Eurasian Soil Science最新文献

{"title":"Physically Based Thermodynamic Model of the Water Retention Curve of Soils for the Entire Water Range","authors":"A. V. Smagin","doi":"10.1134/s1064229324600234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229324600234","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Quantitative description of the water retention curve (WRC) of soils remains one of the most pressing problems in hydrophysics due to its importance for computer modeling of the transport of soil water and dissolved substances, as well as for the development of the thermodynamic concept of soil physical properties. A new WRC model is presented as a functional dependence of the thermodynamic potential (pressure) of water and its content in the soil over the entire possible range from conditionally zero water content to the maximum water holding capacity. Unlike well-known empirical analogues, the model is based on fundamental physical mechanisms of water retention, combining the capillary effect and disjoining water pressure (according to Derjaguin). Limitations by porosity (maximum water holding capacity), the height of the limiting capillary rise, and the standard thermodynamic potential of conditionally zero water content at a temperature of 105°C are used to justify the domain of determination of the WRC, its inflection point, and scaling. The analytical expression of the new model as a combination of exponential and hyperbolic functions with the argument of soil water content is easily differentiated and allows to calculate, using the WRC, the differential water capacity, variable phase interface, and pore size distribution with a maximum value of field capacity, and to estimate the specific surface area of the solid phase. Validation of the model using mean statistical WRCs of the main genetic types and textural classes of some soils in Eurasia confirms its good agreement with experimental data with a more adequate description of WRC in the vicinity of conditionally zero soil water content compared to the standard empirical van Genuchten’s model with the same number of parameters. The fundamental nature of the new model and its good approximation ability for the entire range of WRC create the prospect of its diverse use for assessing the physical quality of soils and process modeling of water transfer, especially in finely dispersed and highly drying arid soils, where the approximating capabilities of the model exceed the known empirical analogues.</p>","PeriodicalId":11892,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Soil Science","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142198752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erosion–Accumulative Soil Cover Patterns of Dry-Steppe Agrolandscape, Rostov Region","authors":"N. B. Khitrov, E. I. Kravchenko, D. I. Rukhovich, P. V. Koroleva","doi":"10.1134/s1064229324601045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229324601045","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The results of a field study of the erosion–accumulative patterns of the soil cover of a key area in the zone of dark chestnut soils (Kastanozems) are presented, and the information content of multitemporal remote sensing data on the bare soil surface for its identification and mapping is analyzed. The site is located on the Millerovo–Morozovskaya inclined plain within the Don–Donetsk hilly-ridge plain, in Oblivsky district of the Rostov region. The soil cover of the key area is represented by a combination of low-contrasting soils on convex and concave surfaces within an elongated ridge and its slopes, including agro-dark chestnut solonetzic and nonsolonetzic soils, agrozems (washed away soils that have lost the middle-profile xerometamorphic horizon), and stratozems (aggraded soils). The development of this soil cover pattern is determined by a combination of mesorelief landforms and two types of soil-forming rocks. The map of the C coefficient of the multitemporal soil line reveals the heterogeneity of the soil cover related to the activity of erosion/deposition processes. In the key area, three groups of contrasting soil combinations differ significantly in the form of different variations and combinations-variations forming a kind of framework of the soil cover. Combinations of eroded and aggraded soils located between the above three groups of soil combinations significantly differ from their neighbors, but their interpretation has an increased uncertainty.</p>","PeriodicalId":11892,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Soil Science","volume":"8 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142198753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iron Compounds in Steppe Soils of the East-European Plain: Association with Soil Processes, Paleoclimatic Aspects","authors":"V. V. Malyshev, A. O. Alekseev","doi":"10.1134/s1064229324601070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229324601070","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The total content, forms, and mineralogy of iron compounds in soils of forest-steppe, steppe, and semidesert zones of a large territory from the central chernozem regions to the Caspian lowland and from the Southern Urals to the Kerch Strait are studied. The study covers Chernozems (<i>n =</i> 40), Kastanozems (<i>n =</i> 15), Solonetzes (<i>n =</i> 7), and Calcisols (<i>n =</i> 7). Our results demonstrate the specific features in the distribution of total iron content, mass balance (τ_{Fe, Zr}), forms of iron compounds, magnetic susceptibility (χ), and mineralogy in soil profiles. The distribution of τ_{Fe, Zr} in the studied soils reflects the processes and conditions of soil formation, as well as specific lithological features. For a more comprehensive understanding of the transformation of iron compounds in steppe soils, particle-size fractions (&lt;2, 2–5, 5–10, and 10–50 μm) have been analyzed by Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility methods for Luvic Chernozem, Haplic Kastanozem, Haplic Kastanozem (Endosalic, Cambic), and Luvic Calcisol (Endosalic). In the clay fraction, a large share of Fe³⁺ is contained in highly dispersed oxides and hydroxides in a superparamagnetic state. In the humus-accumulative horizons of steppe soils, a decrease in the Fe²⁺ fraction in aluminosilicates caused by weathering is recorded. The observed correlation of the goethite/(hematite + goethite) ratio in humus-accumulative soil horizons with climatic parameters suggests the possibility to apply it for future paleoclimatic reconstructions. Mössbauer spectroscopy shows a significant increase in the content of nonsilicate iron in the humus-accumulative horizons of steppe soils as compared with the soil-forming material, which is an important confirmation for the formation of iron oxides during pedogenesis. A comparison of the methods for assaying nonsilicate iron in soils (Mössbauer spectroscopy and Mehra–Jackson extraction) demonstrates considerable differences in the results, suggesting that the chemical technique underestimates the amount of free iron forms.</p>","PeriodicalId":11892,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Soil Science","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142198754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the Urban Soil-Plant System Based on Integral Indicators of Environment Pollution","authors":"A. P. Khaustov, M. M. Redina","doi":"10.1134/s1064229324601161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229324601161","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The distribution of integral indicators of the soil-plant system components contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban area has been considered. An anthropogenically modified natural complex of the RUDN University campus and the adjacent South-Western Forest Park (Moscow) was the object of study. Soils (Albic Retisols (Ochric)) and common plant species were studied. Traffic load was the main pollution source. Emissions from five sections of roads, around and across the territory, formed a specific pattern of pollutants, which was demonstrated by the example of marker compounds, namely, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Background concentrations of individual polyarenes in the environment, determined by the method of dynamic phase portraits, have been calculated as an approximate safe level of contamination of soils and vegetation. A local redistribution of contamination zones was revealed owing to the migration of polyarenes from snow into soils, and then into root systems, and the above-ground parts of plants distribution. The proposed methodological approach, based on the use of integral indicators, allows us to assess the degree of damage to ecosystems caused by a complex of priority pollutants.</p>","PeriodicalId":11892,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Soil Science","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142198755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Jet Fuel as a Source of Soil Pollution: A Review","authors":"T. V. Koroleva, I. N. Semenkov, S. A. Lednev, O. S. Soldatova","doi":"10.1134/s1064229324601264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229324601264","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Kerosene is widely used in various types of anthropogenic activities. Its environmental safety is mainly discussed in the context of aerospace activities. At all stages of its life cycle, aerospace activity impacts the environment. In aviation, the pollution of atmospheric air and terrestrial ecosystems is caused, first of all, by jet fuel and the products of its incomplete combustion and is technologically specified for a number of models in the case of fuel leak during an emergency landing. In the rocket and space activities, jet fuel enters terrestrial ecosystems as a result of fuel spills from engines and fuel tanks at the crash sites of the first stages of launch vehicles. The jet fuel from the second and third stages of launch vehicles does not enter terrestrial ecosystems. The fuel components have been studied in sufficient detail. However, the papers with representative data sets and their statistical processing not only for the kerosene content, but also for the total petroleum hydrocarbons in the soils affected by aerospace activity are almost absent. Nevertheless, the available data and results of mathematical modeling allow us to assert that an acceptable level of hydrocarbons, not exceeding the assimilation potential, enters terrestrial ecosystems during a regular aerospace activity. Thus, the incoming amount of jet fuel disappears rapidly enough without causing any irreversible damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":11892,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Soil Science","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142198756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Different Factors on the Assessment of Total Alkalinity of Soils on Calcareous Rocks","authors":"E. V. Vanchikova, E. V. Shamrikova, E. V. Kizyurova, E. V. Zhangurov","doi":"10.1134/s1064229324601057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229324601057","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The dynamism of carbon pools and flows in landscapes requires special attention to the methods and tools for measuring all carbon-containing soil components. An important component of the carbon budget in carbonate geosystems is the dissolved inorganic carbon, part of which is carried out by surface and lateral flows into water bodies, which requires attention to assessing the total alkalinity (TA) of soils on calcareous rocks. Analysis of soils and parent rocks in the Polar Urals with a CaCO₃ content of 0 to 100% revealed the factors that influence the value of their TA, namely, (a) the method used for preparing soil samples and water extraction (the ratio of soil weight to the volume of distilled water, <i>m</i>_s : <span>({{V}_{{{{{text{H}}}_{{text{2}}}}{text{O}}}}})</span>, and the quality of separation of solid and liquid phases); (b) the moment of recording the acid titration endpoint for extracts; and (c) the presence of organic acids with pK_a &lt; 4.4. The latter reduces the content of bicarbonate ion by converting it into carbonic acid, not measurable by titration. This mechanism is confirmed by (a) analysis of the model solutions of sodium bicarbonate and formic (pK_a = 3.75), tartaric (pK_a1 = 3.04 and pK_a2 = 4.37), and malic (pK_a1 = 3.46) acids; (b) cation–anion balance of soil water extracts; and (c) a negative shift in the titration TA values (the sum of carbonate and organic alkalinities) relative to the amount of equivalents of dissolved inorganic carbon determined by high-temperature catalytic oxidation at the same <i>m</i>_s : <span>({{V}_{{{{{text{H}}}_{{text{2}}}}{text{O}}}}})</span> ratios in both methods. It is possible to compare the TA of soils measured by different laboratories only strictly performing all experimental conditions. It is recommended to use a centrifuge to separate the solid and liquid phases of carbonate soils and a pH-meter or a titrator to record the endpoint of titration.</p>","PeriodicalId":11892,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Soil Science","volume":"155 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142198751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Changes in Chernobyl Contamination and Erosion Rates for Arable Soils Using Resampling Method","authors":"M. M. Ivanov, N. N. Ivanova, V. N. Golosov, A. A. Usacheva, G. A. Smolina, D. V. Fomicheva","doi":"10.1134/s1064229324601112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229324601112","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The transformation of radioactive contamination of agricultural lands with ¹³⁷Cs isotope is one of the evidences of soil erosion. Changes in the radionuclide content and the corresponding rates of soil loss can be assessed quantitatively by repeated soil sampling at key sites over long time intervals. Being highly labor-consuming, such studies are few in number; they have not been conducted previously in the zone of intense Chernobyl contamination in the Central Russia. The method of repeated sampling (resampling) was used in 2023 within the plowed slopes of a small catchment in the southern part of Tula region, 26 years after the first sampling in 1997. The changes in ¹³⁷Cs deposits (kBq/m²) that occurred during this period turned out to be statistically significant, with an average reduction of more than 10%. According to a proportional erosion conversion model based on relative changes in ¹³⁷Cs deposits, the average annual rate of washing off was estimated at 11.7 t /ha. Such values of soil loss are comparable in general with the previously published results of independent mathematical modeling for this area. Thus, the use of resampling method, including that at new sites, appears to be promising for assessing the rate of soil loss. In addition, it permits us to verify the existing erosion models and to trace long-term trends in the spatial transformation of radioactive contamination.</p>","PeriodicalId":11892,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Soil Science","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142198774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Composition of Organic Matter and Biological Properties of Eroded and Aggraded Soils of a Small Catchment in the Forest-Steppe Zone of the Central Russian Upland","authors":"Yu. R. Farkhodov, D. A. Nikitin, N. V. Yaroslavtseva, S. V. Maksimovich, A. R. Ziganshina, I. V. Danilin, V. A. Kholodov, M. V. Semenov, A. P. Zhidkin","doi":"10.1134/s106422932460115x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s106422932460115x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The impact of land use and erosion-deposition processes on some physical, chemical, and biological soil properties in a small agricultural catchment in Kursk oblast is analyzed. Plowed Haplic Chernozems and stratozems (Fluvic Chernic Phaeozems (Loamic, Pachic)), as well as unplowed stratozems of a dry valley bottom have been studied. The proportion of large soil aggregates (clods) &gt;10 mm in soils is high on plowed land and low in the dry valley bottom. Differences in the carbon and nitrogen content and in the C/N ratio have not been detected. The analytical pyrolysis has revealed 26 pyrolysates in the composition of soil organic matter (SOM). The relative abundances of pyrrole, pyridine, toluene, and indan among SOM pyrolysates are higher in plowed soils as compared to the soils at the dry valley bottom. Proportions of furfural and methyl furfural among SOM pyrolysates are higher in soils of the dry valley bottom than in plowed soils. Differences in the content of alkanes and phenol are absent. The biomass of microorganisms is mainly formed by fungi (97–99%), and their abundance is greater in soils of the dry valley bottom than in soils of the plowland. Differences in the respiratory activity of the studied soils have not been revealed. The significant influence of erosion-deposition processes and soil cultivation on the spatial heterogeneity of the SOM composition and microbiological parameters is shown. Plowed soils are characterized by the high relative abundance of nitrogen-containing SOM components, while soils at the dry valley bottom have a relatively high abundance of carbohydrate components of mature SOM. The accumulation of fungal biomass and an increase in the structure coefficient in soils of the dry valley bottom indicate the participation of material redeposited from slopes in soil aggregation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11892,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Soil Science","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142225371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erosion Control Measures on Agricultural Land in Russia: A Review","authors":"A. P. Zhidkin, A. V. Khirk, V. N. Shchepotiev, D. V. Fomicheva, D. V. Zhuikov","doi":"10.1134/s1064229324601173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229324601173","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>One of the important areas of soil erosion science is the development of soil conservation measures. The analysis of published works shows that in Russia most of the techniques and methods to control soil erosion were developed in the 1960s–1980s. In recent decades, interest in scientific and practical developments in this area has been declining. Published data on erosion control measures are poorly systematized, and their generally accepted classification is absent. The typification of erosion-control measures proposed by the authors made it possible to systematize all these measures found in the works and to create their register in the form of a table. Information about the efficiency of erosion control measures is scarce and contradictory. The results of agrotechnical measures are best studied. Non-inversive tillage is the most efficient among agrotechnical measures, it helps to reduce soil erosion by 70–90% according to published data; other agrotechnical measures, on average, reduce the rate of soil erosion by half. Climate change and socioeconomic transformation in the agricultural and industrial complex of Russia in recent decades have led to significant changes in the rate and volume of soil erosion. However, the analysis of literature indicates a shortage of works aimed at adapting existing erosion control measures, or developing new measures with due account for global and regional changes in erosion/deposition processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11892,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Soil Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142225372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Influence of Soil Organic Carbon and Calcium on the Community of Lumbricid Earthworms as Ecosystem Engineers in Cool Temperate Forests of Hokkaido","authors":"T. Kawakami, K. Makoto","doi":"10.1134/s1064229324600568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229324600568","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Earthworms are important ecosystem engineers that stabilize soil aggregates and increase the size of aggregates. The major determinants for the biomass, density, and mean individual weight of lumbricid earthworms are considered to be the availability of soil organic carbon (SOC) and calcium (Ca). However, the importance of SOC and Ca availability for lumbricid earthworms has not been tested simultaneously in the field. In addition, the ripple effects of SOC and Ca on the soil aggregate stability and relative abundance of larger aggregates (mean weight diameter; MWD) via earthworm communities are poorly understood. To fill these knowledge gaps, we conducted field research across a spatially wide range of cool temperate forests, where soils were classified as Cambisols and Andosols and evaluated the relationships among the biomass, density, and mean individual weight of lumbricid earthworms, soil chemical properties, and MWD by conducting structural equation modelling (SEM). Our results showed that SOC affected not the density but the mean individual weight of earthworms. On the other hand, interestingly, exchangeable Ca affected not the mean individual weight but the density of earthworms. These results suggest that SOC stimulates earthworm growth and that exchangeable. Ca enhances the fertility rate and/or survival rate in earthworm communities in forest ecosystems. Furthermore, SOC had a positive ripple effect on the MWD via an increase in the mean individual weight of earthworms. These results suggest that larger earthworms produce larger casts, which bind a larger amount of soil particles thus making larger aggregates.</p>","PeriodicalId":11892,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Soil Science","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142225230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}