{"title":"Experimental and numerical investigations on vibration performance of mass timber slab floors with floating concrete toppings","authors":"Chenyue Guo , Jianhui Zhou , Ying Hei Chui","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mass timber floor systems face serviceability challenges such as deflection, sound insulation, and vibration due to their relatively light weight and low bending stiffness. Floating concrete topping is often applied to improve acoustic performance and fire resistance, though its impact on vibration performance is less understood. The current Canadian design standard CSA O86-24 suggests ignoring the effect of concrete topping when applying the vibration-controlled span equation if its area density is less than twice of the bare cross laminated timber (CLT) floor area density. Floating concrete toppings typically don’t necessitate mechanical fasteners, although limited tests have shown partial composite behavior. This study experimentally investigated the vibration performance and dynamic properties of mass timber slab floors with floating concrete toppings, examining two dowel laminated timber (DLT) floors with varying thicknesses, spans, concrete topping thicknesses, floor assemblies, and boundary conditions. Effective bending stiffness was derived from experimental data as inputs for fundamental natural frequency calculation. Additionally, two finite element models were developed for modal analysis of mass timber floors with floating concrete toppings. Results demonstrated that the floating concrete topping could significantly enhance the floor system’s vibration performance, improving an unacceptable bare timber floor to acceptable levels. However, its impact on the fundamental natural frequency depends in the thickness of the concrete topping and details of floating floor assemblies. Composite action between the concrete topping and timber slab existed even without mechanical fasteners, though the degree of this action varied across different assemblies. Accurate modeling of such floor systems can be achieved with careful consideration of input of material properties and partial composite action factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 119919"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143452976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design of partially grouted reinforced masonry shear walls in an earthquake-prone area: Proposal based on the LRFD approach","authors":"Laura Vargas , Víctor Aguilar , Sebastián Calderón , Gerardo Araya-Letelier , Cristián Sandoval","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119915","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119915","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is a lack of reliability assessment of modern structural masonry design. Hence, a novel reliability-based calibration of the in-plane shear ultimate limit state for partially grouted reinforced masonry shear walls (PGRMSWs) is presented. This calibration allows for the proposal of a load and resistance factor design (LRFD) methodology oriented to in-plane shear design, responding to the need to update the reinforced masonry Chilean code, which is currently based on the allowable stress design (ASD) format. An extensive database of material and assembly tests and numerical research that made this code update proposal feasible are summarized. The reliability-based calibration was performed aiming to define a target reliability index (β<sub>T</sub>) and the corresponding strength reduction factors (φ) were recommended. A value of β<sub>T</sub> = 2.5 is defined based on the reliability analysis of representative existing structures against earthquake-induced shear force. The results allow for recommending φ = 0.60 for walls made of multi-perforated clay bricks and φ = 0.70 for walls made of hollow concrete blocks. Additionally, φ = 0.85 and φ = 0.65 are recommended for flexural and axial strength of compression-controlled walls by adapting international standards to Chilean practice. Comparisons of the required horizontal reinforcement between ASD and LRFD methodologies are presented for a 4-story case study building. The results show that the total reinforcement quantities from ASD and LRFD methodologies are similar, which means the proposal does not imply a more restrictive and expensive design; yet, the LRFD proposal provides designs with a uniform reliability level across various load scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 119915"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143452979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Operational temperature effect on the behavior of magnetorheological dampers","authors":"Yaser Mostafavi Delijani, Shaohong Cheng, Faouzi Gherib","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119940","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119940","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetorheological (MR) fluid exhibits temperature sensitivity due to a decrease in its viscosity as temperature rises. When MR fluids are used in dampers, this physical phenomenon results in a reduction in the resistive force generated. Temperature changes in MR fluid can occur due to ambient and operational conditions. While some studies have investigated the effect of ambient temperature on the MR dampers, there is a scant literature addressed the impact of operational conditions. This gap in the literature motivates the authors to pursue two primary objectives in this study: first, to experimentally investigate the effects of MR fluid temperature on MR damper performance under different excitation conditions and applied currents; and second, to propose a parametric model including the temperature-related impacts on the MR damper behavior. An RD-8041–1 MR damper was experimentally tested under varying ranges of excitation conditions and applied current. A hyperbolic-tangent-function-based model was refined to consider MR fluid temperature effect in MR damper force prediction. The experimental results show a noticeable reduction in the performance of MR damper during operation, particularly when the damper is subjected to higher velocities and currents. The refined model effectively captures such a damper force decay caused by MR fluid temperature increase and maintains consistent accuracy in the damper force prediction during operation. Furthermore, a comparative case study evaluated the performance of the refined and original hyperbolic-tangent-function-based models in predicting the efficiency of a MR damper in cable vibration control. The simulation results indicate that the ignorance of MR fluid temperature effect may lead to an overestimation of 14.9 % in the control efficiency of a passive MR damper.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 119940"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143452989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Canxing Qiu , Shiyuan Sun , Tianyuan Jiang , Xiuli Du , Hang Liu
{"title":"Earthquake induced peak floor accelerations in multi-story self-centering concentrically braced frames","authors":"Canxing Qiu , Shiyuan Sun , Tianyuan Jiang , Xiuli Du , Hang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119945","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents theoretical analysis and numerical simulations on the peak floor accelerations (PFAs) of self-centering concentrically braced frames (CBFs), considering it is a pressing need for estimating both structural and nonstructural damages. In the first part, two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) systems with two flag-shaped springs are employed to elucidate the fundamental characteristics of accelerations. Grounded in structural dynamics, analytical equations are derived to qualitatively estimate peak accelerations of 2DOF systems. In the second part, the multi-story self-centering CBFs with four different story numbers are designed, based on the premise that they attain the same peak interstory drift ratio under the design basis earthquakes. In the nonlinear time history analysis (NLTHA), three suites of earthquake ground motions associated with three seismic hazard levels are employed to excite the structures into different degrees of nonlinearity. The NLTHA results demonstrate that the proposed analytical equations effectively explain the trends of PFAs in the self-centering CBFs. Furthermore, both the 2DOF analysis and seismic analysis of the buildings suggest that the increase of hysteretic parameters of braces could decrease PFAs. Notably, the PFAs are typically higher at the middle of the building than at the lower or upper stories during earthquakes. This phenomenon is elucidated by converting the multi-story frames into the equivalent 2DOF systems, where the equivalent mass ratio increases and equivalent initial stiffness ratios decreases along the structural height.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 119945"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143452977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sardar Malek , Najmeh Cheraghi-shirazi , Ariel Creagh , Fendy Setiawan , Roger Parra , Parham Khoshkbari
{"title":"Vibration performance of CLT and CLT-concrete composite floors supported by glulam beams under human activity in mass timber office buildings","authors":"Sardar Malek , Najmeh Cheraghi-shirazi , Ariel Creagh , Fendy Setiawan , Roger Parra , Parham Khoshkbari","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119918","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Timber floors are susceptible to vibration due to their low mass and bending stiffness. Utilizing mass timber products in long-span scenarios, such as in office buildings, makes vibration an important design driver for structural engineers. To gain insight on the vibration performance of mass timber and timber-composite floors in real mass timber buildings, a comprehensive testing campaign was conducted on two mass timber office buildings. The measured data were compared and discussed according to various standards and design guides at the end. Although some discrepancies between estimated parameters and measurements were noted, the floors reasonably meet their desired performance objectives for office buildings according to existing standards. The results presented in this paper not only demonstrate the effect of human weight and walking path on the floor’s response, but also provide important data on mass timber floor system performance in furnished buildings, which is not otherwise available in the literature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 119918"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143452975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls with and without damped outriggers and controlled rocking","authors":"L. Tobber , T.Y. Yang , F.A. Najam","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119899","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119899","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reinforced concrete shear wall system (RCSW) is one of the most prevalent lateral force-resisting systems in high-rise buildings worldwide. With increasing demands for superior seismic performance, constructability, and cost-effectiveness, various new technologies have been proposed in recent years. Among these, the controlled outriggered rocking wall (CORW) system is developed as a promising solution to improve the seismic performance of conventional RC shear wall systems. CORW system combines a damped outrigger (at roof level) and a controlled rocking (at the base) to a conventional RC shear wall system. In this study, the seismic performance of the conventional RC shear wall system is compared with the same system with a damped outrigger (at roof level), the same system with controlled rocking (at the base) and the CORW system. The results show that the seismic performance of conventional RC shear wall system can be significantly improved by introducing either, (a) damped outrigger at roof level, (b) controlled rocking at base level, or using the proposed CORW system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 119899"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143452974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiang-Yue Xie , Zhenduo Yan , Junrong Liu , Rui Zhang , Ping Xiang , Xianzhong Zhao , Gregory A. MacRae , G. Charles Clifton , Rajesh P. Dhakal , Shahab Ramhormozian , Geoffrey Rodgers , Pierre Quenneville , Liang-Jiu Jia
{"title":"Low-damage performance of rocking column bases with Belleville Springs for enhanced seismic resilience","authors":"Jiang-Yue Xie , Zhenduo Yan , Junrong Liu , Rui Zhang , Ping Xiang , Xianzhong Zhao , Gregory A. MacRae , G. Charles Clifton , Rajesh P. Dhakal , Shahab Ramhormozian , Geoffrey Rodgers , Pierre Quenneville , Liang-Jiu Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119906","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the low-damage performance of strong axis-aligned asymmetric friction connection (SAFC) column bases, with a focus on enhancing seismic resilience through the incorporation of Belleville Springs (BeSs). Cyclic loading tests were performed along the strong axis of the column, considering three cases: <em>INITIAL</em> (as-built), <em>AFTERSHOCK</em> (post-testing without repair), and <em>REPAIR</em> (restored condition via bolt re-tightening or replacement), with a maximum drift of 3 %. In the absence of BeSs, the column base exhibited a 22.9 % reduction in initial rotational stiffness and a 13.6 % decrease in ultimate moment resistance in the <em>AFTERSHOCK</em> case. However, the use of BeSs maintained the bolts within the elastic range, resulting in near-identical hysteretic behavior across all cases, with losses in stiffness and strength remaining within 7 %. Both column base configurations, with and without BeSs, exhibited satisfactory performance restoration in the <em>REPAIR</em> case. A finite element analysis (FEA) model was developed to quantitatively evaluate the low-damage performance, sliding behavior, bolt pre-tension loss, and energy dissipation of the column base. The findings showed that BeSs improved seismic resilience by mitigating bolt pre-tension loss and minimizing plastic deformation. Finally, a simplified flag-shaped hysteretic model was proposed and validated through test results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 119906"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yan Diao , Jun Wang , Hongzhi He , M.F. Hassanein , Yong-Bo Shao , K.A. Cashell , A.Y. Elghazouli
{"title":"Finite element modelling of concrete-filled double-skin steel stiffened tubular chord-to-SHS steel brace T-joints: Behaviour and design","authors":"Yan Diao , Jun Wang , Hongzhi He , M.F. Hassanein , Yong-Bo Shao , K.A. Cashell , A.Y. Elghazouli","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119858","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119858","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although concrete-filled double-skin stiffened steel tubular (CFDSST) members have been researched and applied in recent years, their use in truss T-joints has been lacking. This paper therefore examines the mechanical behaviour of CFDSST chord-to-hollow steel section (SHS) brace T-joints under axial brace loading. Detailed finite element models for CFDSST-to-SHS T-joints are firstly validated by assessing the modelling approaches against recent tests for CFDSST columns and other types of T-joints. The models are subsequently used to conduct parametric assessments into the influence of key factors, including the brace-to-chord width ratio, brace-to-chord thickness ratio, material strengths, hollow ratio of CFDSST chord, and the axial load applied on the chord. It is shown that the ultimate load capacity of the T-joints increases with the increase in the brace-to-chord width ratio as well as with higher steel tube and sandwiched concrete material strength, with a much less pronounced influence from the brace-to-chord thickness ratio. A new parameter representing the flexural stiffness-to-member length ratio of the chord to the brace is also introduced, based on which the failure modes are separated into two categories related to either the failure of the brace or of the chord. Using the detailed results and observations, existing methods for determining the bearing capacities of T-joints are evaluated, leading to the development of a new design approach. The proposed design procedure is shown to provide accurate predictions for CFDSST-to-SHS T-joints, indicating its suitability for use in practical application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 119858"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhixin Zhu , Guangda Zhang , Qiang Han , Zhipeng Li , Li Xu , Xiuli Du
{"title":"Nonlinear hysteretic model of prefabricated pier-cap beam joint with CFST socket connection","authors":"Zhixin Zhu , Guangda Zhang , Qiang Han , Zhipeng Li , Li Xu , Xiuli Du","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119908","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Concrete-filled steel tube possesses excellent mechanical properties and has been gaining increasing attention for its application in prefabricated pier-cap beam joints with socket connections. To comprehensively investigate the nonlinear force-displacement relationship of the prefabricated pier-cap beam joint with concrete-filled steel tube socket connection under cyclic loading, this paper first developed a mechanical analysis model for the joint. The deformation equation of the socket connection segment was derived based on Timoshenko beam theory, resulting in the establishment of the skeleton curve model for the joint. Additionally, the finite element model of the joint was developed to analyze the parameters and fit the unloading stiffness equation of the joint. The nonlinear hysteresis model of the joint was ultimately established by incorporating the hysteresis rule accounting for the pinching effect. The model accurately represented the joint’s force-displacement relationship under cyclic loading, thereby providing theoretical support for the application of the joints in medium and high seismic regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 119908"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zijie Shen , Xionghui Zou , Changfu Hu , Weicheng Gao , Wei Liu , Guangchun Zhou , Zhenyu Wu
{"title":"Revealing critical failure laws of composite curved beams through network-free renormalization and clustering algorithm","authors":"Zijie Shen , Xionghui Zou , Changfu Hu , Weicheng Gao , Wei Liu , Guangchun Zhou , Zhenyu Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119857","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119857","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Curved beams are irregular composite structures commonly used in aircraft and ships. The complexity of their material properties and irregular geometries make it challenging to define their failure accurately based on the failure phenomenon. Moreover, few full-size composite laminate curved beam tests have been reported in previous publications because of their high cost and difficulty. This work proposes a 3-order network-free renormalization method based on the thermodynamic-based failure definition to reveal the failure law of curved beams more accurately, which is suitable for characterizing the stressing state of full-size irregular composite structures. Applying 3-order network-free renormalization and clustering algorithms to eight full-size composite curved beams can reveal the elastoplastic branching (EPB), failure starting (FS), and progressive failure (PF) points. We can also use the phase transition definition of Wilson's theory to verify the stability of phase transition loads. Unlike failure loads based on buckling or fracture phenomena, phase transition loads in composite curved beams are based on catastrophes in the relative deformation distribution, which is more physically significant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 119857"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}