European Addiction Research最新文献

{"title":"The Role of Perceived Stress in the Relation between Childhood Maltreatment and Severity of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Mediation Analysis.","authors":"Emilie Bougelet, Mirjam Deffaa, Cagdas Türkmen, Falk Kiefer, Sabine Vollstädt-Klein, Sarah Gerhardt","doi":"10.1159/000539711","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000539711","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Experiences of Childhood Maltreatment (CM) relate to relapse and lower treatment success in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), one of the most prevalent substance use disorders. However, the exact mechanisms of this relationship still remain unclear. This study examines perceived stress and \"drinking to cope with negative affect\" (coping) as possible mediators in this relationship. Moreover, it aims at uncovering the differential effects of the subtypes of CM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>N = 96 individuals (42% women; mean age 41 ± 13 years) including healthy controls and individuals with varying severity of AUD and CM completed the Alcohol-Dependence Scale, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale and German Inventory of Drinking Situations. Mediation analyses including perceived stress as a mediator between CM (and subtypes) and severity of AUD, as well as a serial mediation of the relationship between CM and AUD severity by perceived stress and coping were conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Perceived stress significantly mediated the relation between CM and AUD severity and the serial mediation by perceived stress and coping turned out significant. Subtype-specific analyses did not yield significant results.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study reinforces perceived stress as a potential mechanism in the relation between CM and AUD severity. Moreover, coping further mediated the relationship between CM and AUD severity. Our results suggest including screening for CM (subtypes) in clinical routine in order to individually emphasize interventions focusing on stress regulation, as well as on developing healthy coping mechanisms, in patients with AUD. This might prevent heightened stress sensitivity, relapse and further maintenance of AUD.</p><p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Experiences of Childhood Maltreatment (CM) relate to relapse and lower treatment success in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), one of the most prevalent substance use disorders. However, the exact mechanisms of this relationship still remain unclear. This study examines perceived stress and \"drinking to cope with negative affect\" (coping) as possible mediators in this relationship. Moreover, it aims at uncovering the differential effects of the subtypes of CM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>N = 96 individuals (42% women; mean age 41 ± 13 years) including healthy controls and individuals with varying severity of AUD and CM completed the Alcohol-Dependence Scale, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale and German Inventory of Drinking Situations. Mediation analyses including perceived stress as a mediator between CM (and subtypes) and severity of AUD, as well as a serial mediation of the relationship between CM and AUD severity by perceived stress and coping were conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Perceived stress significantly mediated the relation between CM and AUD severity and the serial mediation","PeriodicalId":11902,"journal":{"name":"European Addiction Research","volume":" ","pages":"347-356"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932110/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141633017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addiction Medicine and Psychology in the French-Speaking Community of Belgium: A Balancing Act between Progress and Challenges.","authors":"Pierre Maurage, Salvatore Campanella, Etienne Quertemont, Martin Desseilles, Yasser Khazaal, Philippe de Timary","doi":"10.1159/000536416","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000536416","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11902,"journal":{"name":"European Addiction Research","volume":" ","pages":"142-144"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139740747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal and -Gonadal Dysfunction in Cocaine-Addicted Men.","authors":"Karen D Ersche, Jan Stochl, Annette B Brühl, Mark Gurnell","doi":"10.1159/000535584","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000535584","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Regular cocaine use has been associated with hormonal dysfunction including hypogonadism, which can lead to fatigue, reduced stamina, sexual dysfunction, and impaired quality of life. However, cocaine's endocrine effects are largely under-reported in the scientific addiction literature and, in many cases, are not addressed within treatment services. The low profile of these adverse effects might be attributable to a lack of awareness and linkage with cocaine use, such that they are recognized only when an acute/emergency problem arises.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We assessed endocrine diurnal function (adrenocorticotrophic hormone [ACTH], cortisol, and testosterone) in 26 healthy and 27 cocaine-dependent men and examined changes in hormone levels in response to a single 40 mg dose of the noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor atomoxetine in a double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental medicine study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When compared with healthy controls, diurnal and atomoxetine-induced changes in ACTH and cortisol showed greater variability in cocaine-dependent men. Interestingly, despite an exaggerated rise in ACTH following atomoxetine, an attenuated cortisol response was observed, and one-third of cocaine-dependent men had subnormal testosterone levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings point to a potential disconnection between the pituitary and adrenal responses in cocaine-dependent men, a higher rate of hypogonadism, and a pressing need for more research into the endocrine effects of cocaine and their clinical implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":11902,"journal":{"name":"European Addiction Research","volume":" ","pages":"114-120"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139466400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Prevalence and Changes in Alcohol Consumption across Three Trimesters of Pregnancy Assessed by Ethyl Glucuronide Concentration in Maternal Hair and Self-Reports: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Katarzyna Okulicz-Kozaryn, Emilia Marchei, Ewa Helwich, Magdalena Rutkowska, Tomasz M Maciejewski, Patrycja Gumuła, Aleksandra Januszaniec-Piotrowska, Martyna Bójko, Katarzyna Radiukiewicz, Anna Dzielska, Simona Pichini","doi":"10.1159/000542474","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000542474","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The teratogenic effect of alcohol is well known, but its prevalence is usually underestimated. This study presents the findings of a cross-sectional study conducted in Poland, which aimed to assess the prevalence and changes in alcohol consumption during pregnancy. The study utilized ethyl glucuronide (EtG) concentration in maternal hair and self-reports as measures to evaluate alcohol intake across the three trimesters of pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study involved postpartum women (n = 150) and their babies. Hair samples from 135 participants allowed segmental analysis (separately for the three trimesters), and hair from 15 were analysed for the entire 9 months by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Survey data included self-reports of health-related behaviours and socio-demographic characteristics; medical records - information on the course of a pregnancy and newborn's health.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Standard medical interview revealed no cases of alcohol use during pregnancy. The analysis of EtG indicated 50.3% of women had been drinking alcohol at any time during pregnancy, including 10% with excessive alcohol consumption. Most participants maintained the same level of alcohol consumption throughout the pregnancy, but 8.7% of women decreased and 20.7% increased the amount of alcohol consumed between the 1st and 2nd or 2nd and 3rd trimesters. Gestational consumption of alcohol was not related to socio-demographic characteristics, course of pregnancy, and self-reported health behaviours, but babies of women who drank alcohol during pregnancy were more often small for gestation age than babies of abstainers (odds ratio [OR] = 6.008), with the highest risk observed in case of increased alcohol consumption (OR = 12.348).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Maternal hair analysis is useful in detecting pregnancy alcohol use and allows retrospective analysis over a longer period than other biological samples, providing a more comprehensive pattern of use throughout pregnancy. However, there is a need to improve routine methods of interviewing patients about alcohol use and to implement effective preventive strategies regarding alcohol consumption during pregnancy in Poland.</p>","PeriodicalId":11902,"journal":{"name":"European Addiction Research","volume":" ","pages":"378-389"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142686464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Patients' Perceptions on Injectable Opioid Agonist Treatment: Influences on Treatment Initiation and Implications for Practice.","authors":"Zoe Friedmann, Annette Binder, Hans-Tilmann Kinkel, Claudia Kühner, Andreas Zsolnai, Inge Mick","doi":"10.1159/000535416","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000535416","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Injectable opioid agonist treatment (iOAT) with diacetylmorphine is an effective option for individuals previously considered non-responsive to opioid substitution treatment. Despite implementation in Canada and several European countries, relatively few eligible people choose to initiate iOAT. To better understand what encourages or deters prospective patients from initiating iOAT, the current study explores patients' perceptions on iOAT and how these influence therapy initiation in practice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted 34 semi-structured interviews with individuals currently in or eligible for iOAT in two German outpatient iOAT clinics. Transcripts were analysed following qualitative content analysis, with development of inductive categories and use of consensual coding. For member checking, we consulted individuals with lived experiences prior to data collection and publication.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants based their choice to initiate iOAT on the perceived implications of the treatment on one's daily life and individual recovery. Participants were encouraged to initiate iOAT due to the therapy's perceived potential in reducing cravings and substance use, its positive health consequences, and due to the image of iOAT as a path towards abstinence. Regarding deterring perceptions, participants feared a profound impairment of daily life due to factors such as the daily visits to the clinic, were concerned about whether iOAT would sufficiently promote or even impede one's recovery, and described negative health effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Perceptions found in this study profoundly influenced participants' decisions on iOAT enrolment and contextualize the previous literature. The study reveals the dynamic coexistence of different perceptions about iOAT and sheds light on the inner-group stigmatization of iOAT. Practitioners and future research should acknowledge the complexities found in the current study in order to exploit the full potential of effective treatment modalities such as iOAT.</p>","PeriodicalId":11902,"journal":{"name":"European Addiction Research","volume":" ","pages":"32-42"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10836922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138798034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring Objective and Subjective Sleep during Lisdexamfetamine Treatment of Acute Methamphetamine Withdrawal: A Feasibility Study.","authors":"Liam S Acheson, Christopher Gordon, Rebecca McKetin, Jonathan Brett, Michael Christmass, Craig Rodgers, Nicholas Lintzeris, Adrian Dunlop, Michael Farrell, Steven Shoptaw, Nadine Ezard, Krista J Siefried","doi":"10.1159/000536328","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000536328","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Sleep disturbance is common during methamphetamine (MA) use and withdrawal; however, the feasibility of combined subjective-objective measurement of sleep-wake has not been shown in this population. Actigraphy is a well-established, non-invasive measure of sleep-wake cycles with good concordance with polysomnography. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and utility of using actigraphy and sleep diaries to investigate sleep during MA withdrawal.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a feasibility and utility study of actigraphy and sleep diaries during a clinical trial of lisdexamfetamine for MA withdrawal. Participants were inpatients for 7 days, wore an actigraph (Philips Actiwatch 2) and completed a modified Consensus Sleep Diary each morning. Participants were interviewed between days 3-5.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten participants (mean age 37 years, 90% male) were enrolled. No participant removed the device prematurely. Participants interviewed (n = 8) reported that the actigraph was not difficult or distracting to wear or completion of daily sleep diary onerous. Actigraphic average daily sleep duration over 7 days was 568 min, sleep onset latency 22.4 min, wake after sleep onset (WASO) 75.2 min, and sleep efficiency 83.6%. Sleep diaries underreported daily sleep compared with actigraphy (sleep duration was 56 min (p = 0.008) and WASO 47 min (p &lt; 0.001) less). Overall sleep quality was 4.4 on a nine-point Likert scale within the diary.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Continuous actigraphy is feasible to measure sleep-wake in people withdrawing from MA, with low participant burden. We found important differences in self-reported and actigraphic sleep, which need to be explored in more detail.</p>","PeriodicalId":11902,"journal":{"name":"European Addiction Research","volume":" ","pages":"121-125"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140157854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychedelics: From Cave Art to 21st-Century Medicine for Addiction.","authors":"Ioanna A Vamvakopoulou, David J Nutt","doi":"10.1159/000540062","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000540062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Psychedelic substance use in ritualistic and ceremonial settings dates back as early as 8,500 BCE. Only in recent years, from the mid-20th century, we have seen the re-emergence of psychedelics in a therapeutic setting and more specifically for the treatment of addiction. This article aims to review research over the past 40 years using classic (psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], dimethyltryptamine [DMT], mescaline) and atypical (ketamine, ibogaine, 5-MeO-DMT, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) psychedelics for the treatment of addiction.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>We will start with an overview of the pharmacology and physiological and psychological properties of psychedelic substances from pre-clinical and clinical research. We will then provide an overview of evidence gathered by studies conducted in controlled research environments and naturalistic and ceremonial settings, while we identify the proposed therapeutic mechanisms of each psychedelic substance.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>Classic and atypical psychedelics show promise as therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of addiction, through the improvement of psychological and physiological symptoms of dependence. A more comprehensive understanding of the ancient and present-day knowledge of the therapeutic potential of psychedelics can facilitate hope for psychedelic therapeutics in the treatment of addiction, especially for individuals who have failed other conventional treatment methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":11902,"journal":{"name":"European Addiction Research","volume":" ","pages":"302-320"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11527458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142344048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-Dependent Differences in the Neural Correlates of Cocaine and Emotional Cue-Reactivity in Regular Cocaine Users and Non-Drug-Using Controls: Understanding the Role of Duration and Severity of Use.","authors":"Stephan Tap, Eila van Stipriaan, Anna E Goudriaan, Anne Marije Kaag","doi":"10.1159/000538599","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000538599","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The development of cocaine use disorder in females is suggested to be more strongly related to neural mechanisms underlying stress-reactivity, whereas in males it is suggested to be more strongly related to neural mechanisms underlying drug cue-reactivity. Existing evidence, however, is based on neuroimaging studies that either lack a control group and/or have very small sample sizes that do not allow to investigate sex differences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The main objective of the current study was to investigate sex differences in the neural correlates of cocaine and negative emotional cue-reactivity within high-risk intranasal cocaine users (CUs: 31 males and 26 females) and non-cocaine-using controls (non-CUs: 28 males and 26 females). A region of interest (ROI) analysis was applied to test for the main and interaction effects of group, sex, and stimulus type (cocaine cues vs. neutral cocaine cues and negative emotional cues vs. neutral emotional cues) on activity in the dorsal striatum, ventral striatum (VS), amygdala, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no significant sex or group differences in cocaine cue-reactivity in any of the ROIs. Results did reveal significant emotional cue-reactivity in the amygdala and VS, but these effects were not moderated by group or sex. Exploratory analyses demonstrated that emotional cue-induced activation of the dACC and VS was negatively associated with years of regular cocaine use in female CUs, while this relationship was absent in male CUs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While speculative, the sex-specific associations between years of regular use and emotional cue-reactivity in the dACC and VS suggest that, with longer years of use, female CUs become less sensitive to aversive stimuli, including the negative consequences of cocaine use, which could account for the observed \"telescoping effect\" in female CUs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11902,"journal":{"name":"European Addiction Research","volume":" ","pages":"163-180"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140864341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contingency Management for Cannabis Use Disorder Treatment.","authors":"Marcelo G Lima, Vitor S Tardelli, Thiago M Fidalgo","doi":"10.1159/000540193","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000540193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Although recreational cannabis use and abuse are expressive worldwide, the comparison of worldwide used psychotherapies, such as cognitive behavior therapy, with contingency management in the treatment of cannabis use disorder remains inconclusive.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We screened all articles published on MEDLINE (via PubMed) published until October 2023 and conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixteen studies were included, and contingency management intervention likely promotes abstinence outcomes and more negative urinalyses for adults or adolescents with cannabis use disorder.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This review provides moderate- to high-quality evidence that contingency management can be used to treat cannabis use disorder. However, further trials need to be developed to analyze the quantity of substance use, personal achievements, and operational improvements after treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11902,"journal":{"name":"European Addiction Research","volume":" ","pages":"321-338"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142389033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling the Therapeutic Process of Patients with Cocaine Use Disorders: A Guide for Predicting Readmission.","authors":"Daniel Dacosta-Sánchez, Fermín Fernández-Calderón, Carmen Díaz-Batanero, Cinta Mancheño-Velasco, Óscar M Lozano","doi":"10.1159/000535689","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000535689","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Patients with cocaine use disorders have very high readmission rates. Our aim was to model the relationships between attributes of patients with cocaine use disorder at the beginning of treatment, therapeutic process indicators of time in treatment or proportion of appointments attended, and treatment outcomes, including outcomes at discharge and non-readmissions posttreatment as indicators of therapeutic success.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A retrospective observational design was used with 10,298 cocaine use disorder patients. Electronic health records were used for statistical analysis of the data. Randomized subsample 1 (n = 5,150) was used for exploratory analysis and subsample 2 (n = 5,148) for modeling relationships between the variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients attributes at intake (e.g., legal services as the source of referral) were of limited significance in explaining time in treatment, proportion of appointments attended, and treatment outcomes. Time in treatment and proportion of appointments attended emerged as significant factors in explaining outcomes at discharge. However, readmissions were primarily explained by time in treatment and outcomes at discharge, although referrals to addiction centers by health services also appeared to be relevant for explaining readmission.</p><p><strong>Discussion/conclusion: </strong>Our study has shown that maintaining a sufficient appointment attendance rate and remaining in treatment for a longer duration are critical therapeutic process indicators for explaining outcomes at the point of discharge and therapeutic success, as indicated by a reduced likelihood of readmissions. Patients who remained in treatment for an extended period were found to have a reduced risk of future readmissions. In addition, our study highlights the importance of maintaining a satisfactory appointment attendance rate to attain successful short- and medium-term therapeutic discharge outcomes. These guidelines could help to increase the efficiency of patient treatment and alleviate the suffering of both patients and their families.</p>","PeriodicalId":11902,"journal":{"name":"European Addiction Research","volume":" ","pages":"80-93"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140027794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}