European Addiction Research最新文献

{"title":"Changes in Inhibition-Related Brain Function and Psychological Flexibility during Smoking Abstinence: A Machine-Learning Prediction of Time to Relapse.","authors":"Louis-Ferdinand Lespine, Laura M Rueda-Delgado, Nigel Vahey, Kathy L Ruddy, Hanni Kiiski, Nadja Enz, Rory Boyle, Laura Rai, Gabi Pragulbickaite, Jonathan B Bricker, Louise McHugh, Robert Whelan","doi":"10.1159/000546112","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000546112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Despite substantial health benefits, smoking cessation attempts have high relapse rates. Neuroimaging measures can sometimes predict individual differences in substance use phenotypes - including relapse - better than behavioral metrics alone. No study to date has compared the relative prediction ability of changes in psychological processes across prolonged abstinence with corresponding changes in brain activity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Here, in a longitudinal design, measurements were made 1 day prior to smoking cessation, and at 1 and 4 weeks post-cessation (total n = 120). Next, we tested the relative role of changes in psychosocial variables versus task-based functional brain measures predicting time to nicotine relapse up to 12 months. Abstinence was bio-verified 4-5 times during the first month. Data were analyzed with a novel machine-learning approach to predict relapse.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results showed that increased electrophysiological brain activity during inhibitory control predicted longer time to relapse (c-index = 0.56). However, reward-related brain activity was not predictive (c-index = 0.45). Psychological variables, notably an increase during abstinence in psychological flexibility when experiencing negative smoking-related sensations, predicted longer time to relapse (c-index = 0.63). A model combining psychosocial and brain data was predictive (c-index = 0.68). Using a best-practice approach, we demonstrated generalizability of the combined model on a previously unseen holdout validation dataset (c-index = 0.59 vs. 0.42 for a null model).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results show that changes during abstinence - increased smoking-specific psychological flexibility and increased inhibitory control brain function - are important in predicting time to relapse from smoking cessation. In the future, monitoring and augmenting changes in these variables could help improve the chances of successful nicotine smoking abstinence.</p>","PeriodicalId":11902,"journal":{"name":"European Addiction Research","volume":" ","pages":"99-112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12180767/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143976173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motivational Interviewing in Addiction Services: An Exploratory Study of Training Needs.","authors":"Nuri Wieland, Helle Larsen, Reinout W Wiers, Julia Kühling, Wiebke Brunner, Ulrich Frischknecht","doi":"10.1159/000546243","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000546243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing (MI) in addiction treatment has been proven many times. Many national treatment guidelines throughout the EU recommend MI as a method in the treatment of addiction-related and comorbid disorders. However, little is known on the availability of workforce that is able to provide sufficiently quality-secured MI. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of training and the use of MI among addiction care professionals in Germany.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a quantitative, anonymous cross-sectional survey, 262 professionals from the addiction care system were asked about their training in MI, their level of knowledge, the motivation of their clients, and the use of MI in practice. All data analyses were carried out using SPSS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the professionals, 54.8% (n = 143) reported having had at least 1 day of training in MI. 64.3% (n = 90) of the trained professionals felt sufficiently trained for their area of responsibility. 31.0% (n = 83) of the total sample stated that further training, quality circles, training courses, or similar had been set up at their facility. Results of an ordinal logistic regression indicated that the use of MI in practice could be predicted by MI-specific training (OR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.13-0.38, p < 0.01) and the availability of MI support structures in the institution (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.28-0.81, p < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results suggest a divergence between medical treatment recommendations for the use of MI and the level of training required for this in the German addiction treatment landscape.</p>","PeriodicalId":11902,"journal":{"name":"European Addiction Research","volume":" ","pages":"169-178"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144173210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glucose Intake Reduces Craving in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder Depending on Insulin Response.","authors":"Lea Wetzel, Sabine Hoffmann, Iris Reinhard, Alisa Riegler, Madeleine Pourbaix, Isabel Ardern, Tobias Link, Sabine Vollstädt-Klein, Bernd Lenz, Falk Kiefer, Anne Koopmann, Patrick Bach","doi":"10.1159/000546648","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000546648","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>There is evidence that the appetite-regulating hormone insulin plays an important role in alcohol use disorder (AUD), in the sense that there is a negative correlation between insulin and alcohol craving, meaning that an increase in insulin levels leads to a reduction in acute craving. This suggests a promising approach for the acute reduction of craving in the treatment of patients with AUD, which could be achieved via an actively induced short-term increase in insulin levels, e.g., by glucose administration, and which has not yet been investigated in the form of a randomized controlled trial. Another aspect that has not yet been investigated is the role of the insulin-responder-type of each individual, i.e., the time until the insulin peak is reached, in this relationship.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study examined a glucose intake as acute treatment to reduce craving in 80 male and female patients with AUD. Dynamics in craving and insulin levels were assessed at 8 time points on each study visit before and after alcohol cue exposure, after treatment with glucose-respective placebo solution and during the subsequent observation phase. These changes were analyzed using linear mixed models. The insulin-responder-type (fast, normal, slow) of each person was taken into account, and possible interactions with the treatment were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Linear mixed models revealed a significant interaction effect (F(2, 412.058) = 7.988, p < 0.001) between treatment and insulin-responder-type on craving, with lower craving values in the glucose compared to the placebo condition in the normal insulin-responder-type group (i.e., insulin peak after glucose intake within 30 to 60 min, difference in means = -0.805, p = 0.003, 95% CI: -1.428, -0.182). In the contrary, in the fast insulin-responder-type group craving values were higher in the glucose compared to the placebo condition (difference in means = 1.143, p = 0.011, 95% CI: 0.378, 1.907). Slow insulin-responders showed no differences in craving levels depending on the treatment condition (difference in means = -0.124, p = 0.694, 95% CI: -0.741, 0.493). No main effect was found in the linear mixed models for baseline-centered insulin levels (F(1, 395.337) = 2.328, p = 0.128).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Glucose intake may reduce craving in individuals with AUD who show a normal insulin response. Further research should consider the different insulin-responder-types and peak times to better understand the underlying mechanisms of craving reduction with glucose administration in the context of insulin elevation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11902,"journal":{"name":"European Addiction Research","volume":" ","pages":"251-263"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144575101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Dose Buprenorphine Initiation for Opioid Agonist Therapy in Patients with Opioid Use Disorder: A Dutch Consensus Paper.","authors":"Stijn E Veldman, Niki Lijftogt, Thomas Knuijver, Boukje A G Dijkstra, Arnt F A Schellekens","doi":"10.1159/000549129","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000549129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist, is widely used as treatment for opioid use disorder. Traditionally, the original opioids are abruptly stopped, whereafter the buprenorphine is titrated over the course of several days. An alternative approach is low-dose buprenorphine initiation (LDBI), where buprenorphine is titrated more gradually, while the original opioids are still being used. Literature suggests LDBI may be associated with less withdrawal symptoms, though no standardized protocol for LDBI currently exists. This study aimed to establish consensus on the application of LDBI in Dutch clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A Delphi method was employed, involving a systematic literature review to develop statements on the application of LDBI. Experts reviewed these statements across three rounds, achieving consensus at a 75% agreement threshold.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirteen physicians with demonstrated expertise in LDBI participated, with nine completing all three rounds. Over three consultation rounds, consensus was achieved on 28 statements about indications for LDBI and dosing regimens, though variation in titration procedures was observed. The panel agreed that the starting dose can range between 10 and 20 μg/h for transdermal patches and 0.2-1.0 mg for sublingual tablets; dose can be increased daily with a maximum of 100% of the previous daily dose. Further, the original opioids should not be discontinued before day 7 after LDBI.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Though various protocols for LDBI exist, physicians experienced with LDBI agreed on the range of safe LDBI regimens. Further research is necessary to develop comprehensive guidelines for LDBI in patients with opioid use disorder.</p>","PeriodicalId":11902,"journal":{"name":"European Addiction Research","volume":" ","pages":"369-375"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145354189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating Decision-Making under Risk in Pathological Gambling Using a Virtual Slot Machine: A Pilot Eye-Tracking Study.","authors":"Gloria Baumann, Ronald Fischer, Iris Reinhard, Sabine Hoffmann, Falk Kiefer, Tagrid Leménager, Patrick Bach","doi":"10.1159/000547742","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000547742","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pathological gambling (PG) is characterized by altered decision-making. Even though studies have investigated decision-making in patients with PG, the effects of win-contingent stimuli thereon are not well understood yet.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thus, we conducted a study in patients with PG (n = 10) and healthy individuals (n = 14), who performed two versions of a slot machine gambling task with and without win-contingent cues, while decision-making and gaze fixations were assessed using high-resolution eye-tracking.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with PG showed higher rates of high-risk decisions, lower rates of rational choices and showed less visual attention to probability information, but increased visual attention toward gambling cues, compared to healthy individuals. In the presence of win-contingent gambling cues, participants needed significantly more time to decide between high-risk versus low-risk gambles and spent significantly less time watching the probability information.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Findings highlight the relevance of gambling-associated cues in PG. Targeting altered cue-reactivity could contribute to normalizing risky decision-making in patients with PG.</p>","PeriodicalId":11902,"journal":{"name":"European Addiction Research","volume":" ","pages":"308-324"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometric Evaluation of the Dutch Version of the Substance Use Recovery Evaluator (SURE-NL).","authors":"Charlotte Migchels, Wim van den Brink, Amine Zerrouk, Frieda I A Matthys, Clara De Ruysscher, Dries Debeer, Wouter Vanderplasschen, Cleo Lina Crunelle","doi":"10.1159/000541584","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000541584","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are an important source of information that allow for a patient-centered assessment. Outcome measurement of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment traditionally focuses on drug use and deficits in functioning, overlooking other aspects of the personal and dynamic process of recovery. The substance use recovery evaluator (SURE) is a PROM developed with service user input to monitor the recovery journey and assess treatment outcomes in people with SUD. The objective of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Dutch translation of the SURE, the SURE-NL, for measuring indicators of recovery in Dutch-speaking patients with SUD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The original SURE questionnaire was translated from English to Dutch using forward-backward translation. A total of N = 171 participants were recruited as part of a naturalistic multicenter study in inpatient (N = 149) and outpatient (N = 22) SUD treatment centers. We examined the factorial structure, reliability, and concurrent and discriminant validity of the SURE-NL.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The original 5-factor structure of the SURE showed acceptable fit for the SURE-NL, and internal consistencies of the subscales ranged from 0.61 to 0.76; internal consistency of the total score was 0.83. Concurrent validity was confirmed through positive correlations of the SURE-NL total and subscale scores with the WHOQoL-BREF subscales, but correlations varied depending on subscale and treatment setting, with higher correlations for the outpatient compared to the inpatient subgroup. Discriminant validity was confirmed through low, mostly non-significant correlations between the SURE-NL and the DASS-21.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although the SURE was originally designed for outpatient settings, our findings in a predominantly inpatient sample indicate that the SURE-NL is suitable for assessing personal recovery and recovery capital in Dutch-speaking Belgian patients with SUD. However, subscales should be used and interpreted with caution. Further research is needed with larger Dutch-speaking outpatient samples and the development of a tailored SURE for inpatient settings should be considered.</p><p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are an important source of information that allow for a patient-centered assessment. Outcome measurement of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment traditionally focuses on drug use and deficits in functioning, overlooking other aspects of the personal and dynamic process of recovery. The substance use recovery evaluator (SURE) is a PROM developed with service user input to monitor the recovery journey and assess treatment outcomes in people with SUD. The objective of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Dutch translation of the SURE, the SURE-NL, for measuring indicators of recovery in Dutch-speaking pat","PeriodicalId":11902,"journal":{"name":"European Addiction Research","volume":" ","pages":"13-22"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11965845/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142616914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Machine Learning-Based Adjustments to an eHealth Intervention Targeting Mild Alcohol Use.","authors":"Marloes Derksen, Max van Beek, Matthijs Blankers, Hamed Nasri, Tamara de Bruijn, Nick Lommerse, Guido van Wingen, Steffen Pauws, Anna E Goudriaan","doi":"10.1159/000543252","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000543252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate effects of three machine learning based adjustments made to an eHealth intervention for mild alcohol use disorder, regarding (a) early dropout, (b) participation duration, and (c) success in reaching personal alcohol use goals. Additionally, we aimed to replicate earlier machine learning analyses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used three cohorts of observational log data from the Jellinek Digital Self-help intervention. First, a cohort before implementation of adjustments (T0; n = 320); second, a cohort after implementing two adjustments (i.e., sending daily emails in the first week and nudging participants towards a \"no alcohol use\" goal; T1; n = 146); third, a cohort comprising the prior adjustments complemented with eliminated time constraints to reaching further in the intervention (T2; n = 236).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found an increase in participants reaching further in the intervention, yet an increase in early dropout after implementing all adjustments. Moreover, we found that more participants aimed for a quit goal, whilst participation duration declined at T2. Intervention success increased, yet not significantly. Lastly, machine learning demonstrated reliability for outcome prediction in smaller datasets of an eHealth intervention.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Strong correlates as indicated by machine learning analyses were found to affect goal setting and use of an eHealth program for alcohol use problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11902,"journal":{"name":"European Addiction Research","volume":" ","pages":"47-59"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142876579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Moderating Effect of Tobacco Smoking on the Efficacy of a Computer-Based Brief Alcohol Intervention: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Cedric Gerbracht, Andreas Staudt, Jennis Freyer-Adam, Gallus Bischof, Christian Meyer, Ulrich John, Sophie Baumann","doi":"10.1159/000545866","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545866","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking may have synergistic harmful effects when present in combination. This combination is highly prevalent and associated with a multitude of diseases. Brief alcohol intervention (BAI) may be less effective among persons who drink alcohol and smoke tobacco than among persons who drink alcohol and do not smoke. The aim of this study was to find out whether BAI is more effective among adults who do not smoke than among those who smoke.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study reports secondary outcome analyses of the randomized controlled trial \"Testing a proactive expert system intervention to prevent and to quit at-risk alcohol use.\" Among municipal office clients, 1,646 who were aged 18-64 and consumed alcohol in the last year participated. Using latent growth curve models, the impact of BAI was compared by incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of self-reported heavy drinking days and the moderating effect of smoking was investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no significant difference between intervention and control in reducing heavy drinking days in persons who never smoked (IRR 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92-1.10, p = 0.847), formerly smoked (IRR 0.91, CI 0.77-1.07, p = 0.234), currently smoked less than daily (IRR 0.98, CI 0.86-1.12, p = 0.782) and persons who currently smoked daily (IRR 1.09, CI 0.98-1.22, p = 0.125).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The effect of BAI did not differ among study participants who currently smoked as among participants who did not. Although not statistically significant, persons who formerly smoked tended to benefit. Persons who currently smoked did not benefit.</p>","PeriodicalId":11902,"journal":{"name":"European Addiction Research","volume":" ","pages":"209-220"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144003991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Prescribed Use of Opioid Agonist Medications and Associations with Non-Fatal Overdoses: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study across a Decade of Reduced Monitoring.","authors":"Anne Line Bretteville-Jensen, Linda Nesse","doi":"10.1159/000547909","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000547909","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><p>Introduction: Non-prescribed use of opioid agonist treatment (OAT) medications is a public health concern. This study analyzes the prevalence of non-prescribed use and non-fatal overdoses in Norway in 2013 and 2023, a period marked by an increasingly flexible OAT regimen, and examines associations between non-prescribed use and non-fatal overdoses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional surveys with two convenience samples (n₁ = 611 in 2013, n₂ = 523 in 2023) of street-recruited individuals, who reported recent use of opioids and/or stimulants but were not currently enrolled in OAT, were employed. The primary outcomes were self-reported non-prescribed use of methadone and buprenorphine and non-fatal overdoses in the past month and past year. Covariates included demographics and substance use characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Non-prescribed use of OAT medications significantly declined from 39.4% in 2013 to 28.1% in 2023 (p < 0.001), as did frequency of use (p < 0.01). There was no change in non-fatal overdoses in the past month (8.2% in both years), though past-year non-fatal overdoses decreased (23.6% in 2013 vs. 15.9% in 2023, p = 0.001). Multinomial regression analyses showed no significant association between non-prescribed OAT use and increased risk of non-fatal overdoses. Instead, factors such as injecting drug use, frequent heroin use, stimulant use, younger age, and female sex were associated with non-fatal overdose risk.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Even with an increasingly flexible OAT regimen, non-prescribed use declined among street-recruited participants, and no corresponding increase in non-fatal overdoses was observed. These findings challenge the assumption that reduced monitoring in OAT is linked with higher rates of non-prescribed use and adverse outcomes, such as non-fatal overdoses, among individuals not in OAT. </p>.</p>","PeriodicalId":11902,"journal":{"name":"European Addiction Research","volume":" ","pages":"347-358"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12503675/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144816119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate Withdrawal Symptom Questionnaire.","authors":"Amber M L Wood, Arnt F A Schellekens, Boukje A G Dijkstra, Casper J H Wolf, Harmen Beurmanjer","doi":"10.1159/000545700","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545700","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) dependence has been associated with a potentially fulminant withdrawal syndrome. As GHB withdrawal symptoms can rapidly progress from mild to more severe, close monitoring during detoxification is important. However, a concise, GHB-specific withdrawal scale is currently lacking. The aim of this study was to compose a concise GHB-specific withdrawal scale as monitoring instrument.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used monitoring data from 285 patients with GHB use disorder (GUD) admitted for inpatient detoxification. A six-step plan for shortening measurement scales was applied. Only subjective GHB withdrawal symptoms were used. To identify the factor structure, a principal component analysis (PCA) with Direct Oblimin Rotation was performed. The pattern matrix was used to assess the factor loading per item. Item selection was based on factor loadings >0.4 and clinical relevance of the symptoms. Multiple lists were created whose psychometric qualities (concurrent validity, convergent validity, reliability) were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The PCA resulted in eight components (eigenvalue >1.0). Item selection resulted in five candidate lists with 8, 9, 16 (2x), and 27 items. All lists showed good concurrent and convergent validity. Only one with 16 items combined good psychometric properties with the need for a shortened questionnaire combined with all clinically relevant items.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We recommend a novel 16-item GHB Withdrawal Symptoms Questionnaire (GWSQ) to monitor withdrawal during detoxification in patients with GUD. This concise, GHB-specific scale is likely less time-consuming to administer, sensitive to rapid changes in GHB withdrawal symptoms and aids clinicians in their decision-making during GHB titration and tapering. Implementation of this scale should be evaluated to determine its validity and usefulness in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":11902,"journal":{"name":"European Addiction Research","volume":" ","pages":"157-168"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143959968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}