Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Key Challenges and Research Directions for Space–Air–Ground Integrated Emergency Communication Networks","authors":"Bo Xu, Haitao Zhao, Jiawen Kang, Dusit Niyato","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"No Abstract","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145025757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Dual-Broadband Liquid-Crystal Programmable Metasurface and Its Application in Terahertz Wireless Communications","authors":"Yuan Fu, Yuanbo Li, Xiaojian Fu, Lu Xu, Yujie Liu, Qun Yan Zhou, Jun Yang, Chong Han, Jun Yan Dai, Qiang Cheng, Tie Jun Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.040","url":null,"abstract":"Terahertz communication technology is envisioned as a promising candidate for the pivotal spectrum technology in future wireless communication networks. However, the limited penetration ability of terahertz waves makes line-of-sight (LoS) transmission indispensable, hindering the extensive application of terahertz communications. In this work, a novel liquid-crystal programmable metasurface (LCPM) is proposed for the first time, which can effectively achieve dual-broadband beam manipulation to improve link stability and extend coverage for terahertz communications in non-line-of-sight (NLoS) scenarios. The LCPM is operated in both the W band that covers 94 GHz and the D band that covers 140 GHz, corresponding to <em>x</em>-polarized and <em>y</em>-polarized wave incidence, respectively. Based on the proposed LCPM, realistic NLoS terahertz communication links are established and showcased. Communication measurements substantiate that the LCPM is capable of realizing extensive dynamic channel regulations and long-distance communications across both bands in various modulation schemes, supporting real-time high-speed video transmission. The experimental results validate the feasibility of employing the LCPM for terahertz wireless communications, paving the way for developing and implementing ubiquitous terahertz communication networks even with LoS blockage.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145025297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Explicit Semantic-Base-Empowered Communications for 6G Mobile Networks","authors":"Fengyu Wang, Yuan Zheng, Wenjun Xu, Junxiao Liang, Ping Zhang, Zhu Han","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.039","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing demands for massive data transmission pose significant challenges to communication systems. Compared with traditional communication systems that focus on the accurate reconstruction of bit sequences, semantic communications (SemComs), which aim to deliver information connotation, are regarded as a key technology for sixth-generation (6G) mobile networks. Most current SemComs utilize an end-to-end (E2E) trained neural network (NN) for semantic extraction and interpretation, which lacks interpretability for further optimization. Moreover, NN-based SemComs assume that the application and physical layers of the protocol stack can be jointly trained, which is incompatible with current digital communication systems. To overcome those drawbacks, we propose a SemCom system that employs explicit semantic bases (Sebs) as the basic units to represent semantic connotations. First, a mathematical model of Sebs is proposed to build an explicit knowledge base (KB). Then, the Seb-based SemCom architecture is proposed, including both a communication mode and a KB update mode to enable the evolution of communication systems. Sem-codec and channel codec modules are designed specifically, with the assistance of an explicit KB for the efficient and robust transmission of semantics. Moreover, unequal error protection (UEP) is strategically implemented, considering communication intent and the importance of Sebs, thereby ensuring the reliability of critical semantics. In addition, a Seb-based SemCom protocol stack that is compatible with the fifth-generation (5G) protocol stack is proposed. To assess the effectiveness and compatibility of the proposed Seb-based SemComs, a case study focusing on an image-transmission task is conducted. The simulations show that our Seb-based SemComs outperform state-of-the-art works in learned perceptual image patch similarity (LPIPS) by over 20% under varying communication intents and exhibit robustness under fluctuating channel conditions, highlighting the advantages of the interpretability and flexibility afforded by explicit Sebs.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"10 16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145025298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geological Sequestration in Tight Reservoirs with Different Fracturing Schemes: The Weiyuan Shale Gas Field, Sichuan Basin, China","authors":"Zhiming Chen, Laibin Zhang, Xurong Zhao, Xin Gao, Kamy Sephernoori","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.038","url":null,"abstract":"Research on caprock safety during CO₂ geological sequestration is essential for preventing gas leakage and safeguarding the environment. This study examines the impact mechanisms of different fracturing schemes on caprock safety during CO₂ sequestration in tight reservoirs to optimize sequestration strategies and provide theoretical support. Using a developed CO₂ sequestration model, we systematically evaluate the leakage characteristics of caprock under various fracturing schemes. For the first time, this study introduces the use of the Analytically Modified Embedded Discrete Fracture Model (AEDFM) to describe the flow interactions between fractures and the matrix during long-term CO₂ sequestration. Through an in-depth analysis of critical factors such as the different mechanisms of fracture parameters, sand concentration, flow rate, and fracturing fluid viscosity, we comprehensively evaluate how these fracturing schemes influence caprock safety for a case study. Validation results confirm that the AEDFM method successfully overcomes the low accuracy exhibited by the Embedded Discrete Fracture Model (EDFM) in simulating early-time transient flow. The proposed CO₂ sequestration model demonstrates strong agreement with production history matching performed using commercial software, affirming its reliability and practical applicability. The results from a case study show that increasing the number, half-length, and height of hydraulic fractures in fracturing designs will increase the risk of CO₂ leakage, thereby compromising caprock safety. If hydraulic fractures penetrate the caprock, the risk of CO₂ leakage through the top caprock markedly increases. In scenarios where fractures do not penetrate the caprock, the volume of leaked CO₂ over a 100-year sequestration period remains below 5% of the injected gas. However, leakage can rise to as much as 12% if caprock penetration occurs. Furthermore, increasing the flow rate and sand concentration and decreasing the viscosity lead to larger fracture dimensions, further increasing the risk of CO₂ leakage and diminishing caprock safety. An investigation of various mechanisms affecting caprock safety reveals that heterogeneity-controlled preferential flow and hydrochemical reactions tend to compromise caprock safety, while capillary forces and stress-sensitive fracture behavior increase sealing capacity. This study offers theoretical insights and practical guidance for CO₂ sequestration in tight reservoirs.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145007177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing Flue Gas-Driven Molten-Salt-Heat-Exchanger for Flexible Operation of Coal-Fired Power Plant","authors":"Jinliang Xu, Hongliang Su, Xinyu Dong, Xiongjiang Yu, Chao Liu, Yan Wang, Jian Xie, Wei Wang, Yupu Yu, Qinghua Wang, Yuguang Niu, Jizhen Liu, Ying Huang, Zhengshun Zhang, Anyou Dong, Yan Pan, Hao Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"The large-scale utilization of renewable energy challenges the stability and safety of the grid; thus, the flexibility of coal-fired power plants should be increased to balance unstable renewable energies. To achieve this, a heat storage system (HSS) is integrated into a power plant. This is the first study utilizing furnace flue gas to drive a molten-salt-heat-exchanger (MSHE). Compared to steam-vapor-driven MSHE, flue gas-driven technology avoids the pinch temperature limitation (PTL) and simplifies the system configuration. In this study, we demonstrate the concept, design, fabrication, and experiments of the MSHE. The novelties include: ① finned tubes to balance the thermal resistances between the flue gas side and the molten salt side; ② a weak angle design to ensure gravity-driven recession of the molten salt; and ③ a modular design to ensure even temperature distribution at the outlet of the tube bundles. A heat transfer correlation is developed for molten salt, covering a wide range of Reynolds numbers. An experimental setup is constructed to collect data and verify the effectiveness of the MSHE. The measured overall heat transfer coefficients matched the predictions well, with deviations of less than 10%. The measured heat power reached 320 kW, exceeding the 300 kW design target. We demonstrate the heat transfer between the flue gas and molten salt to compensate for the heat release from the HSS to the environment, reducing electricity consumption in the standby stage of the system. The modular design of the MSHE ensures minimal temperature deviations of &lt; 4 K among different tubes, avoiding local overheating-induced decomposition of the molten salt. Based on the 300 kW MSHE results, a 10 MW MSHE is designed, fabricated, and integrated into a 350 megawatt electric (MWe) coal-fired plant to achieve a higher load variation rate of 6% Pe·min⁻¹ for a coal-fired power plant.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145007176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial for the Special Issue on Carbon-Neutrality Pathways for Building Operations","authors":"Yi Jiang, Xudong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<span><figure><span><img alt=\"\" height=\"221\" src=\"https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S2095809925005600-fx1.jpg\"/><ol><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download high-res image (118KB)</span></span></span></li><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download full-size image</span></span></span></li></ol></span></figure></span>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145003466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Mechanistic Study of Live-Cell Glycocalyx Engineering: Improving Adoptive Cell Therapies Against B Lymphoma","authors":"Yuxin Li, Tao Gao, Zhaoxin Han, Valeria M. Stepanova, Han Wang, Hongmin Chen, Alexey Stepanov, Senlian Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.037","url":null,"abstract":"Adoptive cell therapies (ACTs) have achieved remarkable clinical success in treating cancers; however, their broader application is greatly impeded by high cost and restricted antigen specificity. Recently, engineering the glycocalyx has provided a convenient transgene-free means to design ACTs with high-avidity glycan ligands to target CD22, offering a new avenue for B lymphoma immunotherapy. In this work, we perform a comparative analysis of the molecular profiles involved in metabolic or chemoenzymatic glycocalyx engineering and explore their multiplexing capability. The glycoproteomic results revealed content-dependent customization of the NK-92MI glycocalyx. Compared with metabolic engineering, exogenous chemoenzymatic engineering has comparable or even superior ligand-loading efficiency, with some immune synapse components modified to facilitate their spatial recognition against target cells. Next, we tested the orthogonal creation of ligands on natural killer (NK)-92MI cells by further engineering α2,3-sialylated <em>N</em>-acetyllactosamine moieties to produce selectin ligands that are essential for better <em>in vivo</em> eradication of mouse xenograft B lymphoma. Finally, we demonstrate that analogous engineering of CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells to produce CD19/CD22 bitargeted therapy can enhance antigen targeting and tumor cell killing, offering an alternative cost-efficient agent for treating cancer relapse with decreased levels of CD19 antigens. These findings establish a mechanistic foundation for glycocalyx engineering and support the rational design of next-generation ACTs against B lymphoma.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144987644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A General Model for Predicting Machining Deformation Fields in Structural Components with Varying Geometries Using a Geometry-Oriented Neural Operator","authors":"Zhiwei Zhao, Changqing Liu, Yan Jin, Yifan Zhang, Yingguang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.036","url":null,"abstract":"Controlling machining deformations resulting from unbalanced stress fields inside structural components is a significant challenge in the manufacturing industry. Prediction of machining deformation fields is fundamental for deformation control and requires numerous iterations to optimize the machining process. Conventional prediction methods such as numerical analysis are tailored to a fixed geometry, making them time-consuming and inefficient for components with various geometries. In this study, a general data-driven model is proposed for predicting machining deformation fields in components with varying geometries and stress fields. This model is based on a geometry-oriented neural operator that incorporates global geometry information into the function space, modeling the relationship between the input function (stress fields) and the output function (deformation fields). Global geometric information is extracted using a graph neural network applied to a geometric graph and embedded into the input and output function space through an encoder-query framework. The proposed model achieved low root-mean-squared errors ranging from 0.001 to 0.016 mm, with maximum prediction errors between 0.003and 0.047 mm across different types of components, including beams and frames. The main contribution of this research is the significant advancement in the application of neural operators to the development of general models for predicting machining deformation. The underlying principles of the proposed model provide an important reference for wider applications related to the control of machining deformation in the context of digital and intelligent manufacturing.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144930820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cooperative Sensing for 6G ISAC: Concept, Key Technologies, Performance Evaluation, and Field Trial","authors":"Guangyi Liu, Lincong Han, Rongyan Xi, Liang Ma, Zixiang Han, Yahui Xue, Hanting Zhao, Jing Jin, Qixing Wang, Fei Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.033","url":null,"abstract":"Cooperative integrated sensing and communication (ISAC), an advanced version of ISAC, is becoming an inevitable paradigm in sixth-generation mobile information networks. Based on the foundation of large-scale deployed mobile networks, cooperative ISAC holds promise to realize ubiquitous sensing, thus becoming a significant step in promoting the transformation from connected things to connected intelligence. In this paper, we depict a sweeping panorama of cooperative ISAC, including the concept, key technologies, a performance evaluation framework, and field trials. We start by introducing the application scenarios of cooperative ISAC, which are the motivation for its commercialization. Next, from the perspective of technical development, we trace the evolution of cooperative ISAC, noting that cooperation within sensing and communication is an objective trend. We reveal the four core features of cooperative ISAC—denoted herein as network-enabled, integration, cooperation, and everything—and provide a general system model. Regarding key technologies, we introduce our contributions to antenna array design, cooperative clustering, synchronization, and data fusion, as well as interference management and networking. We also propose an evaluation framework and define several key performance indicators for cooperative ISAC. Through system-level simulations and field trials, we show the practical application feasibility of cooperative ISAC. Finally, we provide guidance on future research directions in cooperative ISAC.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144987703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Mathematical Formulation of AGI in the (C, U, V) Framework","authors":"Di He, Cong Fang, Yisen Wang, Yujia Peng, Yizhou Wang, Song-Chun Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.034","url":null,"abstract":"This article seeks to explore a general formulation of artificial general intelligence (AGI) under a unified framework that defines AGI agents as points in a joint (<span><span style=\"\"></span><span data-mathml='&lt;math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"&gt;&lt;mrow is=\"true\"&gt;&lt;mi is=\"true\"&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo is=\"true\"&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi is=\"true\"&gt;U&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo is=\"true\"&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi is=\"true\"&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;' role=\"presentation\" style=\"font-size: 90%; display: inline-block; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"2.432ex\" role=\"img\" style=\"vertical-align: -0.582ex;\" viewbox=\"0 -796.9 3187.8 1047.3\" width=\"7.404ex\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"0\" transform=\"matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)\"><g is=\"true\"><g is=\"true\"><use xlink:href=\"#MJMATHI-43\"></use></g><g is=\"true\" transform=\"translate(760,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#MJMAIN-2C\"></use></g><g is=\"true\" transform=\"translate(1205,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#MJMATHI-55\"></use></g><g is=\"true\" transform=\"translate(1973,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#MJMAIN-2C\"></use></g><g is=\"true\" transform=\"translate(2418,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#MJMATHI-56\"></use></g></g></g></svg><span role=\"presentation\"><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow is=\"true\"><mi is=\"true\">C</mi><mo is=\"true\">,</mo><mi is=\"true\">U</mi><mo is=\"true\">,</mo><mi is=\"true\">V</mi></mrow></math></span></span><script type=\"math/mml\"><math><mrow is=\"true\"><mi is=\"true\">C</mi><mo is=\"true\">,</mo><mi is=\"true\">U</mi><mo is=\"true\">,</mo><mi is=\"true\">V</mi></mrow></math></script></span>) space. An agent is characterized by three components: ① a cognitive architecture <span><span style=\"\"></span><span data-mathml='&lt;math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"&gt;&lt;mrow is=\"true\"&gt;&lt;mi is=\"true\"&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo is=\"true\"&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;' role=\"presentation\" style=\"font-size: 90%; display: inline-block; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"2.432ex\" role=\"img\" style=\"vertical-align: -0.582ex;\" viewbox=\"0 -796.9 1039 1047.3\" width=\"2.413ex\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"0\" transform=\"matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)\"><g is=\"true\"><g is=\"true\"><use xlink:href=\"#MJMATHI-43\"></use></g><g is=\"true\" transform=\"translate(760,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#MJMAIN-2C\"></use></g></g></g></svg><span role=\"presentation\"><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mrow is=\"true\"><mi is=\"true\">C</mi><mo is=\"true\">,</mo></mrow></math></span></span><script type=\"math/mml\"><math><mrow is=\"true\"><mi is=\"true\">C</mi><mo is=\"true\">,</mo></mrow></math></script></span> which represents the modules (mathematical functions) inside the agent’s mind, as well as the connections and communication protocols between these modules, including the theory of mind (ToM); ② a set of","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144987647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}