European Journal of Soil Science最新文献

{"title":"Improved Broad-Scale Modelling of Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics Following Land-Use Changes","authors":"Daria Seitz,&nbsp;Rene Dechow,&nbsp;David Emde,&nbsp;Florian Schneider,&nbsp;Axel Don","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.70159","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Land-use changes (LUCs) strongly impact soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks over decades. However, there are too few long-term field experiments where these SOC dynamics have been observed long enough to validate process-based models for large-scale use. We have developed a new data-driven space-for-time approach for model validation using empirical data from over 3000 sites in the German Agricultural Soil Inventory, including 212 sites with LUC between cropland and grassland. Machine-learning models trained on sites under permanent land use were used to predict equilibrium SOC stocks for similar sites with changed land use. We used this derived data set to assess how well the process-based model RothC describes SOC dynamics following LUC. The default version of RothC struggled to capture the fast changes in SOC following LUC since it was mainly driven by differences in carbon input quantity and quality. Losses in SOC after converting grassland into cropland occurred faster than modelled, and SOC accrual after converting cropland to grassland was faster than simulated. This suggested an additional carbon stabilisation mechanism connected to grassland land use. We extended the RothC model with an additional carbon pool that builds up rapidly after grassland establishment, similar to aggregate-protected SOC. This improved the model efficiency from 0.49 to 0.80 for transitional croplands and from −3.39 to 0.90 after establishing grassland. This improved model version, RothC-LUC, is suitable for simulating SOC dynamics following LUC between cropland and grassland on a broad scale, such as in national inventory reports on greenhouse gas emissions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"76 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejss.70159","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144635405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Carbon: A Multiscale Feature-Time Fusion Approach for Field Level Digital Soil Organic Carbon Mapping","authors":"Ayan Das,&nbsp;Manoj K. Mishra,&nbsp;Somsubhra Chakraborty,&nbsp;Bimal K. Bhattacharya,&nbsp;Rucha Dave,&nbsp;Dileep Kumar,&nbsp;Khushvadan Patel,&nbsp;Raj Setia,&nbsp;David C. Weindorf","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.70161","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a key role in soil health and ecosystem services. This study introduces Deep Carbon, a modelling framework that integrates static and time-series environmental covariates for high-resolution SOC prediction at the field scale. Time-series data were encoded using a stacked long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network to extract temporal patterns of dynamic features. These encoded time-series representations were combined with static covariates and used as inputs to train machine learning models at multiple spatial resolutions (5 km to 10 m). Individual predictions at each scale were then fused using a partial least squares regression (PLSR) model to generate SOC maps at 10 m resolution. The best accuracy was observed at 5 km scale (<i>R</i>² = 0.75; RMSE = 0.30% in log scale), while the fused 10 m prediction yielded a testing <i>R</i>² of 0.58 and RMSE of 0.44%. Fusion modelling identified 30 and 250 m resolutions as the most influential predictors. The approach successfully captured both high- and low-frequency SOC variations and demonstrated good transferability when tested on new observations from 2022. This multi-scale feature-time fusion approach uses legacy ground samples and satellite data to enable scalable and accurate digital SOC mapping.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"76 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144624280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aridity Index Explains the Accumulation of Soil Organic Carbon Sources in Grassland Ecosystem","authors":"Jinpeng Ma,&nbsp;Lin Chen,&nbsp;Danbo Pang,&nbsp;Mengyao Wu,&nbsp;Yaqi Zhang,&nbsp;Yinglong Chen,&nbsp;Xuebin Li","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.70158","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Plant-derived carbon (PDC) and microbial-derived carbon (MDC) are the crucial sources of soil organic carbon (SOC), and their contributions strongly affect the stability and turnover of soil organic matter. However, the mechanism underlying the contribution of PDC and MDC to SOC across different grassland types is poorly understood. In this study, we selected four grassland types in Ningxia, China, at a regional scale, including meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe, and steppe desert. We analysed the characteristics of PDC and MDC in topsoil (0–20 cm) and subsoil (20–40 cm) across different grassland types and their contributions to SOC. Our results showed PDC and MDC contents in meadow steppe were significantly larger than those in the other grassland types (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), while the contribution of PDC and MDC to SOC in desert steppe was greatest (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), and bigger in subsoil than in topsoil. Vanillyl phenols-derived carbon (19%) and fungal necromass carbon (69%) were the main contributors to PDC and MDC, respectively. In addition, random forest model results showed that climate, vegetation, and soil explained 55% and 85% of the variation in PDC and MDC, respectively (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). A structural equation model revealed that aridity index was the primary factor influencing SOC sources in grassland ecosystems. This study examined the contributions of PDC and MDC to SOC across different grassland types, as well as the underlying mechanisms of SOC sequestration, providing insights into the carbon cycle processes within grassland ecosystems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"76 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144615317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can University Campuses Be Urban Living Labs? Case Study of Soil and Tree Functions at Wageningen University Green Area","authors":"V. Vasenev,&nbsp;R. van Velthuijsen,&nbsp;M. R. Hoosbeek,&nbsp;M. Leuchner","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.70152","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Analysis of the spatial relationships between carbon (C) and energy fluxes in urban green areas with management and maintenance of urban green infrastructures (UGIs) is necessary to support decisions in UGI planning aiming to facilitate microclimate regulation and C sequestration. Urban Living Lab (ULL) is a relatively novel but increasingly developing concept aiming to support multi-stakeholder engagement and co-production in exploring ecosystem processes and developing nature-based solutions in a real urban setting. Variability of UGI types and managements as well as access to equipment, technologies, and qualified personnel present university campuses as prospective areas for establishing ULL focused on the ecosystem services of UGI. This paper aims to review and assess a university campus as a ULL to study C and energy fluxes in UGI and support decisions for C sequestration and microclimate regulation. Based on the experience from Wageningen University (WU) campus, we reveal existing monitoring infrastructures and techniques including remote sensing, Internet of Things (IoT) and on-ground observations, and reflect on the first monitoring outcomes. For example, we demonstrate that soils under trees and shrubs have a greater potential to be C sinks compared to lawns and herbs where hotspots on the soil temperature maps coincide with the largest soil CO₂ emissions. Finally, we discuss perspectives and limitations of the university campuses to act as ULL in the context of infrastructural development, sustainability, and engagement of stakeholders and end-users to support knowledge transfer and transition towards sustainable UGI management.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"76 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144624282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Sensitivity of Soil Organic Carbon and Nutrient Stocks Under Different Land Uses in Europe","authors":"Baig Abdullah Al Shoumik,&nbsp;Md. Zulfikar Khan,&nbsp;Coşkun Gülser","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.70156","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrient stocks play a key role in climate change mitigation by influencing biogeochemical cycles, plant productivity, and greenhouse gas emissions; however, their responses to the future projected warming scenarios remain uncertain. The aim of this study was to estimate the SOC and nutrient stocks under different land uses across the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2018 and to predict these stocks under the different warming scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) to identify the best land uses that can steadily maintain and improve SOC and nutrient stocks. A random forest model (<i>R</i>² = 0.66) was employed to estimate soil bulk density. To predict the stocks for 2050 and 2070 under the different RCPs, mean annual temperature (MAT), total precipitation (TP), sand content, and land use types were used as the predictor variables. The results revealed that SOC and nitrogen (N) stocks increased under RCP2.6, while they significantly decreased under RCP8.5, particularly in croplands. In contrast, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) stocks increased with rising temperatures across all land uses. Grasslands and shrublands appeared to be more resistant compared with croplands and woodlands, as SOC and N stocks did not show any notable changes with warming. Woodland ecosystems, especially pine-dominated woodland, exhibited an increase in these stocks, while spruce-dominated woodland showed a significant decline in SOC and N stocks with increasing temperature. These findings reveal the most climate-resistant and effective land management strategies to improve SOC and nutrient stocks and provide a roadmap for policymakers by recommending the cultivation of root crops, vegetables, and flowers in agricultural lands, and the planting of pine and broadleaved species in woodland to optimize SOC and nutrient stocks under future climate scenarios.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"76 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144615027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tipula Larval Populations Affected by Soil Edaphic and Microbiological Properties: Insights From Ireland and Scotland","authors":"Aisling Moffat,&nbsp;Fiona Brennan,&nbsp;Aoife M. Duff,&nbsp;Lorna Cole,&nbsp;Michael T. Gaffney,&nbsp;Gail E. Jackson,&nbsp;Louise McNamara","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.70153","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Herbivorous soil-dwelling pests cause damage in agriculture through decreases in root and shoot biomass, which can affect both plant and economic yield. Having a greater understanding of the soil environment of these pests could identify potential avenues for mitigation/control strategies. Leatherjackets (Tipula larvae) are pests of grasslands and cereals across Europe and North America, for which there are no known effective or economical non-chemical control options. Within this study, the soil habitats of <i>Tipula paludosa</i> in grassland and cereal sites were examined across Ireland and Scotland, to assess the impact of edaphic properties on their occurrence. Significant correlations were observed between leatherjacket populations and silt content, positively in cereal sites and negatively in grasslands. Larval populations were positively correlated with Na, Al and Zn, and negatively correlated with Fe, Mn and K. As grasslands were more vulnerable to high <i>T. paludosa</i> infestations, their soil microbiomes were also examined from a prokaryotic and fungal community structure context. Microbial community structure was linked to leatherjacket occurrence and abundance, and specific microbial genera were associated with the absence or high prevalence of larvae. Plant growth promoting bacteria (<i>Flavobacterium</i>) and fungi (<i>Mortierellaceae</i>) were significantly more abundant in soils where larvae were absent. Where there were larval populations above the economic threshold for crop damage, significantly higher abundances of anaerobic bacteria (<i>Anaerolineaceae</i>) were present. Studies of pest related soil microbiomes and environments could hold promise for future pest suppression strategies via management and biocontrol opportunities.</p>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"76 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejss.70153","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144615028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Darcian Movement of Unstable Infiltration Fronts in Coarse-Grained Soils","authors":"Xinying Min,&nbsp;Naaran Brindt,&nbsp;Sunghwan Jung,&nbsp;J-Yves Parlange,&nbsp;Tammo S. Steenhuis","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.70155","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Understanding gravity-driven preferential flow in uniform porous materials is important as it can facilitate the movement of pollutants, pathogens and pesticides to groundwater. Previous studies have suggested that the dynamic contact angle could be used to model unstable gravity-driven flow in coarse sand. This study examines this theory in a broader context involving a range of porous media with different static contact angles. A high-resolution, high-speed camera recorded the movement of water in pores at the wetting front. Water velocity and associated dynamic contact angles were calculated using image analysis. The results show that the movement of the wetting front was non-Darcian as the advancement of the front occurred intermittently through the smallest pore in 0.01 s at velocities of 0.06 m/s, one pore at a time. The high velocity increased the (dynamic) contact angle. The increase followed the Baver–Hoffman equation for all media with the different static contact angles. It confirms that the matric potential across the wetting front was discontinuous for unstable gravity-driven flow.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"76 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144573443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opposite Response of DNA and RNA Viruses to Soil Warming and Implications for Microbial Functions","authors":"Xue Zhao,&nbsp;Fazhu Zhao,&nbsp;Jieying Wang,&nbsp;Liyuan He,&nbsp;Ji Chen,&nbsp;Chengjie Ren,&nbsp;Yaoxin Guo,&nbsp;Jun Wang,&nbsp;Sha Zhou,&nbsp;Yakov Kuzyakov","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70157","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejss.70157","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Soil viruses control the dynamics and metabolism of their hosts, strongly modifying carbon and nutrient cycling as well as soil biochemistry. Warming specifically affects viruses and their hosts, but the consequences of climate warming on the virus–host interactions, and for soil functions, remain unknown. We investigated the viral communities and the virus–host interactions under warming in situ based on a forest soil column translocation experiment. The abundance of the Petitvirales (DNA viruses) decreased by 25%, but that of the Durnavirales and Martellivirales (RNA viruses) strongly increased. The DNA viral lysogenic signals and RNA viral lytic proteins increased in soil, indicating the opposite lifestyles of DNA and RNA viruses. Correspondingly, the DNA abundance of viral hosts increased, whereas RNA viral hosts remained stable. The high DNA viruses/host ratios reflect very intensive interactions between the virus and host, leading to the drop in the host functions (such as carbon metabolism processes and nitrogen and phosphorus cycles) up to 43%. In contrast, the functions of the hosts for RNA viruses increased by up to 48%. The fundamental difference in behaviour of DNA and RNA viruses is that the former use mainly lysogenic, whereas the latter lytic, lifestyles and thus control the responses of host communities to warming. Conclusively, the opposite response of DNA and RNA viruses to warming in abundance, lifestyle, and interactions with hosts leads to divergent changes in nutrient fluxes in soil. These new perspectives on viral regulations of microbial communities and their function under soil warming reveal the undeniable role of viruses in microbial ecology.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"76 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144568573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a Quantitative Estimate of Anthropogenic Subsoil Compaction in European Croplands Based on National Soil Surveys","authors":"Laura Sofie Harbo,&nbsp;Marine Lacoste,&nbsp;Line Boulonne,&nbsp;Julien Wengler,&nbsp;Owen Fenton,&nbsp;Giulia Bondi,&nbsp;Patrick Tuohy,&nbsp;Amélie Marie Beucher,&nbsp;Mathieu Lamandé,&nbsp;Tommy D’Hose,&nbsp;Florian Schneider","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70150","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejss.70150","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Subsoil compaction can lead to lower yields and reduced ecosystem functioning due to limited root growth of crops and can affect the cycling of nutrients and water within the soil. Subsoil compaction is often assessed using soil packing density, which accounts for textural differences in bulk density, and a reference threshold. Due to the high costs of sampling bulk density, subsoil compaction is rarely assessed at regional or national scales. While some soils are naturally compact, human activities, for example agriculture, are known to further increase subsoil compactness. The assessment of the anthropogenic component of the subsoil compactness is challenged by the lack of reference soil (i.e., unaffected by anthropogenic activities) that is otherwise comparable in terms of pedogenic and climatic parameters. In this study, a data-driven reciprocal modelling approach was used to model a reference subsoil bulk density for annual croplands based on observations from permanent grasslands, as grasslands are assumed to be free of anthropogenic subsoil compaction. The data originated from soil monitoring networks in five European countries (Belgium (Flanders), Denmark, France, Germany and Ireland). Depending on the country, the subsoil surpassed the compaction threshold of 1.71 g cm⁻³ packing density for 14%–52% of sites. The highest proportion of compacted sites was found in Flanders, while Denmark had the lowest proportion. Similarly, the highest estimated anthropogenic subsoil compaction was found in Flanders (mean 0.05 g cm⁻³) while the lowest was found in France (mean 0.00 g cm⁻³). Overall, the highest estimated anthropogenic subsoil compaction was found in loamy soils and soils with the lowest organic C content, such as eastern Germany and eastern Denmark. Based on our results, between 0% (France) and 47% (Flanders) of the annual cropland sites currently surpass the packing density threshold for compacted soil due to anthropogenic activities rather than due to pedogenic drivers.</p>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"76 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejss.70150","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144568578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LIBS for Rapid Soil Bulk Density and Carbon Stock Estimations: Toward Scalable Soil Carbon Monitoring","authors":"Paulino R. Villas-Boas,&nbsp;Débora M. B. P. Milori,&nbsp;Ladislau Martin-Neto","doi":"10.1111/ejss.70151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.70151","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Measuring soil bulk density (as well as carbon content) is crucial for accurate soil carbon stock calculations. Given the growing interest in soil carbon sequestration on farmlands as a strategy for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, effective large-scale field monitoring has become more important than ever. However, traditional methods for measuring soil bulk density, such as the core (volumetric cylinder) and clod methods, require undisturbed samples, making them labour-intensive, time-consuming and costly—due to the high complexity of sample collection and preparation. To overcome these challenges, we developed a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)-based method for efficient and cost-effective bulk density estimation that does not require undisturbed samples. We trained and evaluated LIBS-based models using a dataset of 880 diverse Brazilian soil samples, randomly split into 70% for training and 30% for testing. The LIBS-based models, combining discrete wavelet transform (DWT), feature selection via <i>F</i>-test for regression, and Ridge regression, achieved an <i>R</i>² of 0.72 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.12 g cm⁻³ on the test set for soil bulk density prediction. Furthermore, by combining LIBS-predicted soil bulk density with measured soil carbon concentration, we estimated soil carbon stock, achieving an <i>R</i>² of 0.93 and an RMSE of 2.2 Mg C ha⁻¹ on the test set, indicating that the uncertainty in bulk density predictions has a minor impact on soil carbon stock estimations. To further streamline soil carbon stock estimation, we developed a model to directly predict soil carbon density—the product of soil carbon concentration and bulk density—using LIBS-derived spectral features, eliminating the need for separate measurements or estimations. Although this approach resulted in a lower <i>R</i>² of 0.78 and a higher RMSE of 4.1 Mg C ha⁻¹, its performance was adequate for carbon stock prediction while simplifying the estimation process. These findings highlight the potential of LIBS as a rapid and effective tool for assessing soil bulk and carbon densities, contributing to sustainable soil management and climate change mitigation and adaptation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12043,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Soil Science","volume":"76 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144551116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}