European Journal of Soil Science最新文献

{"title":"Soil Health, Crop Yield and Carbon Footprint Trade-Offs Between Conservation and Conventional Farming: A Case Study","authors":"Christoph Rosinger,&nbsp;Golo Gotthalmseder,&nbsp;Gernot Bodner,&nbsp;Katharina M. Keiblinger,&nbsp;Stefan J. Forstner,&nbsp;Taru Sandén,&nbsp;Giacomo Ferretti,&nbsp;Moltinë Prebibaj,&nbsp;Reinhard W. Neugschwandtner,&nbsp;Hans-Peter Kaul","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.70194","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Transitioning towards soil health-oriented farming systems is fundamental to mitigate future challenges such as climate change, soil degradation, and increasing global food demands. In this study, we evaluated soil health, crop yields, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at a long-term experimental site in Central Europe that comprised two cropping systems: a conventional system with regular tillage, low-diversity crop rotation, and minimal cover cropping, and a conservation system with shallow tillage, diverse crop rotation, and extensive cover cropping. We assessed soil health using 13 physico-chemical and biological parameters, calculated field-scale GHG emissions, and analysed yield dynamics over an eight-year period to evaluate potential crop yield penalties under conservation farming. We observed significant soil health advances (+7%) and reductions in GHG emissions (−43%) with conservation farming, while crop yields for all cultivated crops remained stable. Improvements in soil health were particularly pronounced for nitrogen cycling and microbial-driven processes. For several measured soil health parameters, we found a larger effect of crop species compared to farming system. Further, positive management effects on soil were apparent particularly for winter wheat and to a lesser extent for maize and sugar beet, strongly emphasizing the need for standardized soil health assessments that take crop species into account. Our study demonstrates that easily implementable conservation farming measures such as reduced tillage, increased crop diversity, and enhanced cover cropping can substantially improve soil health and long-term agricultural sustainability without compromising crop yields. Conservation farming thus emerges as a viable strategy to support resilient crop production in temperate regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"76 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bsssjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejss.70194","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FeOx-Driven Soil Aggregation Boosts MAOC Accumulation and POC Protection in Subtropical Mixed Conifer–Broadleaf Forests","authors":"Zhengui Han,&nbsp;Yunchao Zhou,&nbsp;Yingli Guo,&nbsp;Han Liu,&nbsp;Qianbin Cao","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.70197","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The conversion of pure coniferous plantations to coniferous–broadleaf mixed forests increases the organic carbon (OC) content of soil and aggregates; however, the mechanisms of OC retention through soil aggregation remain inadequately understood. We selectively removed Fe oxides and OC from soil of both poorly aggregated (pure coniferous plantation) and well aggregated (mixed forest) soil systems. The mechanism of particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) sequestration in Fe oxide soil aggregation under broadleaf transformation was studied. The removal of Fe oxides broke the macroaggregates into microaggregates and &lt; silt + clay fractions and revealed the attachment and entanglement effects of plant residues encapsulated by macroaggregates on soil particles, whereas plant residue decomposition maximised the degree of macroaggregate fragmentation (64.8%–100%). These results indicate that POC self-isolates and that the presence of Fe oxides further enhances POC physical occlusion during soil aggregation. The extent of this physical protection provided by Fe oxides follows the order: free Fe (Fe_D) &gt; amorphous Fe (Fe_O) &gt; complex Fe (Fe_P). Specifically, Fe_O and Fe_P promote macroaggregate formation through organic–inorganic complexes (MAOC formation) to enhance POC physical occlusion, whereas Fe_D predominantly forms inorganic–inorganic complexes. Microaggregate formation and MAOC accumulation occurred simultaneously through organic–inorganic interactions with various Fe oxide forms. These processes enhanced soil aggregation and were accompanied by significant accumulation of POC (80.2%–169.8%) and MAOC (41.1%–137.3%) after stand conversion (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). These findings indicate that improved soil aggregation capacity mediated by Fe oxides during forest conversion promotes POC and MAOC accumulation through distinct Fe oxide-specific aggregation mechanisms.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"76 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “SoilManageR—An R Package for Deriving Soil Management Indicators to Harmonise Agricultural Practice Assessments”","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70191","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejss.70191","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Heller, O., A. Chervet, F. Durand-Maniclas, et al. 2025. “SoilManageR—An R Package for Deriving Soil Management Indicators to Harmonise Agricultural Practice Assessments.” <i>European Journal of Soil Science</i> 76: e70102. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.70102.</p><p>The error was limited to the manuscript and did not occur in the underlying calculations and the software package. Therefore, the correction of Equation (3) does not affect any of the presented data, results or interpretations.</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"76 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bsssjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejss.70191","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145035373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable and Resilient Agroecosystems Need Complexity of Soil Food Webs and Multivariate Soil Health Indicators","authors":"Jennifer Michel,&nbsp;Iñaki Balanzategui-Guijarro,&nbsp;Da Cao,&nbsp;Philippe Hinsinger,&nbsp;Jacques Le Gouis,&nbsp;Jordi Moya-Laraño,&nbsp;Sara Sánchez-Moreno,&nbsp;Sarah Symanczik,&nbsp;Hervé Vanderschuren,&nbsp;Dominique Van Der Straeten,&nbsp;Matthias Waibel,&nbsp;Markus Weinmann,&nbsp;Cécile Thonar,&nbsp;Pierre Delaplace","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70192","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejss.70192","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We need to adapt crop species and agricultural practices to produce high quantities of quality food for a growing world population, while also reducing the negative impact of agriculture on the environment to meet the targets of the Paris Agreement. It is increasingly recognised that healthy soils are at the heart of this endeavour, sustaining global geochemical cycles and the productivity of most terrestrial ecosystems. This ability of soils to support essential ecosystem services like nutrient cycling arises from diverse communities of soil organisms. Many ecosystem services are a function of how these soil organisms interact with each other, with the aboveground plant species and with the physio-chemical soil matrix. Here, we argue that multiple ecosystem processes and climate change resilience rely on diverse plant and soil communities with complex interactions among various actors carrying out complementary functions, rather than on individual indicator species on their own. We highlight areas of research which could be expanded to advance our understanding from single-species studies to the functional complexity of soil food webs and its integration into land management strategies with the aim to improve the resilience and sustainability of essential terrestrial ecosystems and the services they provide to the human population.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"76 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145035375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scientific Indicators and Stakeholders' Perceptions on Soil Threats in France: How Do They Compare?","authors":"Eloise Mason,&nbsp;Sophie Cornu,&nbsp;Claire Froger,&nbsp;Nicolas P. A. Saby,&nbsp;Claire Chenu","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70190","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejss.70190","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soils are under multiple threats, with varying levels of intensity and nature across different areas. It is therefore important to assess the soil threat level. To do so, scientific indicators have been developed, but their implementation at the country level can be challenging. As stakeholders have good knowledge of soil conditions, stakeholders' perceptions on soil threats could be used as a complementary indicator. The objective of this paper is to explore this possibility focusing on the five soil threats considered by stakeholders as the most important at the European level: erosion, artificialisation, compaction, soil organic carbon (SOC) loss and contamination. A participatory stakeholder consultation conducted in France in 2021 yielded 1444 responses. We elaborated stakeholders' perception maps at the departmental scale, which we compared with scientific indicator maps per soil threat. Our findings indicate that stakeholders consider artificialisation the most important soil threat in France. The spatial distribution of soil threats based on stakeholders' perceptions and scientific indicators matches in 43% of the departments for SOC loss, and in over half of the departments for erosion (50%), compaction (51%), artificialisation (63%) and contamination (74%). The differences can be attributed to higher stakeholders' perception compared to scientific indicators for erosion, SOC loss and contamination. Conversely, for artificialisation and compaction, these differences can be attributed to lower stakeholders' perception than the scientific indicators. Moreover, certain scientific indicators assess the threat only partially, whereas stakeholders may perceive the threat differently or as a whole. When biases in the scientific assessment, stakeholders' perception or comparison are taken into consideration, stakeholders' perceptions can be used as a tool to complement existing scientific indicators.</p>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"76 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bsssjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejss.70190","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145035374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Physicochemical Properties on Soil Water Vapour Sorption Kinetics","authors":"Zizheng Deng,&nbsp;Chong Chen,&nbsp;Xue Song,&nbsp;Jianying Shang,&nbsp;Hu Zhou","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70195","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejss.70195","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Soil water vapour sorption kinetics is of great significance to understanding the soil water cycle and soil water vapour movement in arid areas. However, the differences and influencing factors of soil water vapour sorption kinetics in different adsorption processes are still not completely clear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the soil water vapour adsorption/desorption rates (<i>R</i>_a/<i>R</i>_d) for various water activity (<i>a</i>_w) levels and to identify the key factors affecting these rates. In this study, we determined the change of <i>R</i>_a and <i>R</i>_d with <i>a</i>_w and the <i>R</i>_a and <i>R</i>_d during the monolayer adsorption (<i>a</i>_w = 0.05–0.02, <i>R</i>_a0 and <i>R</i>_d0), multilayer adsorption (<i>a</i>_w = 0.2–0.6, <i>R</i>_am and <i>R</i>_dm), and condensation (<i>a</i>_w = 0.6–0.93, <i>R</i>_ac and <i>R</i>_dc) processes for eight mineral soils with different clay contents and mineralogies using a fully-automated AquaLab Vapour Sorption Analyser in dynamic dewpoint isotherm (DDI) mode. Across the entire <i>a</i>_w range, the <i>R</i>_a varied from 2.18 × 10⁻⁵ to 1.85 × 10⁻⁴ g g⁻¹ min⁻¹, and the <i>R</i>_d varied from 2.23 × 10⁻⁵ to 3.93 × 10⁻⁴ g g⁻¹ min⁻¹. The adsorption rate was in the order of <i>R</i>_a0 &gt; <i>R</i>_am&gt;<i>R</i>_ac, and the desorption rate was in the order of <i>R</i>_dc&gt;<i>R</i>_dm &gt; <i>R</i>_d0. The ratios of adsorption and desorption rates <i>R</i>_a0/<i>R</i>_d0, <i>R</i>_am/<i>R</i>_dm, and <i>R</i>_ac/<i>R</i>_dc are 2.82, 0.97, and 0.48, respectively. The monolayer adsorption rate exceeded its desorption rate, while multilayer adsorption exhibited comparable kinetics to desorption. Adsorption kinetics during capillary condensation exhibited significant retardation compared to desorption dynamics. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and total specific surface area (SSA) were significant determinants of adsorption–desorption kinetic parameters (<i>R</i>_a0, <i>R</i>_d0, <i>R</i>_am, <i>R</i>_dm, and <i>R</i>_ac), whereas pore volume (PV) and clay content showed no statistically significant correlation with these kinetic metrics. In contrast, clay content, external SSA, and PV emerged as key factors affecting the <i>R</i>_ac, while CEC and total SSA exhibited negligible influence on this parameter.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"76 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145035376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Manual Sample Dosing Techniques on Soil Particle Size Distribution Measured via Laser Diffraction","authors":"Stanislav Paseka","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70196","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejss.70196","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate determination of the soil particle size distribution (PSD) is critical for a wide range of environmental, agronomic, and geotechnical applications. Laser diffraction method (LDM) has gained popularity because of its speed and reproducibility; however, it remains sensitive to sample preparation and introduction methods. This study evaluated the impact of three manual dosing techniques on PSD results obtained via laser diffraction for seven USDA-classified soil types, with the pipette method used as a reference. Each technique (A: pipetted suspension; B: semiliquid paste; C: dried material) was applied to 1050 measurements. The results revealed a systematic underestimation of clay and overestimation of silt fractions across all LDM techniques, with Technique A yielding the highest relative standard deviation (average RSD for clay: 16.8%; sand: 26.9%). Techniques B and C showed markedly better repeatability (clay RSDs: 7.1% and 10.2%, respectively), with silt exhibiting the highest measurement precision overall (mean RSD: 6.7%). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed that the choice of dosing technique significantly affected the measured clay fraction (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), whereas no statistically significant differences were found for silt or sand. All the laser-based techniques misclassified the soil texture in the USDA triangle, with most samples shifting to silt-dominated groups regardless of the true origin. These findings highlight that while LDM itself introduces systematic biases in PSD estimation, the choice of manual dosing technique—particularly uncontrolled suspension pipetting (Technique A)—further amplifies measurement variability, rendering it unsuitable for high-precision applications. These findings highlight the strong influence of manual dosing on LDM outcomes and confirm the unsuitability of uncontrolled suspension pipetting (Technique A) in precision analysis. Recommendations are provided for standardized manual procedures that can improve reproducibility and classification accuracy in soil laboratories.</p>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"76 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bsssjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejss.70196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145035372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Language of Soil: Learning the Lessons From Climate Change","authors":"Karolina Trdlicova,&nbsp;Roy Neilson","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.70188","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The issues of both soil health and climate change can be characterised as a so called ‘wicked problem’. We adopt this shared characteristic as a rationale for applying lessons from climate change communications to suggest an appropriate ‘language of soil’ that should be deployed to effectively communicate the pertinent issue(s) of soil health. Using six recognised examples of climate change communication pitfalls, we illustrate why inciting a sense of dread around soil and why setting ‘soil health’ deadlines are not helpful strategies to promote positive action on soils. We also discuss the value-action gap and the way in which it applies to soil communication and why it is important to avoid the ‘trap’ of the knowledge deficit model. Finally, we stress the importance of communicating actions rather than knowledge as well as the importance of ‘credible’ soil health communicators.</p>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"76 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bsssjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejss.70188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Digital Soil Mapping to Create Spatial Off-Road Driving Guidelines and Optimal Road Networks in the Phinda Reserve","authors":"G. M. van Zijl,&nbsp;G. P. Nortjé,&nbsp;P. J. Fourie","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.70182","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Protected areas are often thought of as pristine natural environments. Practically however, protected areas are often degraded. In Africa, protected areas are mostly funded through game viewing tourism, where development of the road network to enable game viewing often leads to land degradation. Furthermore, off-road driving is common in such game parks, leading to soil compaction and crusting. Guidelines for sustainable road network development and off-road driving exist but are impossible to apply without a soil map of the game reserve. This paper shows how a digital soil map can be used to create spatial off-road driving guidelines for the Phinda Game Reserve in South Africa. Phinda has a very high road density and therefore an additional aim was to designate roads for closure and rehabilitation, without decreasing the opportunity to view predators. A soil class map with a Kappa value of 0.8 was created using the multinomial logistic regression algorithm and 133 soil observations. A soil sensitivity rating was assigned to each soil class based on the soil properties of the class. The off-driving guideline map showed that off-road driving should be prohibited on 6.7% of the area and can only be practised on 41% of the area when not bare or overgrazed. Using the soil sensitivity map and the locations of accommodation camps and predator sighting hotspots, roads were designated for closure and rehabilitation. In total, 207 km of 17% of roads were designated for closure. These roads were outside of predator hotspot areas and would therefore not negatively affect the touristic experience. This paper gives a blueprint to develop spatial off-road driving guidelines and sustainable road network design in game reserves using digital soil mapping and could be applied to similar game parks throughout Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"76 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bsssjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejss.70182","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Acid Sulfate Soil Transformation Models to Manage Disturbed Freshwater Wetlands on Norfolk Island","authors":"R. W. Fitzpatrick,&nbsp;B. P. Thomas,&nbsp;S. R. Philip","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.70181","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper describes models used to explain Acid Sulfate Soil (ASS) transformation processes on Norfolk Island wetlands. Prolonged drying (1970–2020) and a range of human disturbances (from cattle pugging to excavated drains) have led to lower groundwater tables and the formation of Sulfuric organic soils (pH &lt; 4). It builds on a companion paper, which provides the methodological framework by establishing five descriptive soil-landscape models of 14 ASS wetlands affected by anthropogenic disturbances over three drying-wetting cycles (drying until 2020, wetting in 2021, and flooding in 2022). The study aims to enhance land management and improve communication about ASS by applying four simplified soil-landscape models: (1) A descriptive model: Describes processes leading to transformations in the properties of ASS during drying–wetting cycles. It is based on the descriptive models of a range of scenarios presented in the companion paper. (2) An explanatory model: Shows ASS transformation processes, including wetting, drying, and disturbances from excavation and cattle pugging, highlighting reversible and irreversible changes. (3) A predictive (4D) model: Illustrates ASS transformation across diverse environmental conditions, considering three drying–wetting cycles and five disturbance categories. (4) Two predictive evolutionary models: Depicts long-term ASS changes under different conditions, identifying factors that stabilise or accelerate soil changes over recent geological time. These models help non-specialists (such as land holders and community groups) recognise ASS types, monitor changes, and implement either nature-based solutions or remediation management options. They could also be applied to other islands in the south Pacific region.</p>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"76 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bsssjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejss.70181","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}