European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Quality of mental health care for forcibly displaced children and adolescents in the WHO European region: A scoping review of barriers and facilitators.","authors":"Lars Dumke, Shobhana Nagraj, Salma Yusuf, Hanan Abukmail, Erva Nur Cinar, Mohammad S Razai, Gemma Whyatt, Jennifer Hall, Joao Breda, Anastasia Giannaki, Florian Scharpf, Malte Behrendt, Ingo Schäfer, Eleanor Chatburn","doi":"10.1007/s00787-025-02833-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02833-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Forcibly displaced children and adolescents in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region have high mental health needs, yet few manage to access mental health services, and those who do may encounter inadequate care. This scoping review aimed to identify and synthesize the available evidence on barriers and facilitators to quality mental health care for forcibly displaced children and adolescents in the WHO European Region. We applied the PRISMA guideline extension for scoping reviews, searching five scholarly databases and grey literature published between 2004 and 2025. A total of 7,327 records were screened, with 18 articles included. We used the WHO Quality Standards for Child and Youth Mental Health Services as an analytical framework to map the evidence. The identified studies represented only 7 out of 53 countries in the WHO European Region. Most studies employed qualitative research designs, with a lack of quantitative evidence using quality indicators. Available evidence revealed multiple, intersecting barriers to quality mental health care, including restrictive health care policies, service constraints and a lack of provider competence. Facilitators included the presence of community-based support, networks of interconnected services, task shifting and evidence-based scalable interventions. Major gaps remain in both the data and in the methods used to generate evidence for improving quality of mental health care for forcibly displaced children and adolescents in the WHO European Region. Our review highlighted the discrepancy between the care provided and the recommended WHO Quality Standards for Child and Youth Mental Health Services. There is a need for more targeted efforts to assess and improve the quality of mental health care for forcibly displaced children and adolescents.</p>","PeriodicalId":11856,"journal":{"name":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-specific vulnerabilities in early human neurodevelopment following SARS-CoV-2-induced maternal immune activation.","authors":"Alexandre Díaz-Pons, Sergio Castaño-Castaño, Víctor Ortiz-García de la Foz, Rosa Ayesa-Arriola","doi":"10.1007/s00787-025-02837-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02837-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examines the effects of SARS-CoV-2-induced maternal immune activation (MIA) on early neurodevelopment, focusing on sex-specific vulnerabilities related to early behavioral and regulatory functions, which may be precursors to later developmental or cognitive challenges. A total of 107 mother-infant dyads from the COGESTCOV-19 study were analyzed to assess neurodevelopmental outcomes in male and female infants at six weeks using the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). Maternal and newborn cytokine levels-specifically interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and the IL-6/IL-10 ratio-were measured at the first prenatal visit at the time of study enrolment and at birth to evaluate inflammatory responses and homeostatic balance. Neither maternal nor newborn cytokine levels differed significantly between cases and controls. Significant sex-specific differences were observed in neurodevelopmental outcomes related to maternal SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Female infants exposed in utero showed significantly reduced performance in orientation and state regulation measures compared to exposed male infants and unexposed male and female controls. The findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2-induced MIA - not limited to IL-6/IL-10 balance - may have a differential impact on early neurodevelopment based on sex, underscoring the necessity for targeted interventions to mitigate these effects. Future studies should explore the mechanisms underlying these sex-specific differences and their long-term implications for neurodevelopment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11856,"journal":{"name":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiome dynamics in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis decoding the role of gut dysbiosis and potential dietary interventions.","authors":"Sourav Ghosh, Shelly Singh","doi":"10.1007/s00787-025-02822-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00787-025-02822-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is being increasingly related to gut microbial dysbiosis caused by disturbances in the gut-brain axis. However, in order to understand the connection of gut bacteria in ADHD, a comprehensive synthesis of available research is required. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to compare the gut microbiome composition of ADHD children to that of neurotypical controls, as well as to assess the efficacy of dietary treatments in treating ADHD symptoms. A systematic review and meta-analysis were undertaken using PRISMA guidelines to compare the gut microbiome profiles of ADHD children and the neurotypical controls, with association of the impact of dietary changes. An analysis of eight included research found significant changes in the gut microbiome of children with ADHD. Similarly, they also found to have lower levels of Actinobacteria (5.78% vs. 4.89%, p < 0.001) and greater levels of Firmicutes (16.43% vs. 14.21%, p < 0.001), Bacteroidetes (13.12% vs. 11.02%, p = 0.002), and Proteobacteria (7.12% vs. 6.33%, p = 0.001). Beneficial genus-level taxa such as Lactobacillus (8.23% vs. 6.87%, p = 0.002) and Bifidobacterium (9.87% vs. 8.11%, p = 0.002) were significantly reduced in children with ADHD. Further the current research suggests that probiotics and fiber-rich diets may aid in maintain gut microbial balance, with specific strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, being associated with behavioural improvements in ADHD. These findings highlight the possibility of probiotics and dietary changes as supplementary treatments for ADHD symptoms by regulating the gut-brain axis.</p>","PeriodicalId":11856,"journal":{"name":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144872030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal associations of screen time and outdoor physical activity trajectories with executive function and behavioral problems in children aged 4 years in china: a prospective cohort study.","authors":"Luanluan Li, Jingjing Pei, Yan Zhang, Han Qiu, Shouxun Hu, Jun Zhang, Ying Tian, Xiaodan Yu","doi":"10.1007/s00787-025-02836-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00787-025-02836-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated longitudinal trajectories of screen time and outdoor physical activity from ages 6 to 48 months, and their independent and interactive associations with children's executive function (EF) and behavioral problems. This study included 1414 children from a prospective cohort study, the Shanghai Birth Cohort, enrolled between 2013 and 2016. Parents reported their children's screen time and outdoor physical activity at ages 6, 12, 24 and 48 months. Children's EF and behavioral problems were assessed at age 48 months using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), respectively. We identified 3 trajectories of screen time: low stable, medium increasing, and high increasing; and 2 trajectories of outdoor physical activity: low activity and high activity. After adjusting for confounders, we found a significant trend across screen time trajectories, with higher screen time trajectory linked to greater EF difficulties and behavioral problems. Furthermore, children in the low outdoor physical activity trajectory exhibited more EF difficulties and behavioral problems than those in the high activity trajectory. While no significant interaction effects between screen time and outdoor physical activity trajectories were observed, the negative impact of high screen exposure appeared more pronounced in children with low activity trajectory. Higher screen time and lower outdoor physical activity during early years were associated with worse EF and behavioral problems, and sufficient outdoor physical activity may partly mitigate the negative effects of increased screen exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":11856,"journal":{"name":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144872029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships between parental factors and child anxiety and depressive symptoms in an indicated preventive intervention.","authors":"Kristin Ytreland, Elisabeth Valmyr Bania, Carina Lisøy, Stian Lydersen, Simon-Peter Neumer, Frode Adolfsen, Kristin Dagmar Martinsen, Anne Mari Sund, Jo Magne Ingul","doi":"10.1007/s00787-025-02831-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02831-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Parental factors such as parental symptomatology, family functioning, and parental practices are linked to child anxiety and depression. While most research focuses on clinical groups, this study examines these associations in an indicated sample, before and after a preventive intervention and at 12-month follow-up.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants included 1043 parents of 650 children (8-12 years old) from the ECHO trial, aimed at optimizing a preventive program for anxious and sad children. Using cross-lagged panel models, we modelled the relationship between parent-reported children's anxiety and depression symptoms and parental factors. Parental factors were parents' symptoms of anxiety and depression, family functioning and parental practices (managing emotions, setting goals & dealing with problems, and dealing with negative emotions). All variables were measured by parent-report questionnaires at baseline, post-intervention and 12-month follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Positive associations were found between child anxiety and depressive symptoms, and parental anxiety and depressive symptoms and poorer family functioning. There were smaller, negative associations between children's symptoms and positive parental practices.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Parental factors were significantly associated with child anxiety and depression over time, with stronger links to parents' anxiety and depressive symptoms and family functioning, than parental practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":11856,"journal":{"name":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144872031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caregiving for children with autism in africa: A scoping review of socioeconomic impact with a call for intersectoral collaboration.","authors":"Chidera Stanley Anthony, Chinonyelum Emmanuel Agbo, Ikponmwosa Jude Ogieuhi, Victor Oluwatomiwa Ajekiigbe, Mercy Chisom Agu, Jagunmolu Habiblah Ayomide, Emmanuel Oyedeji Oyetola, Temilade Patience Adejumo, Kenechukwu Hilary Umenzeakor, Olufemi Akinmeji, Oluwafemi Isaiah Ajimotokan, Oluwaseun Abiola Matthew, Joseph C Ikekwere","doi":"10.1007/s00787-025-02843-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02843-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition recognized as a significant global public health concern. However, there is limited understanding of the socioeconomic impact on caregivers in Africa. This scoping review synthesizes evidence from studies across African nations to examine the socioeconomic burdens faced by caregivers of children with autism. An extensive literature search was conducted across databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and African Journals Online (AJOL) using appropriate keywords and Boolean operators. The articles were screened for eligibility, ensuring that only studies conducted in Africa and reporting the socioeconomic impact on caregivers of children with autism were included. Data was extracted and synthesized thematically. Quality assessment was done using the CASP tool. Out of the 450 studies generated across the databases, 15 studies published between 2017 and 2025 met the eligibility criteria. The studies involved were all conducted in African countries. Caregivers experienced direct financial burdens such as expenses for healthcare, special dietary requirements, education, and transport. Indirect financial burden included poor productivity and job losses. Additionally, the caregivers experienced psychosocial effects such as depression, grief, stigma, and social exclusion, especially the mothers. Across the studies, most caregivers had challenges in accessing socialized therapy and healthcare services due to poor infrastructure. The demands of autism cause a significant financial burden and social exclusion for caregivers in Africa. Poor access to healthcare services and poor infrastructure further compound this burden, increasing the difficulties experienced by caregivers in Africa. Addressing the autism care crisis in Africa will require joint efforts from governments, NGOs, and health systems, training frontline workers to ensure fair and effective support for both caregivers and autistic individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":11856,"journal":{"name":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144872028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Change of antidepressant utilization in children, adolescents and young adults in Europe before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review.","authors":"Alexander M Fassmer, Kathrin Wandscher, Aida Bedri, Kathrin Jobski, Luise Poustka, Christian J Bachmann, Falk Hoffmann","doi":"10.1007/s00787-025-02839-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02839-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In recent decades, antidepressant utilization among young persons in Western countries has increased, raising concerns about overprescribing and safety. The COVID-19 pandemic and respective restrictions might have impacted not only youth's mental health but also antidepressant prescribing. Our aim was to systematically investigate changes in antidepressant utilization during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic periods in European young persons.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024559951). Observational studies with ≥ 100 European young persons (0-24 years) reporting prevalence or incidence data in antidepressant utilization before and during the pandemic (2018/2019 vs. 2021/2022) were included and percentage changes between two time periods calculated. MEDLINE (via PubMed), PsycINFO, and EMBASE were searched from January 1, 2021 to July 3, 2024 and supplemented by citation searching. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute's tool.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>We screened 4,416 records for eligibility and included eight studies covering data from Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, Norway, Spain, and Sweden (n = 4 from Nordic countries). The number of included young persons ranged from 1071 to 3,455,521 and all studies used secondary data, mostly from registries. All studies showed a relative increase in overall antidepressant use during the COVID-19 pandemic, with variability between countries ranging from 23 to 52%. Antidepressant utilization showed higher increases in adolescents (n = 3 studies) and females (n = 3 studies). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were more common (73.9-90.9%; n = 3 studies) than other antidepressant classes.</p><p><strong>Interpretation: </strong>During the COVID-19 pandemic, antidepressant utilization in young persons increased modestly in all studied European countries. This increase may mirror the surge in mental health problems in young persons during the pandemic, but may also reflect altered patterns of mental health services availability.</p>","PeriodicalId":11856,"journal":{"name":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144854947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social context is a cue for tic reduction in clinical settings.","authors":"Brianna C M Wellen, Grace Bacon, David Schneck, Emily Wilton, Alison Pryor, IaOom Khang, Kelvin Lim, Kevin J Black, Erjia Cui, Mark B Fiecas, Christine A Conelea","doi":"10.1007/s00787-025-02818-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02818-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Assessment and diagnosis of Tourette Syndrome and other tic disorders relies on clinical observation and self-reported history. However, tics are highly susceptible to contextual influences, including clinical interactions. We used video-based observation to quantify the contextual impact of clinician presence on tics and evaluate the potential for these methods to improve tic detection. Youth ages 12-21 (N = 39) participated in a clinical trial with video-recorded pre- and post-treatment assessments. Established methods for precision video-based behavioral coding were used to quantify tic frequency and type across assessment contexts (clinician presence and instruction to suppress tics). Participants had significantly more tics when alone and ticcing naturally (mean tics per minute [tpm] = 25.03) and when alone with suppression instructions (mean tpm = 9.48) than in the clinician's presence (mean tpm = 3.29), all ps <.001. Further, mixed model results showed a significant decrease in tpm across treatment when alone ((β = -21.85; 95% CI: [-33.99, -9.70]), and with a clinician (β = -20.31; 95% CI: [-35.08, -5.55]), but significantly greater decrease in the alone context (β = -6.01; 95% CI: [-9.74, -2.29]). Tics occurred less frequently in clinician presence than alone (even when specifically asked to suppress tics alone), suggesting that the social context of clinician presence may facilitate tic suppression that is automatic and/or learned. Additionally, results establish objective video-based measurement as a valuable tool to detect tics and tic change not visible to the clinician.</p>","PeriodicalId":11856,"journal":{"name":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144783814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Core Social Fears Scale for Adolescents: Psychometric appraisal based on community and clinical samples.","authors":"Paula Vagos, Diana Vieira Figueiredo, Marina Cunha","doi":"10.1007/s00787-025-02824-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02824-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents the Core Social Fears Scale for Adolescents (CSFS-A), developed to assess the Interaction, Performance, and Observation social fears that may be core to social anxiety in adolescence. This measure also assesses General Avoidance of social situations. A school-based sample of 3009 adolescents (53.7% female; age range: 12-19 years) and a clinical sample of 162 adolescents diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (70.4% female; age range: 15-18 years) provided information on anxiety experienced and avoidance engaged in during in social events; some participants also reported on another measure of social anxiety and fears of negative and positive evaluation. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a three-factor model reflecting correlated core social fears, as well as a unidimensional model for general avoidance, as applied to community and clinical participants. These models were invariant based on sex, age-groups (early, middle, and late adolescence), and clinical status. All measures had at least good internal consistency values. Evidence of convergent validity was found based on correlations between the scale's measures and measures of social anxiety and fear of negative and positive evaluation. The Core Social Fears Scale for Adolescents proved to be a psychometrically robust measure for the assessment and characterization of the adolescents' experience of social anxiety.</p>","PeriodicalId":11856,"journal":{"name":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144783815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can response to ADHD medication be predicted?","authors":"Maria M Lilja, Paul Lichtenstein, Eva Serlachius, Jyoti Bhagia, Kerstin Malmberg, Christer Malm, Fabian Lenhard, Linda Halldner","doi":"10.1007/s00787-025-02650-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00787-025-02650-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Predictors for the pharmacological effect of ADHD medication in children and adolescents are lacking. This study examined clinically relevant factors in a large (N = 638) prospective cohort reflecting real-world evidence. Children and adolescents aged 6-17 diagnosed with ADHD were evaluated at baseline and three months following ADHD medication initiation. The outcome was measured as a reduction in total SNAP-IV (Swanson Nolan and Pelham teacher and parent rating scale) score at three months compared to baseline. Outcome groups were defined as Responders (≥ 40% reduction), Intermediate Responders (≥ 20 to < 40% reduction), and Non-responders (< 20% reduction). Included independent variables were the Autism Spectrum Questionnaire (ASSQ), the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS), the Pediatric Side Effect Checklist (P-SEC), anthropometrics measures, geographical region, relative age, Children´s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS), Intelligence quotient (IQ), pharmacological treatment initiation month, ADHD symptom severity, ADHD presentation, and psychotic-like experiences. Multinomial logistic regression suggested that ADHD symptom severity, region, relative age, and stating ADHD medication at three-month follow-up were associated with the response outcome group. However, when validating the data with Bootstrap Forest, none of the variables were significant. Thus, in our large naturalistic cohort, we could not identify any clinically relevant factors that reliably predict pharmacological treatment outcomes.Trial registration: NCT02136147.</p>","PeriodicalId":11856,"journal":{"name":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"2431-2442"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12397174/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143058466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}