Environmental Technology最新文献

{"title":"Factors affecting iron and manganese dissolution in groundwater: treatments with simultaneous oxidation and precipitation methods.","authors":"Tolga Tunçal, Pınar Yıldız Demirkol","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2450552","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2450552","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explores variations in groundwater (GW) pH, conductivity, ammonium, iron, and manganese parameters to reveal prospective interactions having an impact on the dissolved metal concentrations. To this end, bivariate and partial correlation procedures were applied to the data to obtain incisive evaluation. Besides characterisation efforts, photocatalytic iron and manganese removal experiments were also carried out with Ni-doped TiO₂ nano-composite thin films (TFs) on real GW samples. UV-A (365 nm) An LED array was used as the illumination source. The experimental setup was based on three treatment routes including photocatalytic oxidation (PCO), NaOH-aided precipitation and PCO with simultaneous precipitation (SPCO-P). The main statistical analysis and treatment efforts have been performed on data and samples of a single well, respectively (<i>N</i> = 15). However, extended statistical analysis has also been performed on larger data groups (<i>N</i> = 1366) obtained from different GW sources as well. Analytical results have revealed that about 90% of iron and manganese were in oxidised forms which do not precipitate by simple pH regulation. Statistical analysis has also revealed significant interactions between metal concentrations and observed parameters depending on the level of pH and conductivity. Furthermore, the SPCO-P strategy has provided a four-fold increase in reaction rate (pseudo-first-order, k_obs: 0.04 min^-1). Removal efficiencies of iron and manganese also increased from 10% to 96% - 85%, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"2945-2955"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143002625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practical application of CS-CG Stabilised soil in subgrade construction.","authors":"Lv Anling, Liu Jianshu, Ma Longfei","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2024.2447962","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09593330.2024.2447962","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To enhance the water stability and bearing capacity of the Shandong Ming Dong Expressway's soaked subgrade, carbide slag (CS) and coal gangue powder (CG) were used as stabilisers. Stabiliser dosages of 5%, 10%, and 15%, with the CS:CG ratios of 0:100, 30:70, 50:50, 70:30, and 100:0, were tested. The study evaluated the performance of CS-CG stabilised soil through unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests at 7 and 28 days, six dry-wet cycles, a 30-day water immersion test, pH test, swell rate test, XRD, SEM, and MIP analyses. A UCS prediction model for CS-CG stabilised soil under dry-wet cycles was established. Results showed that CS-CG-10%-(70:30) achieved a UCS of 5.87 MPa after 28 days, decreasing to 4.77 MPa after six dry-wet cycles, indicating excellent bearing capacity and water stability. Increasing CS content improved UCS after 30 days' immersion, reaching 5.74 MPa for CS-CG-10%-(70:30). The CS-CG mix produced hydration products like C-(A)-S-H gel, Ca(OH)₂ crystals, and ettringite, enhancing pore structure and UCS. More dry-wet cycles increased hydration products and pore diameter, causing an initial UCS drop before stabilisation. The UCS prediction model using the Exp3p2 (<math><mi>Y</mi><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>A</mi><msup><mi>X</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>BX</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></msup></math>) equation offers higher accuracy, supporting strength prediction. The study found that CS-CG stabilised soil behaves similarly to cement-stabilised soil in settlement.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"2900-2916"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143028210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient removal of Sb(III) from aqueous solution using TiO₂ precipitated onto waste herb-residue biochar.","authors":"Yan Yang, Ruixue Zhang, Shihua Qi, Jiayan Huang","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2024.2445327","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09593330.2024.2445327","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increasing antimony (Sb) pollution has become a global concern, but there is still a lack of economically efficient adsorbents for its remediation. In this study, a novel remediation material was developed by precipitating TiO₂ onto waste herb-residue biochar (named TBC). The effectiveness and adsorption mechanisms of the material for Sb(III) removal were investigated through adsorption experiments, and the enhancement pathway of traditional herb decoction on the effectiveness of modified biochar was analyzed. The findings revealed that the rapid release of volatile contents in the herbal residue due to the herb decoction that improved the pore structure of the biochar, thereby promoting a synergistic effect between the TiO₂ nanoparticles and biochar, and enhancing its adsorption capacity for Sb(III). This synergy allowed the modified biochar, with a TiO₂ loading ratio of only 6.88 wt%, to achieve excellent adsorption efficiency. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and zeta potential analysis confirmed that the hydroxyl groups in Ti-OH underwent ligand exchange with the antimony species, forming internal coordination complexes that were immobilized on TBC. The adsorption mechanism of Sb(III) onto TBC was a combination of direct adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation adsorption, with photocatalytic oxidation being influenced primarily by ·OH and O₂^-, and by ·OH as the dominant factor. The q_m of TBC was 136.159 mg/g. Overall, TBC exhibited wide pH adaptability, strong resistance to interference from ions, and excellent reusability.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"2729-2746"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined hydrodynamic cavitation and advanced oxidation process for the degradation of hexamethyl pararosaniline chloride.","authors":"P C Anusree, T S Anantha Singh","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2459370","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2459370","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wastewater produced by the Textile industry contains dyes, aromatic, phenolic and various complex compounds which seriously harm the environment due to their high toxicity and carcinogenicity. The dyes found in wastewater are the ones frequently used to add colour to various industrial processes. The present study investigates the degradation of hexamethyl pararosaniline chloride (HPC) dye using hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) along with other oxidants. In an HC reactor, the effect of two different cavitating devices venturi and orifice and its combined effect with ZnO, H₂O₂, KPS, ZnO + H₂O₂ for the degradation of HPC have been investigated in detail. The effect of several operating parameters such as inlet pressure (3-7 bar), temperature (25-55 °C), initial concentration (50-300 mg/L) and initial pH (2-7) with respect to cavitation time has been analysed based on the removal of colour, TOC and TN. At the optimum initial dye concentration of 100 ppm, a pH of 5, a temperature of 35 °C and a pressure of 4 bar the maximum removal of TOC was found to be 46.4% and 28.4% for the venturi and orifice plate, respectively, for 120 min of treatment time. The study also focused on the combined oxidation approaches and compared that with the individual process. The extent of HPC mineralization rose from 46.4% for only HC to 67.3% and 43.6% for the combined HC + H₂O₂+ ZnO and H₂O₂ + ZnO, respectively. Overall, it can be concluded that hydrodynamic cavitation-based combined treatment methods are very effective for the degradation of hexamethyl pararosaniline chloride dye.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"3197-3210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143079005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anaerobic digestion of organic fraction from municipal solid waste with methano production as objective: acidification phase control with no chemicals.","authors":"João Victor Tischler Nizer, Gabriel Scremin Correa da Cunha, Tatiane Martins de Assis, Priscila Rosseto Camiloti, Guilherme Araujo Vuitik, Thiago Edwiges, Ana Cláudia Barana","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2456131","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2456131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Urban solid waste (USW) contains a significant proportion of organic matter, represented by the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW), quantified as Volatile Solids/Total Solids (VS/TS). This organic fraction can be leveraged for energy production. This study proposes an innovative approach to controlling the FOS/TAC ratio (FOS: Volatile Organic Acids (VOAs, C2-C6); TAC: Total Alkaline Carbonate) in anaerobic digestion using a Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR). Instead of adding external alkalizing agents, the method relies on feed interruptions to promote self-recovery of buffering compounds. The process was analyzed by correlating the FOS/TAC ratio, volatile organic acids (VOA) levels, and biogas and methane production. Experiments utilized organic loading rates (OLR) of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g VS L^-1 d^-1, with the latter yielding a VS removal efficiency of 68-91%, methane content of 50-75%, and acid accumulation. The FOS/TAC ratio ranged from 0.5 to 2.0, with acetic and propionic acid concentrations reaching 7,422 mg L^-1 and 4,596 mg L^-1, respectively. The process was halted when biogas production stabilized at 0.06 L biogas L^-1 reactor d^-1, with methane content at 50%. The results demonstrate that anaerobic digestion of OFMSW is a viable treatment strategy at OLRs up to 1.5 g VS L^-1 d^-1, achieving efficient biogas production without the need for chemical additives.<b>HIGHLIGHTS</b>The alkalinity increased, represented by FOS/TAC ratio, was positivity influenced by methane gas concentration.Programmed stops were the key-tool used to get a no acidification reator during the experimental time.The OLR of 1.5 g SV Kg^-1 d^-1 was the limited the charge where the reator was capable to recovery of acidification started, only with the programmed stop.It was possible to remain in stable condition for the reactor for 52 days, with the FOS/TAC ratio in 0.6 and OLR in 1.5 g SV Kg^-1 d^-1.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"3120-3129"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143364144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recycling red mud with raw coal to low-cost Fe/C/ceramic composite for efficient microwave absorption.","authors":"Xiuning Du, Liping Liang, Kun Jia, Yuan Liu, Jiafa Xu, Kewei Zhang, Guomin Li","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2460242","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2460242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To solve the urgent issue of electromagnetic (EM) wave radiation pollution and promote the resource utilisation of red mud (RM, a solid waste), Fe/C/ceramic composite EM wave-absorbing materials were constructed by recycling RM with raw coal (RC) through simple mechanical mixing and then carbothermal reduction between Fe₂O₃ in RM and carbon component in RC. It was found that the calcined temperature of 900 °C can be considered the optimal formation temperature for Fe. In addition, a tuneable EM wave absorption performance could be attained by regulating the mass ratio of RC to RM (denoted as <i>M</i>_RC:<i>M</i>_RM). When the <i>M</i>_RC:<i>M</i>_RM value reaches to 0.4:1 and 0.5:1, the composites exhibit more favourable performance. The composite with <i>M</i>_RC:<i>M</i>_RM of 0.4:1 showed the minimum reflection loss (<i>RL</i>_min) of -41.6 dB, accompanied by an effective absorption bandwidth (<i>EAB)</i> of 3.2 GHz when the simulating thickness was 2 mm. The composite with <i>M</i>_RC:<i>M</i>_RM of 0.5:1 possessed the maximum <i>EAB</i> of 4.2 GHz with the <i>RL</i>_min of -25.3 dB at a thickness of 1.5 mm. The satisfactory performance profits from good impedance matching and strong intrinsic attenuation capability. The former can be attributed to the regulatable EM parameters of the multicomponent system; the latter is mainly credited to the strong dielectric loss arising from the medium graphitised carbon, highly crystalline Fe, and plentiful defects and interfaces in the composites. This work not only provides a valid path to realise the economical preparation of microwave absorbents but also achieves the rational disposal of RM.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"3242-3255"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143432625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green synthesis of ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) fertiliser: production via plasma water/ice interaction with air and NH₃ plasma.","authors":"Vikas Rathore, Vyom Desai, Nirav I Jamnapara, Sudhir Kumar Nema","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2024.2440659","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09593330.2024.2440659","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study introduces a green and sustainable method for synthesising ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) using plasma activated water (PAW). Nitrate ions (<math><msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></math>) were generated via air plasma treatment, and ammonium ions (<math><msubsup><mrow><mi>NH</mi></mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></msubsup></math>) were introduced using low pressure ammonia (NH₃) plasma exposure to nitrate-rich PAW in frozen form to produce NH₄NO₃. Results demonstrated that process parameters, including NH₃ gas pressure, applied voltage, and treatment time, significantly influenced PAW properties, with NH₃ plasma treatment time showing the most substantial impact. Extending the treatment time from 0.5-1.5 hours increased <math><msubsup><mrow><mi>NH</mi></mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></msubsup></math> ion concentration by 134.2%, achieving a maximum of 168.2 mg L^-¹ with an energy consumption of 74.8 mg <math><msubsup><mrow><mi>NH</mi></mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></msubsup></math> ions kWh^-¹. The <math><msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></math> ion concentration reached 63.5 mg L^-¹ with an energy yield of 222 mg <math><msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></math> ions kWh^-¹. This method achieved a total yield of 27.6 mg NH₄NO₃ kWh^-¹ and produced a neutral to slightly basic PAW suitable for agricultural applications, offering a promising alternative to traditional NH₄NO₃ production processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"2643-2655"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142817493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat-activated peroxodisulfate oxidation of sulfapyridine: kinetics, transformation pathways, and nitrated byproducts.","authors":"Xu Gao, Yuanwei Zhang, Mengxi Ren, Junjie Wang, Yunhong Song, Junchao Ma","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2024.2438895","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09593330.2024.2438895","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>ABSTRACT</b>The widespread existence of sulfapyridine (SPD, a typical representative of sulfonamide) in natural environment has raised increasing interest because its potential to cause antibiotic-resistant genes. In this work, the degradation of SPD during heat-activated peroxodisulfate (heat/PDS) oxidation process was explored. The pseudo-first-order rate constant (<i>k</i>_obs) of SPD was 0.0149 min^-1 with 0.5 mM PDS at pH 7. The <i>k</i>_obs values were increased obviously with increasing PDS concentration. Such degradation was ascribed to the oxidation of sulfate radical (SO₄^•-) primarily according to radical quenching test. A total of 16 transformation products derived from hydroxylation, aniline moiety oxidation, and SO₂ extrusion & rearrangement pathways were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and theoretical calculations. Of which, the production of nitrated byproducts was attributed to the oxidation of aniline moiety in SPD molecule. The existence of natural organic matter (NOM) obviously reduced the degradation efficiency of SPD, while the effects of coexisting anions (i.e., NO₃^-, CO₃^2-, and Cl^-) were negligible. These findings illustrated that SPD can be effectively degraded but cause the nitrated byproducts generation during the heat/PDS oxidation process, which should be paid attention to when SR-AOPs is applied.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"2536-2545"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142947031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study based on biochar as a reinforcing agent of irradiated waste thermoplastic composite for polymer engineering and electromagnetic shielding applications.","authors":"Mona Y Elnaggar, E G Zaki, L A Wahab","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2024.2447625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2024.2447625","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Waste polyethylene (WPE) and virgin polyethylene (VPE) (50:50) thermoplastic have been melt-mixed with biochar (BC) made from orange peels at ratios of 5, 10, and 15(Phr) to evaluate how the filler content affected the mechanical, thermal, optical, electrical conductivity, and electromagnetic interference (EMI). γ-rays was applied to the prepared specimens to assess how radiation affected the created biocomposites. From the obtained results, the combination of BC with γ-rays, at doses of up to 100 kGy, with thermoplastic resulted in an enhanced mechanical property, particularly for composites containing 15 Phr of BC added because of its unique structure and excellent dispersion. Similarly, the addition of BC into thermoplastic composites raised both thermal as well as optical properties. The electrical conductivity of the studied composites has been carried out at room temperature in the frequency range of 50 Hz-5 MHz. The study shows that for practical applications, blended thermoplastic PE with BC at a ratio of 10 Phr and irradiated with a dosage of 100 kGy lead to enhanced conductivity (ac) and the real portion of dielectric constant (Σ/). Furthermore, the optical properties of the prepared bio-composited have been enhanced by the addition of BC. Additionally, as a shielding application in the X-band, Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) was investigated, and shown that efficient EMI shielding is achieved when BC loading into biocomposites recorded high EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) for the higher filler loading 15 Phr of BC, which recorded 4.7 dB with a thickness sheet of 1 mm for biocomposites..</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":"46 15","pages":"2778-2797"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144208087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low cost small scale recycling aluminium cans for energy conservation and environmental sustainability.","authors":"Man Zhang, Keren Zhou, Theo Saunders, Gang Wang, Kresse Wesling, Jianguo Liu, James Busfield, Emiliano Bilotti, Haixue Yan","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2509994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2025.2509994","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A smart, low-cost small-scale aluminium (Al) beverage cans recycling technology is needed to solve the problem of abandoned cans around the world. In this research, a small-scale Al recycling system which is clean, safe, sustainable, easy to use and low cost, has been developed. It uses natural solar energy as the power source, a smart induction furnace to quickly melt the Al cans and two filters to purify the generated gas during the melting. High value-added products can be obtained by direct casting. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to evaluate the environmental performance of the newly developed system compared with the traditional Al recycling technology. Results have shown that the low-cost small-scale Al recycling technology performs better in environmental categories such as climate change, ozone depletion and eutrophication, while the traditional recycling method shows advantage in acidification, eutrophication (terrestrial), and eutrophication (marine). This low cost small-scale Al recycling system is easy to duplicate and to operate. It is a promising sustainable technology to support the large-scale recycling technology by low cost and easy processing, engaging and empowering more people in communities, households and small enterprises, in undeveloped areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144186844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}