was high, an Egger-type test indicated a potential small-study effect, and the estimate remained positive but non-significant after excluding methodologically complex variables (+6.93%, <i>p</i> = 0.134). Enzyme-related variables tended positive, whereas flux and transformation processes tended negative. Excluding soil pH, stoichiometric ratios, and percentage-based indices shifted the overall interaction from −0.54% to −1.87% (a 1.33-percentage-point change) while preserving the near-zero inference and principal module directions. Overall additivity therefore masked process-dependent responses among soil functional components.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"77 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148860921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}