Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Compound Metalens Enabling Distortion-Free Imaging","authors":"Hanyu Zheng ,&nbsp;Fan Yang ,&nbsp;Hung-I Lin ,&nbsp;Mikhail Y. Shalaginov ,&nbsp;Zhaoyi Li ,&nbsp;Padraic Burns ,&nbsp;Tian Gu ,&nbsp;Juejun Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The emergence of metalenses has impacted a wide variety of applications such as beam steering, imaging, depth sensing, and display projection. Optical distortion, an important metric among many optical design specifications, has however rarely been discussed in the context of meta-optics. Here, we present a generic approach for on-demand distortion engineering using compound metalenses. We show that the extra degrees of freedom afforded by a doublet metasurface architecture allow custom-tailored angle-dependent image height relations and hence distortion control while minimizing other monochromatic aberrations. Using this platform, we experimentally demonstrate a compound fisheye metalens with diffraction-limited performance across a wide field of view of 140° and a low barrel distortion of less than 2%, compared with up to 22% distortion in a reference metalens without compensation. The design strategy and compound metalens architecture presented herein are expected to broadly impact metasurface applications in consumer electronics, automotive and robotic sensing, medical imaging, and machine vision systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 52-58"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Denitrification in Constructed Wetlands with Low Carbon/Nitrogen Ratios: Insights into Reallocation of Carbon Metabolism Based on Electron Utilization","authors":"Hong-Tao Shi ,&nbsp;Xiao-Chi Feng ,&nbsp;Zi-Jie Xiao ,&nbsp;Chen-Yi Jiang ,&nbsp;Wen-Qian Wang ,&nbsp;Qin-Yao Zeng ,&nbsp;Bo-Wen Yang ,&nbsp;Qi-Shi Si ,&nbsp;Qing-Lian Wu ,&nbsp;Nan-Qi Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.07.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.07.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Constructed wetlands (CWs) are a promising method to treat effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). However, low carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios of the influent inhibit denitrification in CWs, resulting in poor nitrogen removal efficiency. Herein, we compared traditional (control), biochar (BC), and β-cyclodextrin-functionalized biochar (BC@β-CD) CW systems to investigate nitrogen removal from influent with low C/N ratios, and the mechanisms that enhance this process. The highest nitrogen removal rates were observed in the BC@β-CD group, with rates 45.89% and 42.48% higher than those of the control, accompanied by a 70.57% and 85.45% decrease in nitrous oxide release, when the C/N ratio decreased from 4 to 2, respectively. Metagenomic and enzymatic analyses indicated that BC@β-CD enhances nitrogen removal by coordinately promoting carbon metabolism and increasing denitrification enzyme activities, without affecting microbial species diversity in CWs. Structural equation modeling confirmed that the foremost advantages of BC@β-CD were effective electron generation and transportation resulting from increased activities of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase and the electron transfer system (ETS), thereby strategically reallocating more carbon metabolic flow to support denitrification. Our results show that the application of BC@β-CD in CWs to optimize the reallocation of electrons from carbon metabolism is a feasible strategy to enhance denitrification under low C/N conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 222-233"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-Benefits of Antimicrobial Resistance Mitigation from China’s PM2.5 Air Pollution Reduction Between 2014–2020","authors":"Zhenchao Zhou ,&nbsp;Zejun Lin ,&nbsp;Xinyi Shuai ,&nbsp;Xiaoliang Ba ,&nbsp;Chioma Achi ,&nbsp;Mark A. Holmes ,&nbsp;Tong Xu ,&nbsp;Yingru Lu ,&nbsp;Yonghong Xiao ,&nbsp;Jianming Xu ,&nbsp;Baojing Gu ,&nbsp;Hong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.09.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.09.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The One Health concept acknowledges the importance of multiple dimensions in controlling antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, our understanding of how anthropological, socioeconomic, and environmental factors drive AMR at a national level remains limited. To explore associations between potential contributing factors and AMR, this study analyzed an extensive database comprising 13 major antibiotic-resistant bacteria and over 30 predictors (e.g., air pollution, antibiotic usage, economy, husbandry, public services, health services, education, diet, climate, and population) from 2014 to 2020 across China. The multivariate analysis results indicate that fine particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM_2.5) is associated with AMR, accounting for 12% of the variation, followed by residents’ income (10.3%) and antibiotic usage density (5.1%). A reduction in PM_2.5 of 1 µg·m⁻³ is linked to a 0.17% decrease in aggregate antibiotic resistance (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001, <em>R</em>² = 0.74). Under different scenarios of China’s PM_2.5 air-quality projections, we further estimated the premature death toll and economic burden derived from PM_2.5-related antibiotic resistance in China until 2060. PM_2.5-derived AMR is estimated to cause approximately 27 000 (95% confidence interval (CI): 646848 830) premature deaths and about 0.51 (95% CI; 0.12–0.92) million years of life lost annually in China, equivalent to an annual welfare loss of 8.4 (95%CI; 2.0–15.0) billion USD. Implementing the “Ambitious Pollution 1.5 °C Goals” scenario to reduce PM_2.5 concentrations could prevent roughly 14 000 (95% CI; 3324–26 320) premature deaths—with a potential monetary value of 9.8 (95% CI; 2.2–17.6) billion USD—from AMR by 2060. These results suggest that reducing air pollution may offer co-benefits in the health and economic sectors by mitigating AMR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 243-251"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Urban Underground-Space Development in Achieving Carbon Neutrality: A National-Level Analysis in China","authors":"Jiajia Wang ,&nbsp;Huabo Duan ,&nbsp;Kunyang Chen ,&nbsp;Isabelle Y.S. Chan ,&nbsp;Fan Xue ,&nbsp;Ning Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiangsheng Chen ,&nbsp;Jian Zuo","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.07.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.07.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surface space constraints and the associated massive carbon emissions present significant challenges to the sustainable development of megacities. Urban underground space (UUS) construction is expected to provide a practical approach for alleviating the space constraints of surface construction. However, in-depth examinations of the overall UUS system to reveal carbon emissions in the complex matrix are lacking. This study demonstrates the vital role of UUS development in achieving carbon neutrality using a streamlined life-cycle assessment method. Carbon emissions and the mitigation potential of building underground spaces, metro systems, and geothermal energy sources are analyzed. The construction of underground spaces in buildings is the largest carbon emitter within the entire UUS system, releasing a considerable 547.2 Mt in 2020. However, geothermal carbon sequestration, a significant element of the UUS system, provided an unexpected and impressive contribution, sequestering 170 Mt of carbon in 2020. This study shows that UUS addresses the lack of space for urban development and is a low-carbon method of urban construction. Therefore, developing low-carbon building technologies and improving the UUS development model is imperative to achieving better low-carbon balance. This helps to promote more coordinated and sustainable urban development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 212-221"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141845248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement Methods for Chiral Optical Signals by Tailoring Optical Fields and Nanostructures","authors":"Hanqing Cai ,&nbsp;Liangliang Gu ,&nbsp;Haifeng Hu ,&nbsp;Qiwen Zhan","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The unique property of chirality is widely used in various fields. In the past few decades, a great deal of research has been conducted on the interactions between light and matter, resulting in significant technical advancements in the precise manipulation of light field wavefronts. In this review, which focuses on current chiral optics research, we introduce the fundamental theory of chirality and highlight the latest achievements in enhancing chiral signals through artificial nano-manufacturing technology, with a particular focus on mechanisms such as light scattering and Mie resonance used to amplify chiral signals. By providing an overview of enhanced chiral signals, this review aims to provide researchers with an in-depth understanding of chiral phenomena and its versatile applications in various domains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 25-43"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radial Wellbore Cross-Layer Fracturing in Multi-Lithologic Superimposed Shale Oil Reservoirs: A Laboratory Study","authors":"Xiaoguang Wu ,&nbsp;Zhongwei Huang ,&nbsp;Tengda Long ,&nbsp;Gensheng Li ,&nbsp;Shouceng Tian ,&nbsp;Haizhu Wang ,&nbsp;Ruiyue Yang ,&nbsp;Kun Li ,&nbsp;Zikang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.08.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.08.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Medium-high maturity continental shale oil is one of the hydrocarbon resources with the most potential for successful development in China. Nevertheless, the unique geological conditions of a multi-lithologic superposition shield the vertical propagation of hydraulic fractures and limit the longitudinal reconstruction in reservoirs, posing a great challenge for large-scale volumetric fracturing. Radial wellbore cross-layer fracturing, which transforms the interaction between the hydraulic fractures and lithologic interface into longitudinal multilayer competitive initiation, could provide a potential solution for this engineering challenge. To determine the longitudinal propagation behaviors of fractures guided by radial wellbores, true triaxial fracturing experiments were performed on multilayer shale–sandstone samples, with a focus on the injection pressure response, fracture morphology, and cross-layer pattern. The effects of the radial borehole length <em>L</em>, vertical stress difference <em>K</em>_v, injection rate <em>Q</em>, and viscosity <em>ν</em> of the fracturing fluid were analyzed. The results indicate that radial wellbores can greatly facilitate fracture initiation and cross-layer propagation. Unlike conventional hydraulic fracturing, there are two distinct fracture propagation patterns in radial wellbore fracturing: cross-layering and skip-layering. The fracture height guided by a radial wellbore is positively correlated with <em>K</em>_v, <em>Q</em>, and <em>ν</em>. Increasing these parameters causes a shift in the fracture initiation from a single root to an asynchronous root/toe end and can improve the cross-layer propagation capacity. Critical parameter thresholds exist for fracture propagation through and across interlayers under the guidance of radial boreholes. A parameter combination of critical cross-layering/skip-layering or alternating displacement/viscosity is recommended to simultaneously improve the fracture height and degree of lateral activation. The degree of correlation of different parameters with the vertical fracture height can be written as <em>L</em> &gt; <em>Q</em>/<em>ν</em> &gt; <em>K</em>_v. Increasing the radial wellbore length can effectively facilitate fracture cross-/skip-layer propagation and reduce the critical threshold of injection parameters, which is conducive to maximizing the stimulated reservoir volume.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 188-211"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electric Vehicle Market Slowly Edges Toward Solid-State Batteries","authors":"Mark Peplow (Senior Technology Writer)","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 3-5"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Neuro Metasurface Mode-Router for Fiber Mode Demultiplexing and Communications","authors":"Yu Zhao ,&nbsp;Huijiao Wang ,&nbsp;Zile Li ,&nbsp;Tian Huang ,&nbsp;Chao Yang ,&nbsp;Ying Qiu ,&nbsp;Yuhan Gong ,&nbsp;Zhou Zhou ,&nbsp;Congling Liang ,&nbsp;Lei Yu ,&nbsp;Jin Tao ,&nbsp;Shaohua Yu ,&nbsp;Guoxing Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.11.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.11.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Advancements in mode-division multiplexing (MDM) techniques, aimed at surpassing the Shannon limit and augmenting transmission capacity, have garnered significant attention in optical fiber communication, propelling the demand for high-quality multiplexers and demultiplexers. However, the criteria for ideal-mode multiplexers/demultiplexers, such as performance, scalability, compatibility, and ultra-compactness, have only partially been achieved using conventional bulky devices (e.g., waveguides, gratings, and free space optics)—an issue that will substantially restrict the application of MDM techniques. Here, we present a neuro-meta-router (NMR) optimized through deep learning that achieves spatial multi-mode division and supports multi-channel communication, potentially offering scalability, compatibility, and ultra-compactness. An MDM communication system based on an NMR is theoretically designed and experimentally demonstrated to enable simultaneous and independent multi-dataset transmission, showcasing a capacity of up to 100 gigabits per second (Gbps) and a symbol error rate down to the order of 10⁻⁴, all achieved without any compensation technologies or correlation devices. Our work presents a paradigm that merges metasurfaces, fiber communications, and deep learning, with potential applications in intelligent metasurface-aided optical interconnection, as well as all-optical pattern recognition and classification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 88-96"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly Efficient and Precise Rare-Earth Elements Separation and Recycling Process in Molten Salt","authors":"Hang Hua ,&nbsp;Kouji Yasuda ,&nbsp;Yutaro Norikawa ,&nbsp;Toshiyuki Nohira","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2022.12.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2022.12.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Owing to the worldwide trend towards carbon neutrality, the number of Dy-containing heat-resistant Nd magnets used for wind power generation and electric vehicles is expected to increase exponentially. However, rare earth (RE) elements (especially Dy) are unevenly distributed globally. Therefore, an environmental-friendly recycling method for RE elements with a highly precise separation of Dy and Nd from end-of-life magnets is required to realize a carbon-neutral society. As an alternative to traditional hydrometallurgical RE separation techniques with a high environmental load, we designed a novel, highly efficient, and precise process for the separation and recycling of RE elements from magnet scrap. As a result, over 90% of the RE elements were efficiently extracted from the magnets using MgCl₂ and evaporation loss was selectively suppressed by adding CaF₂. The extracted RE elements were electrolytically separated based on the formation potential differences of the RE alloys. Nd and Dy metals with purities greater than 90% were estimated to be recovered at rates of 96% and 91%, respectively. Almost all the RE in the scraps could be separated and recycled as RE metals, and the byproducts were easily removed. Thus, this process is expected to be used on an industrial scale to realize a carbon-neutral society.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 165-173"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vectorial Digitelligent Optics for High-Resolution Non-Line-of-Sight Imaging","authors":"Yinghui Guo ,&nbsp;Yunsong Lei ,&nbsp;Mingbo Pu ,&nbsp;Fei Zhang ,&nbsp;Qi Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyin Li ,&nbsp;Runzhe Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhibin Zhao ,&nbsp;Rui Zhou ,&nbsp;Yulong Fan ,&nbsp;Xiangang Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.11.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.11.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Object imaging beyond the direct line of sight is significant for applications in robotic vision, remote sensing, autonomous driving, and many other areas. Reconstruction of a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) screen is a complex inverse problem that comes with ultrafast time-resolved imager requirements and substantial computational demands to extract information from the multi-bounce scattered light. Consequently, the echo signal always suffers from serious deterioration in both intensity and shape, leading to limited resolution and image contrast. Here, we propose a concept of vectorial digitelligent optics for high-resolution NLOS imaging to cancel the wall’s scattering and refocus the light onto hidden targets for enhanced echo. In this approach, the polarization and wavefront of the laser spot are intelligently optimized via a feedback algorithm to form a near-perfect focusing pattern through a random scattering wall. By raster scanning the focusing spot across the object’s surface within the optical-memory-effect range of the wall, we obtain nearly diffraction-limited NLOS imaging with an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio. Our experimental results demonstrate a resolution of 0.40 mm at a distance of 0.35 m, reaching the diffraction limit of the system. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the proposed method is feasible for various complex NLOS scenarios. Our methods may open an avenue for active imaging, communication, and laser wireless power transfer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 70-78"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}