Engineering Structures最新文献

{"title":"Recursive DeepONet for surrogate modelling of nonlinear dynamics and its application in real-time hybrid simulation","authors":"Chen Zeng ,&nbsp;Wei Guo ,&nbsp;Shipan Zhang ,&nbsp;Chongjian He ,&nbsp;Ping Shao ,&nbsp;Yi Sun ,&nbsp;Pengcheng Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a recursive DeepONet method for predicting nonlinear dynamic response in real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS). RTHS is an essential technique for dynamic analysis of complex structures, involving experimental substructure and numerical substructure (NS). A key challenge in RTHS is the real-time NS computation, particularly when dealing with complex nonlinear dynamics. The proposed recursive DeepONet predicts the nonlinear response step by step, making it a suitable surrogate model for NS. This study first validated the applicability of DeepONet based on the NS state transition equation. Then, the basic architecture and recursive calculation format of DeepONet were presented, and the recursive cumulative error bound was evaluated. A case study of a 3-story nonlinear benchmark building was conducted. The trained DeepONet’s recursive performance was evaluated and compared with that of LSTM, showing superior prediction accuracy and computation efficiency. The proposed method was further validated on a 20-story benchmark structure. Finally, virtual RTHS was performed, and the effects of signal noise and time delay on DeepONet prediction accuracy were discussed. The overall RTHS performance with advanced control methods to compensate for time delay was analyzed, highlighting the potential of DeepONet in enhancing RTHS applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 120621"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the long-term creep behavior of cross-laminated timber under axial compression used for mass timber structural systems","authors":"Xiaofeng Sun ,&nbsp;Minjuan He ,&nbsp;Zheng Li ,&nbsp;Jiajia Ou ,&nbsp;Xiuzhi Zheng ,&nbsp;Mingyu Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Comprehending the creep behavior of cross-laminated timber (CLT) is the basis for evaluating the long-term performance of CLT structural systems (e.g., post-tensioned CLT shear wall structures). In the study, short-term compressive tests were conducted on CLT material specimens to obtain their compressive strength. Then, long-term creep tests were conducted on 10 subgroups of CLT blocks to obtain their creep behavior under axial compression. Ambient temperature and relative humidity, as well as moisture content, environmental strain and the creep strain within the CLT specimens were monitored continuously over 330 days. The variations of both the relative humidity and the moisture content were analyzed, and the parameters related to the moisture content of CLT were calculated. For the CLT subjected to in-plane and out-of-plane compression, both the coefficient of environmental deformation and the creep coefficient were calculated. The effects of the stress levels, the section geometry, and the number of CLT layers on the CLT creep behavior were analyzed. The common creep models of timber were calibrated by using the normal and the weighted nonlinear regression methods, and the creep coefficients of CLT over the 50-year service life were estimated by using the calibrated models. It is found the transverse environmental strain of CLT along its out-of-plane direction is significantly higher than the in-plane environmental strain of CLT along its major strength direction. When subjected to a sustained constant stress, the CLT with a less section geometry is prone to larger creep deformation. Besides, compared to the 3-layer CLT, the 5-layer CLT is more prone to the mechano-sorptive creep along its in-plane major strength direction. For the 5-layer 100-mm-thickness CLT floors, their creep coefficient over 50 years ranges from 6.00 to 7.70. By contrast, for the 3-layer 105-mm-thickness CLT wall panels and 5-layer 175-mm-thickness CLT wall panels, their creep coefficients over 50 years are suggested as 1.19 and 1.42, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 120644"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavior of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) columns reinforced with longitudinal hybrid (Steel/GFRP) reinforcement and GFRP crossties and spirals under reversed lateral cyclic loading","authors":"Anmol Shanker Srivastava,&nbsp;Girish Narayan Prajapati,&nbsp;Brahim Benmokrane","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study brought out the characteristics required for reinforced concrete (RC) columns in regions prone to moderate to high seismic activity, including ductility, energy dissipation, and residual displacement. It highlights the enhancement of these properties through the adoption of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) and a novel approach to longitudinal hybrid reinforcement. The research investigated an innovative longitudinal hybrid reinforcement system consisting of longitudinal steel bars with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars in RC columns. This approach aimed at improving the post-yield stiffness and reducing post-earthquake residual drift. Additionally, the hybrid reinforcement system was complemented with fiber concrete, which incorporated discrete polypropylene fibers to enhance toughness and reduce shrinkage cracks. The specimens studied were seven columns measuring 1850 × 400 × 400 mm subjected to quasi-static cyclic loading conditions. The lateral reinforcement in all seven columns consisted of GFRP crossties and spirals. The experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in seismic bearing capacity, ductility, energy dissipation, and residual deformation in FRC columns with hybrid longitudinal reinforcement compared to reinforced normal-weight concrete (NWC) columns. The benefits of employing tensile strain hardening FRC columns include enhanced cyclic response and increased damage tolerance, potentially reducing post-earthquake repair costs. Cyclic load tests show revealed residual displacements and strengthened seismic resilience in hybrid-RC columns attributed to the elastic properties of the GFRP bars. Further analysis of crack propagation, force-displacement hysteresis curves, and seismic parameters reinforces the significance of FRC over NWC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 120639"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Capacity-based inelastic displacement dual spectra for reinforced concrete bridges considering the basin effects","authors":"P.H. Wang ,&nbsp;Y.W. Chang ,&nbsp;M.H. Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Structures at a sedimentary basin could suffer from amplified and prolonged ground shaking and severe damage under a strong earthquake, even though its epicenter is far from the construction site. In order to investigate the basin effects on the seismic response and damage accumulation of reinforced concrete bridges, the capacity-based inelastic displacement dual spectra that comprise an inelastic displacement ratio spectrum (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) and the corresponding damage index (<span><math><mi>DI</mi></math></span>) spectrum were constructed specifically for the Taipei Basin. The computed dual spectra show very different spectral shapes between three seismic zones in the Taipei Basin, where the seismic zone I of the Taipei Basin has the largest spectral ordinates for the structural period (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) less than 1.8 s. It was found that as the longitudinal steel ratio of bridge columns increases, the <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> would decrease, and on the contrary, the <span><math><mi>DI</mi></math></span> would increase. Meanwhile, the column aspect ratio was found to have minor influences on the computed dual spectra. Comparisons of the Taiwan code’s <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>μ</mi><mo>−</mo><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> relation to the computed <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> spectra indicate that the equal-energy principle could significantly underestimate the structures’ maximum inelastic displacement demand. In contrast, the <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> factors suggested in FHWA and AASHTO specifications can provide a better estimation than the Taiwan code. Finally, the dual spectral formulae for the three seismic zones of the Taipei Basin were proposed, which can be applied to the damage-based seismic design and evaluation of reinforced concrete bridges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 120622"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Typhoon fragility analysis of transmission tower-line system considering wind-induced fatigue","authors":"Jia-Xiang Li ,&nbsp;Tong Yang ,&nbsp;Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Li Sun ,&nbsp;Chun-Xu Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In typhoon-prone areas, structures are vulnerable to typhoon loads. Compared to monsoon, the wind speed and turbulence intensity of typhoon are larger, which leads to structures being more prone to wind-induced fatigue. The degradation of material properties caused by fatigue damage makes towers more likely to fail, which seriously affects the safe operation of transmission lines. The existing researches on wind-induced fatigue analysis of transmission towers ignore the influence of typhoon. Therefore, this paper proposed a typhoon fragility analysis method of transmission tower-line systems considering wind-induced fatigue caused by typhoon and monsoon, and illustrated the application process through analyzing the fragility of a transmission tower-line system in Shanghai. Firstly, the historical wind speed and wind direction data in Shanghai were collected and categorized, and the joint probability distribution models of wind speed and direction for typhoon and monsoon were established, respectively. Then, the wind-induced fatigue analysis of the tower-line system was conducted to calculate fatigue damage caused by combined typhoon and monsoon loads of members. Subsequently, based on the material degradation model, the finite element models with fatigue damage in different service times were developed. Finally, the fragility analysis of the tower-line system subjected to typhoon was performed, and the influence of wind-induced fatigue damage on typhoon fragility of transmission lines was studied. The results revealed that wind-induced fatigue damage significantly increased the failure probability of transmission tower-line systems subjected to typhoon, and the influence of typhoon should not be ignored in fatigue analysis. This analysis method provides another approach for evaluating the structural performance in typhoon-prone areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 120572"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing physics-informed neural networks for virtual sensing in beams with moving loads","authors":"Anmar I.F. Al-Adly,&nbsp;Prakash Kripakaran","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) show promise for structural health monitoring and related applications since they have the potential to represent physical systems and processes by conforming to governing differential equations as well as physical constraints such as displacement and force boundary conditions. This paper addresses the challenge of developing PINNs that can predict the response of bridge structures under a moving concentrated load such as from the axle load for a vehicle. It also demonstrates the potential of PINNs for virtual sensing, i.e., predicting response parameters at locations where sensors may not be available. The proposed PINNs assume that the load moves at constant speed and uses the time at which the load enters the bridge to evaluate its position with respect to time. The study initially proposes a one-dimensional PINN that takes only response location as input and gradually increases dimensionality (number of inputs) to three by including the vehicle passage time and load magnitude as additional inputs. The study conducts a thorough sensitivity analysis of the PINN model’s parameters to understand their influence on model training and performance. The performance of the final PINN model is investigated for a real-world bridge girder for which monitoring data is available. The capacity of the PINN to predict strains, deflections and internal forces in locations that are not physically equipped with sensors is demonstrated, and strain predictions are observed to closely follow actual measurements from field monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 120535"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of wheel-rail forces on high-speed railways based on physical model and hybrid recursive neural networks","authors":"Hubing Liu ,&nbsp;Li Song ,&nbsp;Lei Xu ,&nbsp;Zhiwu Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper aims to propose a practical framework for fast inversion and identification of wheel-rail forces of railway based on deep learning, with a view of achieving continuous measurement of the wheel-rail forces of the entire railway line in real time by means of the easily-measure vibration response of the train. For this purpose, a calibrated vehicle-track physical model is used to generate vehicle vibration data and wheel-rail forces, and a data-driven hybrid recursive convolutional and long short-term neural network (CNN-LSTM) and forward rolling prediction method based on recursive mechanisms is developed to facilitate the inversion of wheel-rail forces. Besides, a probabilistic point selection method is applied to compress the massive measured track irregularity data, subsequently, the representative samples are reconstructed to obtain reliable responses from the physical model, and then the variational mode decomposition (VMD) is introduced to extract feature components of the vibration signals for enhancing the capability of the deep learning model. Afterward, the identification performance of the presented framework for the wheel-rail force is examined and discussed by the different working conditions. The results indicate the hybrid recursive VMD-CNN-LSTM holds excellent robustness and generalization ability for the cases of running speeds and track states. Finally, the accuracy and efficiency of the identification framework based- vibration response is further elaborated through the 1 km measured track irregularity data. The correlation between the predicted value and the real wheel-rail forces reaches 0.99, with a time cost of only 4 s, which indicates that the presented framework has promising potential for the online real-time monitoring of wheel-rail force.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 120547"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Damage-informed seismic fragility of non-structural elements in South Iceland: A Bayesian hierarchical approach","authors":"Mojtaba Moosapoor ,&nbsp;Bjarni Bessason ,&nbsp;Birgir Hrafnkelsson ,&nbsp;Rajesh Rupakhety ,&nbsp;Jón Örvar Bjarnason ,&nbsp;Sigurður Erlingsson","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study assesses the seismic fragility of residential buildings in Iceland, examining both structural and non-structural damage resulting from the earthquakes of 2000 and 2008. Leveraging detailed loss datasets from these events, we apply a Bayesian Hierarchical Fragility Framework with a separate Bernoulli approach to derive empirical fragility functions for multiple damage states. This method integrates a spatially correlated latent intensity measure field inferred from ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs), explicitly capturing both the spatial correlation and inherent uncertainty of GMPEs using Markov-Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling. By simultaneously modeling all damage states within a unified framework, while assigning distinct fragility parameters to each state, this approach leverages damage observations from all states to infer the latent IM field. This joint inference captures both the variability in the experienced IM at each building and the uncertainty in how that IM translates into observed damage responses. This research marks the first effort to specifically quantify the seismic fragility of non-structural damage in Icelandic buildings. Non-structural elements, which represent a significant proportion of total construction costs, contribute extensively to losses in global seismic events, often occurring even at low levels of ground shaking. The results underscore that non-structural components like interior fixtures and flooring are particularly vulnerable, more so than structural elements. Despite improvements in seismic codes, this study reveals a persistent vulnerability, underscoring the urgent need for targeted design and construction strategies that enhance the resilience of non-structural elements to ensure better overall building seismic functionality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 120504"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on cyclic behavior and failure mechanism of self-centering braced steel frame","authors":"Hao Jiang,&nbsp;Longhe Xu,&nbsp;Xingsi Xie,&nbsp;Peng Chen,&nbsp;Ge Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an experimental study of a 1/2-scale, 3-story, 1-bay self-centering braced frame (SBF) under quasi-static cyclic loading. The working mechanism of the self-centering (SC) brace from activation to destruction is described. The seismic performance, damage development, and failure mode of the SBF were investigated. The influence of the inner tube's yielding and the flattening of the disc springs on the SBF's seismic performance and SC behavior was analyzed. The test results indicated that the SC braces maintained the residual story drift ratio of the SBF within the repair limit when the inner tube of the SC brace was in an elastic state despite column yielding. The disc springs flattened only when the SC brace was in compression, substantially increasing the brace's stiffness and force. The yielding of the inner tube in tension limited an increase in the brace force, resulting in increased residual deformation and double activation of the SC brace. The SC brace exhibited an asymmetric hysteretic response when the inner tube yielded. The chevron bracing pattern ensured a high story shear of the SBF but resulted in the beam's vertical deformation and yielding. The hysteretic response of the SBF in Story 1 changed from flag-shaped to parallelogram-shaped with an increase in plastic deformation of the columns and inner tubes. The SC braced system is an alternative to traditional braced systems for building resilient cities because it exhibits lower damage and residual deformation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 120596"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact behavior and energy absorption performance of novel truss-honeycomb structures","authors":"Kuan Liang,&nbsp;Yan Liu,&nbsp;Dingguo Zhao,&nbsp;Xiaoxin Li,&nbsp;Shuhuan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additive manufacturing technology provides an effective approach for fabricating complex and lightweight lattice structures in fields such as aerospace, automotive, and marine engineering. As a common type of lattice structure, honeycomb structures exhibit superior mechanical properties and have been widely studied and applied. Based on the traditional panel-based honeycomb structure, two types of truss-honeycomb structures-HS and FHS-were designed in this study by integrating topology optimization and multi-scale reinforcement design strategies. The structures were fabricated using Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology. Their performance was analyzed through pendulum impact tests, quasi-static compression tests, and drop-weight impact tests, accompanied by finite element simulations of both quasi-static compression and drop-weight impact processes. Experimental and simulation results indicate that the FHS structure exhibits significantly higher yield strength than the HS structure. Moreover, for different height-to-width ratios, the energy absorption (EA) and specific energy absorption (SEA) of the FHS structures are consistently greater than those of the HS structures. In addition, the FHS structures demonstrate more stable failure modes during impact loading, and their energy absorption performance can be further enhanced by adjusting the height-to-width ratio. Overall, compared with conventional honeycomb structures, the FHS structures not only achieve more pronounced lightweight characteristics but also exhibit superior mechanical properties and stable energy absorption behavior. This design approach offers a novel pathway for enhancing the energy absorption capacity and improving the impact resistance of truss structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 120616"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}