Environmental Technology最新文献

{"title":"Tuning the thermodynamic and kinetic performance of Fenton process - effects of dissolved anions/gases and temperature.","authors":"V Kavitha","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2450554","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2450554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inorganic anions such as chloride (Cl^-), nitrate (<math><msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></math>), sulfate (<math><msubsup><mrow><mi>SO</mi></mrow><mn>4</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>-</mo></mrow></msubsup></math>), carbonate (<math><msubsup><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>-</mo></mrow></msubsup></math>), bicarbonate (<math><msubsup><mrow><mi>HCO</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></math>), dihydrogen phosphate (<math><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub><msubsup><mrow><mi>PO</mi></mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></math>), fluoride (F^-) are ubiquitous in water matrices, play a significant role in the degradation of organic pollutants by Fenton process. In the present study, the performance of Fenton process in the presence of these anions was studied using phenol as a model compound along with the underlying mechanism and their tolerance limit. The presence of these anions affects the rate constant of the Fenton process and decreases in the following order, <math><msubsup><mrow><mi>ClO</mi></mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></math>-<math><msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></math>-<math><msubsup><mrow><mi>SO</mi></mrow><mn>4</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>-</mo></mrow></msubsup></math>-Cl^- > <math><msubsup><mrow><mi>HCO</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></math> > <math><msubsup><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>-</mo></mrow></msubsup></math> > <math><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub><msubsup><mrow><mi>PO</mi></mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></math> > F^-. Among the anions studied, <math><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub><msubsup><mrow><mi>PO</mi></mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></math> and F^- ions inhibit the oxidation process at a low concentration of 50 mg/L. The chloride ion inhibits the reaction at high concentrations above 1000 mg/L by a factor of 1.1 times for every 500 mg/L. An increase in temperature from 293 to 323 K increases the rate constant of the Fenton process for the phenolic compounds studied (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2-nitrophenol and 2-methylphenol) by 1.3-1.5. The energy of activation (<i>E_a</i>), enthalpy of activation (Δ<i>H_a</i>) and entropy of activation (Δ<i>S_a</i>) for the degradation of phenolic compounds were found to be 6.68-10.14 kJ/mol; 4.16-7.56 kJ/mol and -273.36 to -264.30 JK^-1mol^-1.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"2956-2969"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143002556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of bioremediation potential of <i>Stutzerimonas stutzeri NL3</i> and <i>Enterobacter cloacae NL4</i> isolates from an Algerian oilfield.","authors":"Nesrine Lenchi, Wissam Ahmedi, Salima Kebbouche-Gana","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2458796","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2458796","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>ABSTRACT</b>Heavy metals (HM) and hydrocarbons rank as highly hazardous pollutants. For their remediation, it is advisable to employ eco-friendly green technologies. This study aims to evaluate the bioremediation potential of two bacterial strains isolated from oilfield and identified by 16S rRNA as <i>Stutzerimonas stutzeri NL3</i> and <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> strain NL4. Their application to treat a polluted water sample was also tested. Within a short period of 7 days, <i>E. cloacae</i> NL4 was able to degrade 80.04% of crude oil (50%, (v/v)) under alkaline (pH 12) and halophilic (50 g/L NaCl) conditions. Whereas <i>S. stutzeri</i> NL3 degraded 77.9% of crude oil in a medium containing 50% (v/v) crude oil, 10 g L^-1 NaCl and pH 8. These strains can reduce 89.83% of barium and 85.65% of mercury using up to 50% petroleum as the sole carbon source. In addition, these strains were found to be resistant to 10 different HMs, tolerating high concentrations up to 50 mM. The addition of these strains to a water sample from a chemically polluted river induced a significant reduction in the concentration of different HMs such as Cr by 93.67%, Ni by 88.31%, Fe by 79.34% and others all simultaneously within a short span of 10 days. Finally, these strains were also shown to form biofilms and produce biosurfactants in response to stressful conditions as a mechanism of resistance. These promising results indicate that these bacteria could be utilized in more complex polluted environments, positioning them as strong candidates for future bioremediation endeavours.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"3168-3184"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143364147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the effect of surface organic acid treatment on inhibiting nitrogen loss in trough composting.","authors":"Yalei Wang, Xu Shuai, Sun Xufeng, Yatao Xiao, Chao He, Xinxin Liu, Gang Li","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2024.2439585","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09593330.2024.2439585","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To reduce the ammonia loss during the trough composting process and the problem of low initial pH of the compost due to one-time addition of organic acids. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of buffering the pH of the compost and controlling the ammonia emission through the addition of dilute acetic acid sprayed on the surface of the compost pile after several pile-turnings in the trough composting process. The results showed that the spraying of acetic acid did not have a significant difference in the effect on the initial pH and maintained a slightly alkaline environment throughout the composting process, which led to an increase in the degradation rate of 58.38% at the end of the composting process. Compared with natural composting, the pile-turning of trough compost increased the ammonia volatilisation by 125.53% and nitrogen loss by 10.75% during the composting process, but the spraying of 0.005 mol/L dilute acetic acid solution and water on the surface layer of the heap could reduce the ammonia emission of the heap, which was reduced by 36.31% and 17.81%, and the rate of nitrogen loss was reduced by 12.63% and 3.59%, respectively. This study suggests that acetic acid is a suitable additive for composting. Spraying acetic acid after compost turning not only stabilises compost pH, but also reduces ammonia volatilisation loss. It provides a reference for the efficient ammonia reduction technology of compost.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"2586-2596"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142817495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the hydrodynamic parameters in an internal flat-plate airlift reactor for the increased degradation of newspaper by <i>Trichoderma reesei</i>.","authors":"Dulce J Hernández-Melchor, Pablo A López-Pérez, Ronald Ferrera-Cerrato, Alejandro Alarcón","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2024.2447959","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09593330.2024.2447959","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of our study was to characterize the hydrodynamics and mass transfer in a novel internal flat-plate airlift cylindrical reactor to increase the biodegradation of newspaper. We evaluated the degradation kinetics of newspaper in a batch culture with <i>Trichoderma reesei</i>. Gas holdup, mixing time, the Reynolds number, and volumetric mass transfer coefficient (<i>k</i>_L<i>a</i>) properties were characterized in biphasic and triphasic systems in order to optimize their operational conditions. An analysis of two effective factors in three levels including <i>k</i>_L<i>a</i>, and Reynolds number (Re) were optimized by a full factorial design. Furthermore, a follow-up analysis of the ANOVA results <i>p</i> ≤ 0.05 was performed using Tukey's rank test method for <i>p</i>-value corrections. The overall <i>k</i>_L<i>a</i> (triphasic system) was calculated to be between 2.34 and 14.76 h^-1 with an optimal value of 8.0 h^-1 (Flow: 3 L min^-1) and a Re of 1757. In addition, to show the optimal conditions, kinetic experiments were developed for 20 days using newspaper as carbon source for quantified the enzyme activities, biomass, residual cellulose, and reducing sugars 1421 IU L^-1 CMCase, 8.02, 2.19, and 0.07 g L^-1, respectively. The degradation rate of newspaper was over 80%, which was significantly higher than that of the nominal value. Finally, the theoretical correlation proposed for <i>k</i>_L<i>a</i> was compared and estimated with respect to the experimental values with an error of ±20%. The <i>k</i>_L<i>a</i> and the Re are important criteria in assessing an optimal degradation of newspaper in an industrial process scale-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"2841-2856"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142931084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maximizing nutrient removal: unveiling the influence of biomass retention time in revolving algae biofilm reactor.","authors":"Van-Truc Nguyen, Thi-Ngoc-Chau Le, Do-Dat Huynh, Vu-Anh Le, Quoc-Hoang Do, Thi-Dieu-Hien Vo","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2024.2445325","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09593330.2024.2445325","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study introduces a novel Revolving Algae Biofilm reactor for synthetic wastewater treatment, examining the influence of various biomass retention times (BRTs) on nutrient removal performance. The study reveals complex interactions between microalgae and bacteria, emphasizing their symbiotic functions in oxygen provision, nutrient absorption, and floc creation. This research contributes to the advancement of sustainable wastewater treatment methods, showing promise for large-scale nutrient removal in industrial settings. The biomass retention time of 3 days (BRT-3) emerges as the most suitable condition for efficient nutrient removal. Specifically, in the BRT-3 period, the reactor can remove up to 97% of NH₄-N, 94% of total phosphorus, and 92% of COD. NH₄-N was also effectively assimilated to NO₂-N and NO₃-N, underscoring the efficiency of the nitrification process. While BRT-7 exhibits a noteworthy algae growth rate when it reaches the maximum rate of 3 mg/L.day. Continual investigation into the interplay between microalgae and bacteria is essential for enhancing system efficiency in future wastewater treatment applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"2708-2718"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142909502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anodic oxidation using 3D carbon felt/PbO₂ anode: a electron transfer-mediated system for degradation of Rhodamine B.","authors":"Yitong Li, Xinyu Sui, Shiyu Geng, Hailong Wang, Xiaoyue Duan","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2451783","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2451783","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the use of porous structured carbon felt (CF) as a substrate for the preparation a lead dioxide (CF/PbO₂) anode for the electrochemical oxidation of Rhodamine B (RhB). Compared to traditional titanium-based lead dioxide (Ti/PbO₂) and graphite sheet-based lead dioxide (GS/PbO₂) anodes, the CF/PbO₂ anode exhibited superior electrocatalytic activity, achieving a RhB degradation efficiency exceeding 99%. After 10 cycles, the electrocatalytic activity of CF/PbO₂ anode remained robust, with a degradation efficiency of over 97%. Fluorescence spectroscopy, quenching experiments, and electrochemical tests indicate that the electrochemical oxidation behaviour on CF/PbO₂ and GS/PbO₂ anodes was governed by direct electron transfer, while indirect oxidation via ^•OH radicals was pivotal for the Ti/PbO₂ anode. LC-MS analysis identified the intermediates of RhB degradation, contributing to the proposed degradation pathway. This study provides an efficient anode for the electrochemical degradation of organic pollutants in water.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"3047-3064"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143079000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Typical heavy metals in wastewater treatment plants in Nanjing, China: perspective of abundance, removal, and microbial response.","authors":"Ming Chen, Xiuwen Qian, Juan Huang, Luming Wang, Ting Lv, Yufeng Wu, Hsuan Chen","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2460240","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2460240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heavy metals (HMs) are hazardous contaminants with persistence and bioaccumulation, attracting widespread attention. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play vital roles in the pollution control of sewage, closely related to human health and the biological environment. Therefore, eight HMs in three typical WWTPs of Nanjing were determined in this study. The results revealed that Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn were high-level HMs in all WWTPs. Notably, the highest contents of high-level HMs were found in electroplating WWTP (EWWTP) influent among three WWTPs, probably causing their higher removal (19.34-55.32%) during their primary treatment. In contrast, most HMs could be removed in the secondary treatment stage of municipal WWTP (MWWTP) and industrial WWTP (IWWTP) with the highest removal of As (72.00-85.81%). Analogously, nutrients were mainly removed during the secondary stage, with superior performance in MWWTP. A decrease in HMs removal was observed in the tertiary treatment of MWWTP and IWWTP compared to the secondary stage, while higher HMs removal (0.51-29.15%) was found in EWWTP except Hg. The highest content of HMs in sludge was Zn and Cr, which was more abundant in EWWTP than other WWTPs. The results of Illumina Miseq sequencing demonstrated the inhibition of microbial richness and diversity of EWWTP and IWWTP by industrial wastewater. Besides, alterations of microbial community structure and components were also observed owing to various influent sources. More similarity was found between EWWTP and MWWTP, in which the abundance of dominant genera, including <i>Saccharimonadales</i> (7.60-9.56%), <i>Raineyella</i> (5.06-7.38%), and <i>Thauera</i> (2.48-4.45%) was much higher than IWWTP.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"3211-3225"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143432627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the treatment of livestock and poultry wastewater using algae-bacteria symbiotic system: effect of inoculation proportion and performance.","authors":"Qian Ding, Zizhen Zhou, Lu Cui, Jiaqiang Liu, Guoxiang You, Qing Chen, Jun Hou, Xiulei Fan, Yangyang Yang","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2024.2440162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2024.2440162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In order to solve the problems of poor tolerance of traditional algal-bacterial symbiosis system to high ammonia wastewater and biomass recovery, a new symbiosis system combining biological agents of nitrifying bacteria and ordinary <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> was proposed. The results showed that adjusting the volume ratio of algae and bacteria had an effect on the wastewater treatment performance, microalgae growth and flocculation effect. At the optimal algal-bacterial volume ratio of 1:3, the TN, <math><msubsup><mrow><mi>NH</mi></mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></msubsup></math>-N and COD removal rates were 50%, 70%and 83%, respectively. The high concentration of ammonia nitrogen would have some inhibitory effect on microalgal photosynthesis, but the appropriate inoculation ratio could alleviate this pressure and improve the growth rate of microalgae. Under the optimal inoculation ratio, the PN and PS contents of extracellular polymers were 125.16 and 73 mg/L, respectively, which induced a stronger protective mechanism and enhanced the synergistic effect between algae-bacteria. In addition, the flocculation efficiency of the algal-bacterial system increased from 15% to 30% with the decrease of the initial inoculum of microalgae. The results provided a theoretical basis for the construction of an efficient algal-bacterial symbiosis system for the treatment of livestock and poultry wastewater as well as the efficient flocculation of the algal-bacterial system.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":"46 14","pages":"2597-2614"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144183665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery effects of the long-term cryopreserved Anammox sludge by adjusting the sludge amount.","authors":"Zibin Li, Xiaojing Zhang, Han Zhang, Hui Zhao, Junsheng Jing, Jiayi Liu","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2024.2440658","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09593330.2024.2440658","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anammox process was one of the most promising nitrogen removal technologies. This study investigated the recovery performance of Anammox sludge after 83 days of cryopreservation in two reactors (R1 and R2). Reactor R1 utilized Anammox sludge pretreated with low-substrate simulated wastewater prior to long-term cryopreservation, and successful recovery was achieved by discharging sludge under ammonia nitrogen concentrations of 100 mg/L. The total nitrogen removal efficiency (TNRE) reached 70.0% on day 48. Reactor R2 used Anammox sludge pretreated with high-substrate simulated wastewater before cryopreservation. At an ammonia nitrogen concentration of 100 mg/L, the TNRE reached 87.0% on day 18. After increasing the ammonia nitrogen concentration to 300 mg/L and discharging sludge, the TNRE reached 84.6% on day 38. When the ammonia nitrogen concentration was elevated to 500 mg/L, system performance deteriorated. Recovery was unsatisfactory when the ammonia nitrogen concentration was reduced back to 300 mg/L. Finally, adding Anammox sludge restored the TNRE to 85.6% after 35 days of operation. The results suggest that adding Anammox sludge is essential for nitrogen removal recovery in reactors under high ammonia nitrogen concentration inhibition, while sludge discharge is crucial when free ammonia (FA) is present. This study provides a simple and effective strategy for recovering the activity of Anammox sludge after long-term cryopreservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"2629-2642"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142846211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation of 15 halogenated hydrocarbons by 5 unactivated <i>in-situ</i> chemical oxidation oxidants.","authors":"Chunyun Gu, Jiayi An, Shuyu Liu, Feng Xiong, Wei Zhou, Liting Tian, Yuruo Wan, Qian Wu, Jie Ma","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2450557","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2450557","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oxidants used in the ISCO technology usually require activation by activators to degrade contaminants. However, this study investigated degradation of 15 typical halogenated hydrocarbons by five common ISCO oxidants (PS, PMS, H₂O₂, KMnO₄, SPC) without activation in both pure water and real groundwater. Unactivated PS could degrade 14 halogenated hydrocarbons, excluding tetrachloromethane. Unactivated KMnO₄ could degrade chlorinated alkenes. Unactivated SPC could degrade 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane by a base-promoted second-order elimination reaction. PMS, H₂O₂, and SPC could be activated by the natural matrix constituents in groundwater, enabling them to degrade some halogenated hydrocarbons. Among the 15 halogenated hydrocarbons studied, only tetrachloromethane cannot be degraded by any oxidant due to its carbon being in its highest oxidation state. The experimental data in the pure water indicate that the overall degradation rate of unactivated PS for chlorinated alkanes increased with increases in the number of chlorine substituents. The degradation rate of unactivated PS for halogenated hydrocarbons decreased with increases in the carbon chain length. Chlorinated alkenes are more easily degraded than chlorinated alkanes while chlorinated alkanes are more readily degraded than brominated alkanes. The degradation rate of unactivated KMnO₄ for chlorinated alkenes decreased with increases in the number of chlorine substituents and decreased with increases in the carbon chain length. Overal, results of this study show that unactivated ISCO is a promising and environmentally friendly <i>in-situ</i> remediation technology that may be a good candidate for the remediation of contaminated sites by halogenated hydrocarbons.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"2970-2979"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143002550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}