Engineering Structures最新文献

{"title":"Integrated testing and modelling of substructures using full-field imaging and data fusion","authors":"Tobias Laux ,&nbsp;Riccardo Cappello ,&nbsp;Jack S. Callaghan ,&nbsp;Geir Ólafsson ,&nbsp;Stephen W. Boyd ,&nbsp;Duncan A. Crump ,&nbsp;Andrew F. Robinson ,&nbsp;Ole T. Thomsen ,&nbsp;Janice M. Dulieu-Barton","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A new integrated testing and modelling paradigm based on full-field imaging and finite element (FE) analysis that utilises full-field data fusion is proposed for structural evaluation and model validation at substructure level. The approach is developed for the assessment of a composite wind turbine blade (WTB) substructure subjected to multiaxial loading, mimicking in-service conditions, using a new reconfigurable loading rig. A steel mock-up equivalent to the WTB substructure was used to demonstrate the new experimental, numerical, full-field imaging, and data fusion approaches. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Thermoelastic Stress Analysis (TSA) were used to obtain the complex load response of the substructure. Strains and displacements derived from DIC were fused with numerical predictions obtained using a FE-based stereo-DIC simulator, which provided unparalleled like-for-like data comparisons. A numerical FEA solution for TSA was also obtained that accounts for heat transfer and allowed an independent means of structural evaluation. The challenges of deploying full-field imaging on the substructure scale are highlighted alongside procedures for mitigating multiple deleterious effects that are concatenated in large structures testing. It is demonstrated that high quality and fidelity experimental data can be obtained and fused with numerical models to provide a comprehensive and quantitative structural assessment at the substructure scale. It is shown that the proposed full-field data fusion efficiently reveals uncertainties in both the models and experiments. The work provides important steps to support virtual testing at higher length scales and their integration into the design, development, and certification programs of next generation, high-performance structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 119338"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142724023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detail categories for the flange-to-web weld detail in corrugated web girders","authors":"Fatima Hlal ,&nbsp;Mohammad Al-Emrani","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Corrugated web girders have gained popularity in both buildings and bridges due to their efficient use of materials. Previous research work has demonstrated that stainless steel corrugated web offers a promising solution for composite road bridges. However, to utilize these girders Efficiently in bridges, it is crucial to understand their fatigue performance. Notably, EN1993–1-9 does not include a detail category for the flange-to-web weld detail in girders with corrugated webs made of either carbon or stainless steel. To address this gap, numerous tests have been conducted and reported in the literature on carbon steel girders with various corrugation geometries. This paper aims at deriving detail categories for the flange-to-web weld detail in girders with corrugated webs. As a first step, it focuses on carbon steel, compiling, analyzing, and evaluating 86 fatigue test results available in the literature. The results show that the corrugation angle is the most important geometric parameter influencing the fatigue strength of the studied details. Based on this work, the following detail categories are proposed for various corrugation angles: DC125 for angles smaller than 30°, DC112 for angles between 30° and 40°, DC100 for angles between 40° and 45°, and DC90 for angles between 45° and 60°. Furthermore, the impact of other influencing geometrical parameters, such as bend radius and flange thickness, on fatigue strength is explored. The risk for root cracking in the weld between the flange and corrugated web is also evaluated through effective notch stress analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 119342"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extension of the Continuous Strength Method to the design of steel I-sections in fire","authors":"Merih Kucukler","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an investigation into the extension of the Continuous Strength Method (CSM) to the design of steel I-sections at elevated temperatures. Structural response of 21375 high strength and normal strength steel I-sections at elevated temperatures is considered, taking into account a very broad range of cross-section geometries and cross-section slendernesses as well as different elevated temperature levels and steel grades which include both high strength S690 and S460 steel grades and normal strength S355, S275 and S235 steel grades. The implementation of the CSM for the fire design of steel I-sections is set out. The accuracy of the CSM against that of the provisions of the European structural steel fire design standard EN 1993-1-2 and its upcoming version prEN 1993-1-2 for the ultimate resistance predictions of steel I-sections at elevated temperatures is assessed. It is shown that in comparison to the elevated temperature cross-section design provisions of EN 1993-1-2 and prEN 1993-1-2, the CSM leads to a significantly improved level of accuracy and consistency in the ultimate strength predictions of steel I-sections at elevated temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 119339"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142724024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An ML-based framework for predicting prestressing force reduction in reinforced concrete box-girder bridges with unbonded tendons","authors":"Mirko Calò ,&nbsp;Sergio Ruggieri ,&nbsp;Manuel Buitrago ,&nbsp;Andrea Nettis ,&nbsp;Jose M. Adam ,&nbsp;Giuseppina Uva","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The paper presents a machine learning (ML) based framework to predict the prestressing force reduction in prestressed reinforced concrete (PSC) box-girder bridges with unbonded tendons. In the field of road network safety, the reliable assessment of some bridge typologies, such as PSC box-girder bridges, depends on different aspects, among which the inaccessibility of internal unbonded tendons, the difficulty in measuring the effective prestressing force reduction over time, the design of an efficient structural health monitoring (SHM) system. To address the above issues, the proposed approach exploits the results of experimental tests on a scaled PSC box-girder to validate a nonlinear modelling strategy and, in turn, to generate a sample dataset for training different ML algorithms. To ensure generalizability of the proposed ML model, the variability of several parameters, including geometrical and mechanical properties, was accounted for. The obtained results, evaluated in terms of statistical metrics and through an eXplainability approach, revealed that the proposed surrogate model is able to predict the prestressing force reduction for this bridge typology, knowing the current prestressing force, the elastic modulus of the concrete, and the strain variation in specific cross-sections of the structure. The application of the framework on a scaled PSC box-girder experimentally tested, demonstrated its suitability for: i) estimating the prestressing force reduction without employing periodic and expensive onsite tests; and ii) providing the best strategy for employing a sensor-based SHM system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 119400"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical formulation describing the behaviour of URM walls seismically strengthened using timber strong-backs","authors":"Davide Cassol ,&nbsp;Jason Ingham ,&nbsp;Dmytro Dizhur ,&nbsp;Ivan Giongo","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119343","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119343","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unreinforced masonry structures are vulnerable to seismic actions and frequently exhibit partial or global out-of-plane wall collapse when subjected to large intensity earthquake shaking. The installation of timber strong-backs connected to the masonry surface with mechanical fasteners is a reversible and effective strengthening solution that considerably improves the out-of-plane response of masonry walls. An analytical formulation is presented that enables the out-of-plane behaviour of unreinforced masonry walls seismically retrofitted with timber strong-backs to be described, with limit analysis theorems being utilised to establish the lateral capacity curve and the demands on the masonry wall, on the timber strong-backs, and on the fastener components of the retrofitted walls, thereby enabling the design of retrofit interventions. These analytical predictions were validated using experimentally derived data from five full-scale masonry wall tests and were also compared with simulations obtained from a numerical model developed using the software SAP2000 and adopting a simplified micro-modelling approach. Analytically derived load actions were consistent with experimental values (errors &lt; 5 %) and were compatible with the numerical deformation results (errors &lt; 10 %). The expected performance of various retrofitted wall configurations is then reported as support for general considerations regarding the retrofit solution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 119343"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic resilience of deteriorating bridges under changing climatic conditions","authors":"N.R. Chirdeep ,&nbsp;Mayank Gangwar ,&nbsp;Shivang Shekhar ,&nbsp;A. Bahurudeen","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study underscores the critical need to integrate changing climatic conditions into corrosion models for civil engineering infrastructures, particularly highway bridges, given the potential reduction in structural performance post-seismic events. The paper introduces a novel framework for assessing the seismic resilience of deteriorated highway bridges in the context of changing climatic conditions. The framework is demonstrated on a non-seismically designed simply supported highway bridge situated near the sea in a seismically active region of Gujarat, India. An improved corrosion deterioration model is used that considers the impact of climate change and non-uniform pitting corrosion for evaluating the deterioration of RC bridge components. A detailed three-dimensional finite-element model of the case-study bridge is developed that can accurately simulate various failure modes of corroding bridge piers. Time-varying seismic fragility curves are developed using damage limit states and probabilistic seismic demand models while considering the influence of climate change. Bridge seismic resilience is estimated by aggregating the seismic vulnerability, losses, and recovery functions. Results show that incorporation of changing climatic factors will considerably reduce the seismic resilience of the 75-year corroded bridge up to 56 %. Finally, a comparison of seismic fragility and resilience is carried out using the proposed and conventional corrosion deterioration model to evaluate the significance of considering the effects of climate change in the seismic resilience assessment framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 119355"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142724019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A direct energy-based design method for damping control reinforced concrete structure: methodology and application","authors":"Huiling Sha ,&nbsp;Xun Chong ,&nbsp;Decai Wang ,&nbsp;Qing Jiang ,&nbsp;Yongwei Wang ,&nbsp;Junqi Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy-based seismic design, which integrates both the accumulated hysteretic energy and plastic deformation of the structure, provides a more comprehensive evaluation of structural seismic performance compared to other performance-based seismic design methods. In damping control structures, the distribution of hysteretic energy is clearly defined, with the expected positions for energy dissipation and damage concentrated in the dampers. This facilitates the application of an energy-based design method in such structures. This research presented a novel direct energy-based design (DEBD) method for damping control reinforced concrete (RC) structures, following the principle that the energy dissipation capacity of the structural members and dampers exceeds the hysteretic energy dissipation demand. With this principle, an energy-based damage index, which is directly correlated with structural damage state, was introduced. Subsequently, a detailed energy-based design process was provided. To achieve the desired seismic performance, the required energy dissipation capacity of dampers was determined using a pre-select damage index, and thereby, identifying the design parameters of the dampers. Finally, to validate the feasibility of the proposed design method, an 8-story RC frame with friction dampers was chosen as an example. The energy dissipation capacity and damage state of the designed structure were evaluated through nonlinear time-history analyses, and the results demonstrate the successfully achievement of the predefined seismic performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 119323"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142723942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ship collision performance of a fiber-reinforced composite material winding tube filled with ceramic pellets","authors":"Shuai Zhao ,&nbsp;Hai Fang ,&nbsp;Rengui Wang ,&nbsp;Pengfei Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, collisions between ships and bridges, both domestically and internationally, have led to significant casualties and economic losses. To better protect both bridges and ships during such incidents, this article proposes a new anti-collision device composed of fiber-reinforced composite winding tubes filled with ceramic pellets (FCMWTC). The structure consists of an outer layer made of a fiber-reinforced composite winding tube, with the inner part filled with low-density, energy-dissipating ceramic pellets. The FCMWTC units are connected and positioned around the bridge pier to resist ship collisions, providing dual protection for both ships and bridges. Static compression and horizontal impact tests were conducted on composite tubes with different fiber winding angles, both with and without ceramic pellets filling. The energy absorption characteristics and failure mechanisms of the specimens were analyzed. Numerical simulations of the horizontal impact tests were carried out using ANSYS/LS-DYNA, and the simulation results showed good agreement with the experimental data. Based on the validated finite element model, the influence of fiber winding angle on the peak impact force was further compared and analyzed. The results indicated that the composite winding tube with a 45° fiber winding angle provided the highest reduction rate of impact force, making it the optimal winding angle. In addition, the numerical simulation results of the full-scale ship-FCMWTC-bridge collision demonstrate that the device exhibits excellent energy dissipation performance, making it an effective anti-collision system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 119335"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142724021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability analysis of timber columns under fire load using numerical models with equivalent section temperature","authors":"Tongchen Han ,&nbsp;Solomon Tesfamariam","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a modelling method for timber columns exposed to fire using the equivalent section temperature (EST), aiming to reduce the computational cost of the sequential thermal–structural analysis. The EST is to use a single temperature value across the section that can provide the same compression strength or bending stiffness as the original temperature field. The temperature–time curves, displacement curves, and fire resistances of the developed model and experimental tests are compared. The developed column models are further validated by a large test dataset. The reliability of timber columns under fire is evaluated based on the developed numerical model and trained surrogate model Polynomial Chaos Kriging (PCK). The random variables are considered for thermal and structural analysis and the failure probability of the column with increasing exposure time is calculated through different reliability assessment methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 119345"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142724020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Explainable artificial intelligence framework for plastic hinge length prediction of flexural-dominated steel-reinforced concrete composite shear walls","authors":"Chaochao Quan ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Kuahai Yu ,&nbsp;Danmei Ban","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the complex and nonlinear characteristics of the plastic hinge mechanism in steel-reinforced concrete composite shear walls (SRCCSWs), there are significant challenges in accurately predicting the plastic hinge length and providing a rational explanation for the mechanism. Advanced machine learning (ML) algorithms present a promising approach to tackle these issues. However, the development and interpretation of data-driven models for plastic hinge behavior are impeded due to the lack of a reliable and comprehensive analytical framework, as well as the inherent 'black box' nature associated with ML models. This study aims to establish an interpretable artificial intelligence framework for predicting the plastic hinge length of SRCSCWs. A reasonable understanding of the potential plastic hinge mechanism is provided. An experimental database encompassing two types of section reinforcement in SRCCSWs was compiled from existing literature. A Conditional Table Generative Adversarial Network (CTGAN) was employed to augment the training dataset and create a more extensive database, thereby addressing limitations posed by scarce available data. Eight individual and integrated ML algorithms were utilized to predict the plastic hinge length of SRCCSWs, and their performance and efficiency were comprehensively evaluated. The SHapley Additive exPlans (SHAP) method was introduced to systematically elucidate how design parameters affect plastic hinge mechanisms through feature importance analysis, feature dependency and interaction evaluation, and individual prediction interpretation. A simplified optimization equation is proposed by Bayesian methods to predict the equivalent plastic hinge length of flexural-dominated SRCCSWs based on the empirical models and this comprehensive database. Results show that the XGBoost model can make accurate and reliable predictions for plastic hinge length. Global interpretation reveals that geometric information makes a significant contribution to plastic hinge length. There is considerable interaction between the shear span ratio and the boundary element steel volume ratio. In addition, the optimization equation has shown commendable prediction accuracy for both synthetic and experimental data, although slightly lower than the accuracy of the XGBoost model, which can meet the requirements of engineering applications within a certain range.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 119388"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142723944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}